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Ahmed NM, Mohamed MS, Awad SM, Abd El-Hameed RH, El-tawab NAA, Gaballah MS, Said AM. Design, synthesis, molecular modelling and biological evaluation of novel 6-amino-5-cyano-2-thiopyrimidine derivatives as potent anticancer agents against leukemia and apoptotic inducers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2304625. [PMID: 38348824 PMCID: PMC10866072 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2304625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel series of 6-amino-5-cyano-2-thiopyrimidines and condensed pyrimidines analogues were prepared. All the synthesized compounds (1a-c, 2a-c, 3a-c, 4a-r and 5a-c) were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity by the National Cancer Institute (NCI; MD, USA) against 60 cell lines. Compound 1c showed promising anticancer activity and was selected for the five-dose testing. Results demonstrated that compound 1c possessed broad spectrum anti-cancer activity against the nine cancerous subpanels tested with selectivity ratio ranging from 0.7 to 39 at the GI50 level with high selectivity towards leukaemia. Mechanistic studies showed that Compound 1c showed comparable activity to Duvelisib against PI3Kδ (IC50 = 0.0034 and 0.0025 μM, respectively) and arrested cell cycle at the S phase and displayed significant increase in the early and late apoptosis in HL60 and leukaemia SR cells. The necrosis percentage showed a significant increase from 1.13% to 3.41% in compound 1c treated HL60 cells as well as from 1.51% to 4.72% in compound 1c treated leukaemia SR cells. Also, compound 1c triggered apoptosis by activating caspase 3, Bax, P53 and suppressing Bcl2. Moreover, 1c revealed a good safety profile against human normal lung fibroblast cell line (WI-38 cells). Molecular analysis of Duvelisib and compound 1c in PI3K was performed. Finally, these results suggest that 2-thiopyrimidine derivative 1c might serve as a model for designing novel anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa M. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Egypt
| | - Mosaad S. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Egypt
| | - Samir M. Awad
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed S. Gaballah
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Said
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
- Athenex Inc, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Shan KS, Bonano-Rios A, Theik NWY, Hussein A, Blaya M. Molecular Targeting of the Phosphoinositide-3-Protein Kinase (PI3K) Pathway across Various Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1973. [PMID: 38396649 PMCID: PMC10888452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway can lead to uncontrolled cellular growth and tumorigenesis. Targeting PI3K and its downstream substrates has been shown to be effective in preclinical studies and phase III trials with the approval of several PI3K pathway inhibitors by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over the past decade. However, the limited clinical efficacy of these inhibitors, intolerable toxicities, and acquired resistances limit the clinical application of PI3K inhibitors. This review discusses the PI3K signaling pathway, alterations in the PI3K pathway causing carcinogenesis, current and novel PI3K pathway inhibitors, adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, challenging issues, and future directions of PI3K pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine S. Shan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Health Care, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (A.B.-R.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Amalia Bonano-Rios
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Health Care, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (A.B.-R.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Nyein Wint Yee Theik
- Division of Internal Medicine, Memorial Health Care, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA;
| | - Atif Hussein
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Health Care, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (A.B.-R.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcelo Blaya
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Health Care, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (A.B.-R.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
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Bou Zeid N, Yazbeck V. PI3k Inhibitors in NHL and CLL: An Unfulfilled Promise. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2023; 13:1-12. [PMID: 36919100 PMCID: PMC10008402 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s309171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of intracellular signal transducer enzymes that can attach a phosphate group to the 3'-hydroxyl of the inositol moiety of membrane-embedded phosphatidylinositol (PI). PI3Ks have been shown to play important roles in cell proliferation, growth, survival, motility, and metabolism. Nonetheless, the PI3K pathway has also shown to be overactivated in several tumors, particularly B-cell malignancies. In recent years, the PI3K signaling pathway has become the major focus of substantial drug discovery and development efforts. Selective (PI3K) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas (iNHL), such as follicular lymphoma and marginal-zone lymphoma. Four selective PI3K inhibitors have received accelerated FDA approvals for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL and/or iNHL based mainly on single-arm Phase II studies: Idelalisib (PI3K-δ inhibitor), copanlisib (dual PI3K-α and PI3K-δ inhibitor), duvelisib (dual PI3K-γ and PI3K-δ inhibitor), and umbralisib (dual PI3Kδ and CK1ε inhibitor). Conversely, recent interim results of randomized control trials (RCTs) involving some of these agents, showed a worrisome trend of decrease in overall survival (OS), and an increase in fatal and severe adverse effects, in comparison with patients in the control arms. Consequently, the class of PI3K inhibitors came under scrutiny, with an FDA expert panel voting on April 21, 2022, recommending that future FDA approvals of PI3K inhibitors be supported by randomized data, rather than single-arm data only, and further discontinuing the use of almost all the PI3K inhibitors in hematologic malignancies. As we believe further research is needed to help potentialize PI3K inhibitors by improving their safety profiles, this mini-review aims at revisiting the clinical successes, the failures, and the promising aspect of this class of drugs, while presenting possible ways that could benefit its successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Bou Zeid
- Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Victor Yazbeck
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Shah A, Barrientos JC. Oral PI3K-δ,γ Inhibitor for the Management of People with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma: A Narrative Review on Duvelisib. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2109-2119. [PMID: 33790574 PMCID: PMC8006759 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s189032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of highly effective targeted therapies has led to a new treatment paradigm in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Despite these advances, many patients will eventually require alternative treatment strategies due to the emergence of tolerability issues or resistance to these novel agents. Duvelisib is a first-in-class, potent oral agent with dual inhibitor activity against the δ and γ isoforms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ), which are specific to the hematopoietic system. Dysregulation of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway has been implicated in cancer cell growth, survival and metabolism and has been the subject of cancer drug development in recent years. Duvelisib demonstrated activity in CLL/SLL in early trials, leading to further evaluation in the Phase 3 DUO trial that compared duvelisib against ofatumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL. This trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of adult patients with CLL/SLL after at least two prior lines of therapy. The major reason for therapy discontinuation is the development of serious adverse events, which include severe infections and diarrhea/colitis, precluding its widespread use. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating duvelisib in combination strategies and with alternate dosing schedules in patients with CLL/SLL. With close monitoring, duvelisib can be a promising drug for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory CLL/SLL. This review summarizes the relevant clinical data from recent clinical advances in CLL and aims to interpret the duvelisib trials while exploring strategies to improve its use and adverse event management in the era of novel targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Barrientos
- CLL Research and Treatment Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine at Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Miles DH, Yan X, Thomas-Tran R, Fournier J, Sharif EU, Drew SL, Mata G, Lawson KV, Ginn E, Wong K, Soni D, Dhanota P, Shaqfeh SG, Meleza C, Chen A, Pham AT, Park T, Swinarski D, Banuelos J, Schindler U, Walters MJ, Walker NP, Zhao X, Young SW, Chen J, Jin L, Leleti MR, Powers JP, Jeffrey JL. Discovery of Potent and Selective 7-Azaindole Isoindolinone-Based PI3Kγ Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2244-2252. [PMID: 33214836 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful application of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer relies on effective engagement of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages, and its expression levels are associated with tumor immunosuppression and growth. Selective inhibition of PI3Kγ offers a promising strategy in immuno-oncology, which has led to the development of numerous potent PI3Kγ inhibitors with variable selectivity profiles. To facilitate further investigation of the therapeutic potential of PI3Kγ inhibition, we required a potent and PI3Kγ-selective tool compound with sufficient metabolic stability for use in future in vivo studies. Herein, we describe some of our efforts to realize this goal through the systematic study of SARs within a series of 7-azaindole-based PI3Kγ inhibitors. The large volume of data generated from this study helped guide our subsequent lead optimization efforts and will inform further development of PI3Kγ-selective inhibitors for use in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon H. Miles
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Xuelei Yan
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Jeremy Fournier
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Ehesan U. Sharif
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Samuel L. Drew
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Guillaume Mata
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Elaine Ginn
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Kent Wong
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Divyank Soni
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Puja Dhanota
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Cesar Meleza
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Ada Chen
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Amber T. Pham
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Timothy Park
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Debbie Swinarski
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Jesus Banuelos
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Ulrike Schindler
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Nigel P. Walker
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Stephen W. Young
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Jay P. Powers
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Jenna L. Jeffrey
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, United States
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Phillips TJ, Michot JM, Ribrag V. Can Next-Generation PI3K Inhibitors Unlock the Full Potential of the Class in Patients With B-Cell Lymphoma? CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 21:8-20.e3. [PMID: 33132100 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although outcomes after first-line therapy for patients with indolent or aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are continually improving, relapse is still common. Current treatment options for patients with relapsed or refractory disease have limited efficacy, and various targeted therapies are under investigation to help improve outcomes in this patient population. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was identified as being involved in hematologic malignancies, leading to significant research for potential therapeutic agents. This has led to 3 PI3K inhibitors (idelalisib, copanlisib, and duvelisib) being approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies, with reported response rates of 40% to 59%. With potential class-specific and PI3K isoform-related toxicities that may limit clinical utility, the safety of the approved PI3K inhibitors has been carefully evaluated to weigh the risk/benefit ratio of therapy. Currently, there are no approved PI3K inhibitors for patients with aggressive NHL. A number of newer PI3K inhibitors are in clinical development for the treatment of relapsed or refractory NHL, aiming to improve treatment benefit for patients. We discuss a number of attributes that are important to increase the therapeutic potential of newer PI3K inhibitors. More promising results may come from combination trials with these newer PI3K inhibitors, developed to limit toxicities (including long-term adverse events), and other antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Ribrag
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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