1
|
Mishra SK, Sangeeta, Heermann DW, Bhattacherjee A. The role of nucleotide opening dynamics in facilitated target search by DNA-repair proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195026. [PMID: 38641240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Preserving the genomic integrity stands a fundamental necessity, primarily achieved by the DNA repair proteins through their continuous patrolling on the DNA in search of lesions. However, comprehending how even a single base-pair lesion can be swiftly and specifically recognized amidst millions of base-pair sites remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we employ extensive molecular dynamics simulations using an appropriately tuned model of both protein and DNA to probe the underlying molecular principles. Our findings reveal that the dynamics of a non-canonical base generate an entropic signal that guides the one-dimensional search of a repair protein, thereby facilitating the recognition of the lesion site. The width of the funnel perfectly aligns with the one-dimensional diffusion length of DNA-binding proteins. The generic mechanism provides a physical basis for rapid recognition and specificity of DNA damage sensing and recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Kumar Mishra
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sangeeta
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dieter W Heermann
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnab Bhattacherjee
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang CW, Muzakky H, Firdi NP, Liu TC, Lai PJ, Wang YC, Yu MH, Chao TK. Deep learning to assess microsatellite instability directly from histopathological whole slide images in endometrial cancer. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:143. [PMID: 38811811 PMCID: PMC11137095 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular classification, particularly microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), has gained attention for immunotherapy in endometrial cancer (EC). MSI-H is associated with DNA mismatch repair defects and is a crucial treatment predictor. The NCCN guidelines recommend pembrolizumab and nivolumab for advanced or recurrent MSI-H/mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) EC. However, evaluating MSI in all cases is impractical due to time and cost constraints. To overcome this challenge, we present an effective and efficient deep learning-based model designed to accurately and rapidly assess MSI status of EC using H&E-stained whole slide images. Our framework was evaluated on a comprehensive dataset of gigapixel histopathology images of 529 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The experimental results have shown that the proposed method achieved excellent performances in assessing MSI status, obtaining remarkably high results with 96%, 94%, 93% and 100% for endometrioid carcinoma G1G2, respectively, and 87%, 84%, 81% and 94% for endometrioid carcinoma G3, in terms of F-measure, accuracy, precision and sensitivity, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed deep learning framework outperforms four state-of-the-art benchmarked methods by a significant margin (p < 0.001) in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and F-measure, respectively. Additionally, a run time analysis demonstrates that the proposed method achieves excellent quantitative results with high efficiency in AI inference time (1.03 seconds per slide), making the proposed framework viable for practical clinical usage. These results highlight the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed model to assess MSI status of EC directly from histopathological slides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hikam Muzakky
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nabila Puspita Firdi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Kuang Chao
- Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dutta P, Pal D, Roy A, Mandal RK, Panda CK. Role of MLH1 and MSH2 deficiency in the development of tumorigenesis and chemo-tolerance of cervical Carcinoma: Clinical implications. Gene 2023; 888:147746. [PMID: 37657688 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CACX) is one of the top causes of cancer death in women globally. The involvement of several cellular pathways in carcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we focused to evaluate the contributory role of Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway genes-MLH1 and MSH2 in CACX and their association with chemo-tolerance of the disease. For this purpose, molecular profiles (expression/promoter methylation/deletion) of the genes were analysed in both normal cervical epithelium and tumour tissue, also validated in in-silico dataset as well. Later on, prognostic importance of the genes was identified through analysis of their methylation/expression status in plasma DNA of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and cisplatin-tolerant CACX cell lines respectively. It was found that the expression profile of MLH1 and MSH2 genes was considerably reduced from undifferentiated basal-parabasal layers of normal cervical epithelium towards progression of the disease. Further analysis showed that frequent deletion [34-48%] and promoter methylation events [28-46%] of the genes were the plausible reasons for their reduced expression during tumorigenesis. Incidentally, the prevalence of MLH1 [32%] and MSH2 [27%] promoter methylation found in CTCs of plasma of the clinically advanced CACX patients implicated their prognostic importance of the disease. In addition, the patients having high alterations of those genes resulted in poor patient outcomes even after the therapy. In in-depth analysis of this result in cisplatin-tolerant CACX cell lines, we discovered that increased promoter methylation frequency of those genes at higher concentrations of cisplatin and gradual accumulation of the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle were the rational causes for their reduced expression and MMR deficiency in the system. Hence, it is possible to conclude that the gradual down-regulation of MLH1 and MSH2 proteins may be a key event for MMR pathway inactivation in CACX. This might also be associated with chemo-tolerance and overall poor survival among the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Debolina Pal
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Roy
- Department of Pathology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Ranajit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park YS, Kook MC, Kim BH, Lee HS, Kang DW, Gu MJ, Shin OR, Choi Y, Lee W, Kim H, Song IH, Kim KM, Kim HS, Kang G, Park DY, Jin SY, Kim JM, Choi YJ, Chang HK, Ahn S, Chang MS, Han SH, Kwak Y, Seo AN, Lee SH, Cho MY. A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer: 2nd Edition. J Gastric Cancer 2023; 23:107-145. [PMID: 36750994 PMCID: PMC9911618 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The first edition of 'A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer' was initiated by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists and published 17 years ago. Since then, significant advances have been made in the pathologic diagnosis, molecular genetics, and management of gastric cancer (GC). To reflect those changes, a committee for publishing a second edition of the report was formed within the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. This second edition consists of two parts: standard data elements and conditional data elements. The standard data elements contain the basic pathologic findings and items necessary to predict the prognosis of GC patients, and they are adequate for routine surgical pathology service. Other diagnostic and prognostic factors relevant to adjuvant therapy, including molecular biomarkers, are classified as conditional data elements to allow each pathologist to selectively choose items appropriate to the environment in their institution. We trust that the standardized pathology report will be helpful for GC diagnosis and facilitate large-scale multidisciplinary collaborative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Baek-hui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Sejong, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Shin
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Younghee Choi
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Wonae Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- LabGenomics Clinical Laboratories, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | - So-Young Jin
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park YS, Kook MC, Kim BH, Lee HS, Kang DW, Gu MJ, Shin OR, Choi Y, Lee W, Kim H, Song IH, Kim KM, Kim HS, Kang G, Park DY, Jin SY, Kim JM, Choi YJ, Chang HK, Ahn S, Chang MS, Han SH, Kwak Y, Seo AN, Lee SH, Cho MY. A standardized pathology report for gastric cancer: 2nd edition. J Pathol Transl Med 2023; 57:1-27. [PMID: 36647283 PMCID: PMC9846007 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2022.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The first edition of 'A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer' was initiated by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists and published 17 years ago. Since then, significant advances have been made in the pathologic diagnosis, molecular genetics, and management of gastric cancer (GC). To reflect those changes, a committee for publishing a second edition of the report was formed within the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. This second edition consists of two parts: standard data elements and conditional data elements. The standard data elements contain the basic pathologic findings and items necessary to predict the prognosis of GC patients, and they are adequate for routine surgical pathology service. Other diagnostic and prognostic factors relevant to adjuvant therapy, including molecular biomarkers, are classified as conditional data elements to allow each pathologist to selectively choose items appropriate to the environment in their institution. We trust that the standardized pathology report will be helpful for GC diagnosis and facilitate large-scale multidisciplinary collaborative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Baek-hui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Sejong, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Shin
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Younghee Choi
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Wonae Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- LabGenomics Clinical Laboratories, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | - So-Young Jin
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding Author: Sung Hak Lee, MD, PhD, Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodaero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-1617, Fax: +82-2-2258-1627, E-mail:
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea,Corresponding Author: Mee-Yon Cho, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea Tel: +82-33-741-1553, Fax: +82-33-731-6590, E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Satange R, Rode AB, Hou MH. Revisiting recent unusual drug-DNA complex structures: Implications for cancer and neurological disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117094. [PMID: 36410206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA plays a crucial role in various biological processes such as protein production, replication, recombination etc. by adopting different conformations. Targeting these conformations by small molecules is not only important for disease therapy, but also improves our understanding of the mechanisms of disease development. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the most recent ligand-DNA complexes that have diagnostic and therapeutic applications in neurological diseases caused by abnormal repeat expansions and in cancer associated with mismatches. In addition, we have discussed important implications of ligands targeting higher-order structures, such as four-way junctions, G-quadruplexes and triplexes for drug discovery and DNA nanotechnology. We provide an overview of the results and perspectives of such structural studies on ligand-DNA interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Satange
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ambadas B Rode
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olkinuora AP, Mayordomo AC, Kauppinen AK, Cerliani MB, Coraglio M, Collia ÁK, Gutiérrez A, Alvarez K, Cassana A, Lopéz-Köstner F, Jauk F, García-Rivello H, Ristimäki A, Koskenvuo L, Lepistö A, Nieminen TT, Vaccaro CA, Pavicic WH, Peltomäki P. Mono- and biallelic germline variants of DNA glycosylase genes in colon adenomatous polyposis families from two continents. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870863. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, biallelic germline variants of the DNA glycosylase genes MUTYH and NTHL1 were linked to polyposis susceptibility. Significant fractions remain without a molecular explanation, warranting searches for underlying causes. We used exome sequencing to investigate clinically well-defined adenomatous polyposis cases and families from Finland (N=34), Chile (N=21), and Argentina (N=12), all with known susceptibility genes excluded. Nine index cases (13%) revealed germline variants with proven or possible pathogenicity in the DNA glycosylase genes, involving NEIL1 (mono- or biallelic) in 3 cases, MUTYH (monoallelic) in 3 cases, NTHL1 (biallelic) in 1 case, and OGG1 (monoallelic) in 2 cases. NTHL1 was affected with the well-established, pathogenic c.268C>T, p.(Gln90Ter) variant. A recurrent heterozygous NEIL1 c.506G>A, p.(Gly169Asp) variant was observed in two families. In a Finnish family, the variant occurred in trans with a truncating NEIL1 variant (c.821delT). In an Argentine family, the variant co-occurred with a genomic deletion of exons 2 – 11 of PMS2. Mutational signatures in tumor tissues complied with biological functions reported for NEIL1. Our results suggest that germline variants in DNA glycosylase genes may occur in a non-negligible proportion of unexplained colon polyposis cases and may predispose to tumor development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim M, Seo AN. Molecular Pathology of Gastric Cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2022; 22:273-305. [PMID: 36316106 PMCID: PMC9633931 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2022.22.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common lethal malignant neoplasms worldwide, with limited treatment options for both locally advanced and/or metastatic conditions, resulting in a dismal prognosis. Although the widely used morphological classifications may be helpful for endoscopic or surgical treatment choices, they are still insufficient to guide precise and/or personalized therapy for individual patients. Recent advances in genomic technology and high-throughput analysis may improve the understanding of molecular pathways associated with GC pathogenesis and aid in the classification of GC at the molecular level. Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the identification of several genetic alterations through single experiments. Thus, understanding the driver alterations involved in gastric carcinogenesis has become increasingly important because it can aid in the discovery of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this article, we review the molecular classifications of GC, focusing on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) classification. We further describe the currently available biomarker-targeted therapies and potential biomarker-guided therapies. This review will help clinicians by providing an inclusive understanding of the molecular pathology of GC and may assist in selecting the best treatment approaches for patients with GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moonsik Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Histomorphological and molecular genetic characterization of different intratumoral regions and matched metastatic lymph nodes of colorectal cancer with heterogenous mismatch repair protein expression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04261-1. [PMID: 35939113 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To better understand the clinicopathological characteristics and molecular alterations in different intratumoral components of colorectal cancer (CRC) with heterogeneity of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. METHODS The histopathological features, MSI status, and other molecular alterations were analyzed in separately microdissected intratumoral regions and matched metastatic lymph nodes in four cases with intratumoral heterogenous MMR expression screened from 500 CRC patients, using PCR-based MSI testing, MLH1 promoter methylation, and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) was identified in MLH1/PMS2-deficient regions in Cases 1 to 3 and in MSH2/MSH6-deficient regions in Case 4, while microsatellite stability (MSS) was detected in all the intratumoral regions and metastatic lymph nodes with proficient MMR expression (pMMR). Intratumoral heterogeneity of MLH1 promoter methylation and/or other common driving gene mutations of CRC, such as KRAS and PIK3CA mutations, was identified in all four CRCs. Further, three cases (75%) showed heterogeneous histomorphological features in intratumoral components and metastatic lymph nodes (Cases 1, 2, and 4), and the corresponding metastatic lymph nodes showed moderate differentiation with MSS/pMMR (Cases 2 and 3). CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral heterogeneous MSI status is highly correlated with intratumoral histomorphological heterogeneity, which is also an important clue for the intratumoral heterogeneity of drive gene mutations in CRC. Thus, it is essential to detect MMR protein expression and other gene mutations in metastases before treatment, especially for CRCs with intratumoral heterogenous MMR protein expression or heterogenous histomorphological features.
Collapse
|
10
|
Germline variants of DNA repair genes in early onset mantle cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2020; 40:551-563. [PMID: 33191405 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic mutations of DNA repair genes are frequent in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), our understanding of their germline defects is limited. In a Chinese family with maternal Lynch syndrome and paternal B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one sibling developed both Lynch syndrome and MCL. Lynch syndrome is caused by heterozygous mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. To understand the genetic predispositions in the family, we performed exome sequencing and analyses of affected individuals and their tumor samples. A novel germline indel, MLH1 Gly101fsX1, was identified as the cause of Lynch syndrome, and unstable microsatellite loci and mutational signatures as evidence of defective MMR were revealed in the MCL sample. Furthermore, we included additional 15 MCL patients with early onset, and found by exome sequencing that 11 patients carried heterozygous germline variants of 20 DNA repair genes, including MSH2 in MMR. In the MCL with MSH2 Arg359fsX16, unstable microsatellite loci and defective MMR signatures were also found. In addition, five patients also had heterozygous germline variants of genes involved in B cell functions. Thus, our study found germline variants of genes in single-strand break repair, double-strand break repair, and Fanconi anemia pathway in early onset MCL; and for the first time we identified germline defects of MMR in two MCLs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Olkinuora A, Gylling A, Almusa H, Eldfors S, Lepistö A, Mecklin JP, Nieminen TT, Peltomäki P. Molecular Basis of Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency in Tumors from Lynch Suspected Cases with Negative Germline Test Results. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071853. [PMID: 32660107 PMCID: PMC7408769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some 10–50% of Lynch-suspected cases with abnormal immunohistochemical (IHC) staining remain without any identifiable germline mutation of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. MMR proteins form heterodimeric complexes, giving rise to distinct IHC patterns when mutant. Potential reasons for not finding a germline mutation include involvement of an MMR gene not predicted by the IHC pattern, epigenetic mechanism of predisposition, primary mutation in another DNA repair or replication-associated gene, and double somatic MMR gene mutations. We addressed these possibilities by germline and tumor studies in 60 Lynch-suspected cases ascertained through diagnostics (n = 55) or research (n = 5). All cases had abnormal MMR protein staining in tumors but no point mutation or large rearrangement of the suspected MMR genes in the germline. In diagnostic practice, MSH2/MSH6 (MutS Homolog 2/MutS Homolog 6) deficiency prompts MSH2 mutation screening; in our study, 3/11 index individuals (27%) with this IHC pattern revealed pathogenic germline mutations in MSH6. Individuals with isolated absence of MSH6 are routinely screened for MSH6 mutations alone; we found a predisposing mutation in MSH2 in 1/7 such cases (14%). Somatic deletion of the MSH2-MSH6 region, joint loss of MSH6 and MSH3 (MutS Homolog 3) proteins, and hindered MSH2/MSH6 dimerization offered explanations to misleading IHC patterns. Constitutional epimutation hypothesis was pursued in the MSH2 and/or MSH6-deficient cases plus 38 cases with MLH1 (MutL Homolog 1)-deficient tumors; a primary MLH1 epimutation was identified in one case with an MLH1-deficient tumor. We conclude that both MSH2 and MSH6 should be screened in MSH2/6- and MSH6-deficient cases. In MLH1-deficient cases, constitutional epimutations of MLH1 warrant consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Olkinuora
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.G.); (T.T.N.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annette Gylling
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.G.); (T.T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Henrikki Almusa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.A.); (S.E.)
| | - Samuli Eldfors
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.A.); (S.E.)
| | - Anna Lepistö
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland;
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taina Tuulikki Nieminen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.G.); (T.T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.G.); (T.T.N.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morak M, Schaefer K, Steinke-Lange V, Koehler U, Keinath S, Massdorf T, Mauracher B, Rahner N, Bailey J, Kling C, Haeusser T, Laner A, Holinski-Feder E. Full-length transcript amplification and sequencing as universal method to test mRNA integrity and biallelic expression in mismatch repair genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1808-1820. [PMID: 31332305 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathogenicity assessment, RNA-based analyses are important for the correct classification of variants, and require gene-specific cut-offs for allelic representation and alternative/aberrant splicing. Beside this, the diagnostic yield of RNA-based techniques capable to detect aberrant splicing or allelic loss due to intronic/regulatory variants has to be elaborated. We established a cDNA analysis for full-length transcripts (FLT) of the four DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes to investigate the splicing pattern and transcript integrity with active/inhibited nonsense-mediated mRNA-decay (NMD). Validation was based on results from normal controls, samples with premature termination codons (PTC), samples with splice-site defects (SSD), and samples with pathogenic putative missense variants. The method was applied to patients with variants of uncertain significance (VUS) or unexplained immunohistochemical MMR deficiency. We categorized the allelic representation into biallelic (50 ± 10%) or allelic loss (≤10%), and >10% and <40% as unclear. We defined isoforms up to 10% and exon-specific exceptions as alternative splicing, set the cut-off for SSD in cDNA + P to 30-50%, and regard >10% and <30% as unclear. FLT cDNA analyses designated 16% of all putative missense variants and 12% of VUS as SSD, detected MMR-defects in 19% of the unsolved patients, and re-classified >30% of VUS. Our method allows a standardized, systematic cDNA analysis of the MMR FLTs to assess the pathogenicity mechanism of VUS on RNA level, which will gain relevance for precision medicine and gene therapy. Diagnostic accuracy will be enhanced by detecting MMR defects in hitherto unsolved patients. The data generated will help to calibrate a high-throughput NGS-based mRNA-analysis and optimize prediction programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Morak
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany. .,MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Schaefer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Steinke-Lange
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Koehler
- MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Keinath
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Trisari Massdorf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Mauracher
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Rahner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Bailey
- Clinical Genetics, St. George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tanja Haeusser
- MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Laner
- MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Holinski-Feder
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany. .,MGZ - Medical Genetics Center, Bayerstr. 3-5, 80335, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McCarthy AJ, Capo-Chichi JM, Spence T, Grenier S, Stockley T, Kamel-Reid S, Serra S, Sabatini P, Chetty R. Heterogenous loss of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression: a challenge for immunohistochemical interpretation and microsatellite instability (MSI) evaluation. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 5:115-129. [PMID: 30387329 PMCID: PMC6463865 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins is used to identify MMR status: being diffusely positive (intact/retained nuclear staining) or showing loss of nuclear tumour staining (MMR protein deficient). Four colonic adenocarcinomas and a gastric adenocarcinoma with associated dysplasia that displayed heterogenous IHC staining patterns in at least one of the four MMR proteins were characterised by next‐generation sequencing (NGS). In order to examine a potential molecular mechanism for these staining patterns, the respective areas were macrodissected, analysed for microsatellite instability (MSI) and investigated by NGS and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 genes, including MLH1 methylation analysis. One colonic adenocarcinoma showed heterogenous MSH6 IHC staining and molecular analysis demonstrated increasing allelic burden of two MSH6 frameshift variants (c.3261delC and c.3261dupC) in areas with MSH6 protein loss compared to areas where MSH6 was retained. Two colonic adenocarcinomas with heterogenous MLH1 staining showed no differences in sequence variants. In one of these cases, however, MLH1 was hypermethylated in the area of MLH1 loss. Another colon carcinoma with heterogenous PMS2 staining (but with retained MSH6) showed both MSH6 c.3261dupC and 3260_3261dupCC where PMS2 protein was lost and only c.3261dupC where PMS2 was retained. The gastric carcinoma showed complete loss of MSH6 in dysplastic foci, while the underlying invasive carcinoma showed retention of MSH6. Both these areas, however, were MSI‐high and showed the same MSH6 variant: c.3261delC. The gastric dysplasia additionally showed MSH6 c.3261dupC. In four of the five cases where MMR protein was lost, these areas were MSI‐high. Heterogenous MMR IHC (focal and/or zonal within the same tumour or between invasive and dysplastic preinvasive areas) is not always due to artefact and is invariably related to MSI‐high status in the areas of loss. An interesting aspect to this study is the presence of MSH6 somatic mutations irrespective of whether MSH6 IHC staining was intact or lost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife J McCarthy
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose-Mario Capo-Chichi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tara Spence
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sylvie Grenier
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tracy Stockley
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suzanne Kamel-Reid
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefano Serra
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Sabatini
- Clinical Laboratory Genetics, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Runjan Chetty
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dámaso E, Castillejo A, Arias MDM, Canet-Hermida J, Navarro M, Del Valle J, Campos O, Fernández A, Marín F, Turchetti D, García-Díaz JDD, Lázaro C, Genuardi M, Rueda D, Alonso Á, Soto JL, Hitchins M, Pineda M, Capellá G. Primary constitutional MLH1 epimutations: a focal epigenetic event. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:978-987. [PMID: 30283143 PMCID: PMC6203851 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutional MLH1 epimutations are characterised by monoallelic methylation of the MLH1 promoter throughout normal tissues, accompanied by allele-specific silencing. The mechanism underlying primary MLH1 epimutations is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to perform an in-depth characterisation of constitutional MLH1 epimutations targeting the aberrantly methylated region around MLH1 and other genomic loci. Methods Twelve MLH1 epimutation carriers, 61 Lynch syndrome patients, and 41 healthy controls, were analysed by Infinium 450 K array. Targeted molecular techniques were used to characterise the MLH1 epimutation carriers and their inheritance pattern. Results No nucleotide or structural variants were identified in-cis on the epimutated allele in 10 carriers, in which inter-generational methylation erasure was demonstrated in two, suggesting primary type of epimutation. CNVs outside the MLH1 locus were found in two cases. EPM2AIP1-MLH1 CpG island was identified as the sole differentially methylated region in MLH1 epimutation carriers compared to controls. Conclusion Primary constitutional MLH1 epimutations arise as a focal epigenetic event at the EPM2AIP1-MLH1 CpG island in the absence of cis-acting genetic variants. Further molecular characterisation is needed to elucidate the mechanistic basis of MLH1 epimutations and their heritability/reversibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Dámaso
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adela Castillejo
- Hereditary Cancer Program Valencian Region, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Elche University Hospital, Camino de la Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Arias
- Genetics Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle de Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona, 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Julia Canet-Hermida
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Navarro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Valle
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Campos
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fátima Marín
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Juan de Dios García-Díaz
- Unidad de Genética Clínica, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carretera Alcalá-Meco, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Daniel Rueda
- Hereditary Cancer Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba, Madrid, Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Ángel Alonso
- Genetics Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle de Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona, 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Soto
- Hereditary Cancer Program Valencian Region, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Elche University Hospital, Camino de la Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain.,Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Megan Hitchins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, 94305, California, USA
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Capellá
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (ICO-IDIBELL),ONCOBELL, CIBERONC, Av.Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shweta H, Singh MK, Yadav K, Verma SD, Pal N, Sen S. Effect of T·T Mismatch on DNA Dynamics Probed by Minor Groove Binders: Comparison of Dynamic Stokes Shifts of Hoechst and DAPI. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10735-10748. [PMID: 28922599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of DNA base mismatches and their subsequent repair by enzymes is vital for genomic stability. However, it is difficult to comprehend such a process in which enzymes sense and repair different types of mismatches with different ability. It has been suggested that the differential structural changes of mismatched bases act as cues to the repair enzymes, although the effect of such DNA structural changes on surrounding water and ion dynamics is inevitable due to strong electrostatic coupling among them. Thus, collective dynamics of DNA, water, and ions near the mismatch site is believed to be important for mismatch recognition and repair mechanism. Here we show that introduction of a T·T mismatch in the minor groove of DNA induces dispersed (collective) power-law solvation dynamics (of exponent ∼0.24), measured by monitoring the time-resolved fluorescence Stokes shifts (TRFSS) of two popular minor groove binders (Hoechst 33258 and DAPI) over five decades of time from 100 fs to 10 ns. The same ligands however sense different dynamics (power-law of exponent ∼0.15 or power-law multiplied with biexponential relaxation) in the minor groove of normal-DNA. The similar fluorescence anisotropy decays of ligands measured in normal- and T·T-DNA suggest that Stokes shift dynamics and their changes in T·T-DNA purely originate from the solvation process, and not from any internal rotational motion of probe-ligands. The dispersed power-law solvation dynamics seen in T·T-DNA indicate that the ligands do not sense any particular (exponential) relaxation specific to T·T wobbling and/or other conformational changes. This could be the reason why T·T mismatch is recognized by enzymes with lower efficiency compared to purine-pyrimidine and purine-purine mismatches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Him Shweta
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Moirangthem Kiran Singh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kavita Yadav
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sachin Dev Verma
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nibedita Pal
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tricarico R, Kasela M, Mareni C, Thompson BA, Drouet A, Staderini L, Gorelli G, Crucianelli F, Ingrosso V, Kantelinen J, Papi L, De Angioletti M, Berardi M, Gaildrat P, Soukarieh O, Turchetti D, Martins A, Spurdle AB, Nyström M, Genuardi M. Assessment of the InSiGHT Interpretation Criteria for the Clinical Classification of 24 MLH1 and MSH2 Gene Variants. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:64-77. [PMID: 27629256 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenicity assessment of DNA variants in disease genes to explain their clinical consequences is an integral component of diagnostic molecular testing. The International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Tumors (InSiGHT) has developed specific criteria for the interpretation of mismatch repair (MMR) gene variants. Here, we performed a systematic investigation of 24 MLH1 and MSH2 variants. The assessments were done by analyzing population frequency, segregation, tumor molecular characteristics, RNA effects, protein expression levels, and in vitro MMR activity. Classifications were confirmed for 15 variants and changed for three, and for the first time determined for six novel variants. Overall, based on our results, we propose the introduction of some refinements to the InSiGHT classification rules. The proposed changes have the advantage of homogenizing the InSIGHT interpretation criteria with those set out by the Evidence-based Network for the Interpretation of Germline Mutant Alleles (ENIGMA) consortium for the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes. We also observed that the addition of only few clinical data was sufficient to obtain a more stable classification for variants considered as "likely pathogenic" or "likely nonpathogenic." This shows the importance of obtaining as many as possible points of evidence for variant interpretation, especially from the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Tricarico
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Cancer Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariann Kasela
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Bryony A Thompson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurélie Drouet
- Inserm-U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Lucia Staderini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Gorelli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Crucianelli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Ingrosso
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jukka Kantelinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Papi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer - Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Margherita Berardi
- Cancer Genetics and Gene Transfer - Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy
| | - Pascaline Gaildrat
- Inserm-U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Omar Soukarieh
- Inserm-U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Inserm-U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Minna Nyström
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Genomic Medicine, A. Gemelli School of Medicine, Medical Genetics Unit, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Joensuu EI, Nieminen TT, Lotsari JE, Pavicic W, Abdel-Rahman WM, Peltomäki P. Methyltransferase expression and tumor suppressor gene methylation in sporadic and familial colorectal cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:776-87. [PMID: 26305882 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands in cancer remain unclear and studies of methyltransferase enzymes have arrived at conflicting results. We focused on DNMT1 and DNMT3B, DNA methyltransferases responsible for (de novo) methylation, and EZH2, histone (H3K27) methyltransferase, and examined their roles in tumor suppressor gene (TSG) methylation patterns we have previously established in sporadic and familial cancers. Our investigation comprised 165 tumors, stratified by tissue of origin (117 colorectal and 48 endometrial carcinomas) and sporadic vs. familial disease (57 sporadic vs. 60 familial, mainly Lynch syndrome, colorectal carcinomas). By immunohistochemical evaluation, EZH2 protein expression was associated with a TSG methylator phenotype. DNMT1, DNMT3B, and EZH2 were expressed at significantly higher levels in tumor vs. normal tissues. DNMT1 and EZH2 expression were positively correlated and higher in microsatellite-unstable vs. microsatellite-stable tumors, whether sporadic or hereditary. Ki-67 expression mirrored the same pattern. Promoter methylation of the methyltransferase genes themselves was addressed as a possible cause behind their altered expression. While DNMT1 or EZH2 did not show differential methylation between normal and tumor tissues, DNMT3B analysis corroborated the regulatory role of a distal promoter region. Our study shows that methyltransferase expression in cancer depends on the tissue of origin, microsatellite-instability status, cellular proliferation, and--in the case of DNMT3B--promoter methylation of the respective gene. Translation of methyltransferase expression into DNA methylation appears complex as suggested by the fact that except for EZH2, no clear association between methyltransferase protein expression and TSG methylation was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmi I Joensuu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina T Nieminen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna E Lotsari
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Walter Pavicic
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis Unit, IMBICE-CONICET-CICPBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Crucianelli F, Tricarico R, Turchetti D, Gorelli G, Gensini F, Sestini R, Giunti L, Pedroni M, Ponz de Leon M, Civitelli S, Genuardi M. MLH1 constitutional and somatic methylation in patients with MLH1 negative tumors fulfilling the revised Bethesda criteria. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1431-8. [PMID: 25437057 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.970080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a tumor predisposing condition caused by constitutional defects in genes coding for components of the mismatch repair (MMR) apparatus. While hypermethylation of the promoter of the MMR gene MLH1 occurs in about 15% of colorectal cancer samples, it has also been observed as a constitutional alteration, in the absence of DNA sequence mutations, in a small number of LS patients. In order to obtain further insights on the phenotypic characteristics of MLH1 epimutation carriers, we investigated the somatic and constitutional MLH1 methylation status of 14 unrelated subjects with a suspicion of LS who were negative for MMR gene constitutional mutations and whose tumors did not express the MLH1 protein. A novel case of constitutional MLH1 epimutation was identified. This patient was affected with multiple primary tumors, including breast cancer, diagnosed starting from the age of 55 y. Investigation of her offspring by allele specific expression revealed that the epimutation was not stable across generations. We also found MLH1 hypermethylation in cancer samples from 4 additional patients who did not have evidence of constitutional defects. These patients had some characteristics of LS, namely early age at onset and/or positive family history, raising the possibility of genetic influences in the establishment of somatic MLH1 methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Crucianelli
- a Medical Genetics ; Department of Biomedical ; Experimental and Clinical Sciences ; University of Florence ; Florence , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rossetti G, Dans PD, Gomez-Pinto I, Ivani I, Gonzalez C, Orozco M. The structural impact of DNA mismatches. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4309-21. [PMID: 25820425 PMCID: PMC4417165 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of all the transversion and transition mismatches in three different DNA environments have been characterized by molecular dynamics simulations and NMR spectroscopy. We found that the presence of mismatches produced significant local structural alterations, especially in the case of purine transversions. Mismatched pairs often show promiscuous hydrogen bonding patterns, which interchange among each other in the nanosecond time scale. This therefore defines flexible base pairs, where breathing is frequent, and where distortions in helical parameters are strong, resulting in significant alterations in groove dimension. Even if the DNA structure is plastic enough to absorb the structural impact of the mismatch, local structural changes can be propagated far from the mismatch site, following the expected through-backbone and a previously unknown through-space mechanism. The structural changes related to the presence of mismatches help to understand the different susceptibility of mismatches to the action of repairing proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rossetti
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program on Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences (Joint venture of RWTH Aachen University and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany), D-52425 Jülich, Germany and Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany Juelich Supercomputing Center (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Pablo D Dans
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program on Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Irene Gomez-Pinto
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program on Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, C/Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Ivan Ivani
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program on Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, C/Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program on Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mismatch repair mRNA and protein expression in intestinal adenocarcinoma in sika deer (Cervus nippon) resembling heritable non-polyposis colorectal cancer in man. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:131-7. [PMID: 25678423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal adenocarcinomas seen in an inbred herd of farmed sika deer (Cervus nippon) morphologically resembled human hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Features common to both included multiple de novo sites of tumourigenesis in the proximal colon, sessile and non-polyposis mucosal changes, the frequent finding of mucinous type adenocarcinoma, lymphocyte infiltration into the neoplastic tubules and Crohn's-like lymphoid follicles at the deep margin of the tumour. HNPCC is defined by a germline mutation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes resulting in their inactivation and loss of expression. To test the hypothesis that similar MMR gene inactivation occurs in the deer tumours, the expression of the four most important MMR genes, MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 and PMS2, was examined at the mRNA level by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (n = 12) and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry (n = 40) in tumour and control tissues. All four genes were expressed equally in normal and neoplastic tissues, so MMR gene inactivation could not be implicated in the carcinogenesis of this tumour in sika deer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nieminen TT, O’Donohue MF, Wu Y, Lohi H, Scherer SW, Paterson AD, Ellonen P, Abdel-Rahman WM, Valo S, Mecklin JP, Järvinen HJ, Gleizes PE, Peltomäki P. Germline mutation of RPS20, encoding a ribosomal protein, causes predisposition to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma without DNA mismatch repair deficiency. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:595-598.e5. [PMID: 24941021 PMCID: PMC4155505 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic factors that contribute to familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCX), characterized by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma with no mismatch repair defects. Genetic linkage analysis, exome sequencing, tumor studies, and functional investigations of 4 generations of a FCCX family led to the identification of a truncating germline mutation in RPS20, which encodes a component (S20) of the small ribosomal subunit and is a new colon cancer predisposition gene. The mutation was associated with a defect in pre-ribosomal RNA maturation. Our findings show that mutations in a gene encoding a ribosomal protein can predispose individuals to microsatellite-stable colon cancer. Evaluation of additional FCCX families for mutations in RPS20 and other ribosome-associated genes is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taina T. Nieminen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Taina Nieminen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, PO Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. fax: (358) 294125105.
| | - Marie-Françoise O’Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire Eucaryote, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5099, Toulouse, France
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Specialty Medicine, OU-HCOM, Athens, Ohio
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Satu Valo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki J. Järvinen
- Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire Eucaryote, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5099, Toulouse, France
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shiovitz S, Copeland WK, Passarelli MN, Burnett-Hartman AN, Grady WM, Potter JD, Gallinger S, Buchanan DD, Rosty C, Win AK, Jenkins M, Thibodeau SN, Haile R, Baron JA, Marchand LL, Newcomb PA, Lindor NM. Characterisation of familial colorectal cancer Type X, Lynch syndrome, and non-familial colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:598-602. [PMID: 24918813 PMCID: PMC4119982 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X (FCCTX) is defined as individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) who families meet Amsterdam Criteria-1 (AC1), but whose tumours are DNA-mismatch-repair-proficient, unlike Lynch syndrome (LS). FCCTX does not have an increased risk of extra-colonic cancers. This analysis compares epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features among FCCTX, LS, and 'non-familial' (non-AC1) CRC cases. METHODS From the Colon Cancer Family Registry, FCCTX (n=173), LS (n=303), and non-AC1 (n=9603) CRC cases were identified. Questionnaire-based epidemiologic information and CRC pathologic features were compared across case groups using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS Compared with LS, FCCTX cases were less likely to be current (vs never) smokers; have a proximal subsite (vs rectal) tumour; or have mucinous histology, poor differentiation, or tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. There were no observed differences in co-morbidities or medication usage. CONCLUSIONS FCCTX were less likely to be current tobacco users; other exposures were similar between these groups. Histopathologic differences highly suggestive of LS CRCs do not appear to be shared by FCCTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shiovitz
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W K Copeland
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M N Passarelli
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A N Burnett-Hartman
- 1] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W M Grady
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [3] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J D Potter
- 1] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [3] Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D D Buchanan
- 1] University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia [2] Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C Rosty
- 1] Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, QLD, Australia [3] Envoi Pathology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - A K Win
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Jenkins
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Haile
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L L Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - P A Newcomb
- 1] Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Recognition by Warthin of the familial clustering of colorectal and gynaecological cancers a century ago laid the foundation for the recognition of familial cancer. By tracking afflicted pedigrees, Lynch defined the clinical characteristics and argued for a heritable genetic component to this autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility condition, now termed Lynch syndrome. This was proven in the 1990s, with the discovery of deleterious germline mutations of the mismatch repair genes as its cause. Yet despite the genetic revolution at the turn of the twenty-first century, no pathogenic mutation was identifiable in approximately one-third of cases with suspected Lynch syndrome. In the past decade, the alternative mechanism of constitutional epimutation of the two major mismatch repair genes, MLH1 and MSH2, was identified in a proportion of these outstanding cases. This epigenetic defect, characterized by methylation and transcriptional inactivation of a single genetic allele within normal tissues, predisposes to the development of Lynch-type cancers. MSH2 and some MLH1 epimutations have been linked to genetic alterations within their vicinity and demonstrate dominant inheritance, whilst other MLH1 epimutations are reversible between generations and demonstrate non-Mendelian inheritance. This review charts the discovery of mismatch repair epimutations, their aetiological role in Lynch syndrome and the mechanistic basis for their variable inheritance patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan P Hitchins
- Adult Cancer Program, Medical Epigenetics Laboratory, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Molinaro V, Pensotti V, Marabelli M, Feroce I, Barile M, Pozzi S, Laghi L, Serrano D, Bernard L, Bonanni B, Ranzani GN. Complementary molecular approaches reveal heterogeneous CDH1 germline defects in Italian patients with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:432-45. [PMID: 24493355 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline inactivation of the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) is associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), a rare autosomal dominant syndrome predisposing to both diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) and lobular breast cancer (LBC). We searched for CDH1 germline defects in 32 HDGC Italian probands selected according to international consensus criteria and in 5 selected relatives. We used a series of molecular methods, including: DNA sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, single-nucleotide primer extension, bisulfite sequencing, reverse-transcription PCR, and bioinformatics tools. We identified pathogenic mutations in 6 out of 32 probands (19%): one truncating and two missense mutations, one large deletion, one allelic expression imbalance and one splicing defect. Three out of six CDH1 constitutive alterations were novel. Our data support the need for a multimethod approach for CDH1 genetic testing, demonstrating that both DNA and RNA analyses are required to increase the detection rate of pathogenic mutations, thus reducing the number of patients without a clear molecular diagnosis. On the whole, our results indicate that not only DGC patients, but also subjects with personal or family history of LBC might benefit from CDH1 genetic testing. Moreover, our findings support the notion that prophylactic gastrectomy should be offered to asymptomatic CDH1 mutation carriers; indeed, while endoscopic analysis with histological examination of random gastric biopsies can miss cancer foci, gastrectomy performed in these subjects always revealed foci of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Molinaro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Lellis L, Aceto GM, Curia MC, Catalano T, Mammarella S, Veschi S, Fantini F, Battista P, Stigliano V, Messerini L, Mareni C, Sala P, Bertario L, Radice P, Cama A. Integrative analysis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: the contribution of allele-specific expression and other assays to diagnostic algorithms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81194. [PMID: 24278394 PMCID: PMC3835792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of germline variants predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is crucial for clinical management of carriers, but several probands remain negative for such variants or bear variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Here we describe the results of integrative molecular analyses in 132 HNPCC patients providing evidences for improved genetic testing of HNPCC with traditional or next generation methods. Patients were screened for: germline allele-specific expression (ASE), nucleotide variants, rearrangements and promoter methylation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes; germline EPCAM rearrangements; tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemical (IHC) MMR protein expression. Probands negative for pathogenic variants of MMR genes were screened for germline APC and MUTYH sequence variants. Most germline defects identified were sequence variants and rearrangements of MMR genes. Remarkably, altered germline ASE of MMR genes was detected in 8/22 (36.5%) probands analyzed, including 3 cases negative at other screenings. Moreover, ASE provided evidence for the pathogenic role and guided the characterization of a VUS shared by 2 additional probands. No germline MMR gene promoter methylation was observed and only one EPCAM rearrangement was detected. In several cases, tumor IHC and MSI diverged from germline screening results. Notably, APC or biallelic MUTYH germline defects were identified in 2/19 probands negative for pathogenic variants of MMR genes. Our results show that ASE complements gDNA-based analyses in the identification of MMR defects and in the characterization of VUS affecting gene expression, increasing the number of germline alterations detected. An appreciable fraction of probands negative for MMR gene variants harbors APC or MUTYH variants. These results indicate that germline ASE analysis and screening for APC and MUTYH defects should be included in HNPCC diagnostic algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Aging Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Aging Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Teresa Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Serena Veschi
- Unit of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Aging Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabiana Fantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Battista
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittoria Stigliano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Unit of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena (IRE), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Messerini
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Mareni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Sala
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Bertario
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular bases of genetic risk and genetic testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abdel-Rahman WM, Ruosaari S, Knuutila S, Peltomäki P. Differential roles of EPS8 in carcinogenesis: Loss of protein expression in a subset of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3896-903. [PMID: 22876043 PMCID: PMC3413063 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) expression status and role in colorectal carcinogenesis given that EPS8 has a conserved actin barbed-end capping function that is required for proper maturation in intestinal cells.
METHODS: We studied 8 colon cancer cell lines and 58 colorectal tumors (19 adenomas and 39 carcinomas). We performed expression microarray analysis of colon cancer cell lines followed by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis and immunohistochemistry for EPS8 expression in colon tumors. Subsequently, we performed mutation analysis by direct sequencing and methylation analysis by bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays.
RESULTS: Expression microarray analysis of colon cancer cell lines showed overexpression of EPS8 transcript in all lines but RKO. Genome wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of colon tumors, showed considerable LOH at the EPS8 gene locus. Immunohistochemically, EPS8 was constitutively expressed in normal colonic mucosa with a dot-like supranuclear localization with accentuation at the luminal surface supporting its proposed role in epithelial maturation. Nineteen colon tumors (4 adenoma, 15 carcinoma) out of 51 (37%) showed strikingly tumor specific EPS8 protein loss. Of the remaining tumors, 5/51 (2 adenoma, and 3 carcinoma, 10%) showed marked overexpression, while 27/51 tumors (53%) showed retained expression. Mutation analysis revealed a missense mutation (c.794C>T, p.R265C) in exon 8 in RKO. The EPS8 promoter was also methylated in RKO, but there was no significant methylation in other cell lines or carcinoma specimens.
CONCLUSION: The loss of EPS8 expression in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas suggests that down regulation of this gene contributes to the development of a subset of colorectal cancers, a finding which could have applications in diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Borràs E, Pineda M, Brieger A, Hinrichsen I, Gómez C, Navarro M, Balmaña J, Ramón y Cajal T, Torres A, Brunet J, Blanco I, Plotz G, Lázaro C, Capellá G. Comprehensive functional assessment of MLH1 variants of unknown significance. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1576-88. [PMID: 22736432 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Up to 30% of DNA changes found are variants of unknown significance (VUS). Our aim was to assess the pathogenicity of eight MLH1 VUS identified in patients suspected of Lynch syndrome. All of them are novel or not previously characterized. For their classification, we followed a strategy that integrates family history, tumor pathology, and control frequency data with a variety of in silico and in vitro analyses at RNA and protein level, such as MMR assay, MLH1 and PMS2 expression, and subcellular localization. Five MLH1 VUS were classified as pathogenic: c.[248G>T(;)306G>C], c.[780C>G;788A>C], and c.791-7T>A affected mRNA processing, whereas c.218T>C (p.L73P) and c.244A>G [corrected] (p.T82A) impaired MMR activity. Two other VUS were considered likely neutral: the silent c.702G>A variant did not affect mRNA processing or stability, and c.974G>A (p.R325Q) did not influence MMR function. In contrast, variant c.25C>T (p.R9W) could not be classified, as it associated with intermediate levels of MMR activity. Comprehensive functional assessment of MLH1 variants was useful in their classification and became relevant in the diagnosis and genetic counseling of carrier families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Borràs
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lotsari JE, Gylling A, Abdel-Rahman WM, Nieminen TT, Aittomäki K, Friman M, Pitkänen R, Aarnio M, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Kuopio T, Peltomäki P. Breast carcinoma and Lynch syndrome: molecular analysis of tumors arising in mutation carriers, non-carriers, and sporadic cases. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R90. [PMID: 22691310 PMCID: PMC3446353 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women, but its incidence is not increased in Lynch syndrome (LS) and studies on DNA mismatch repair deficiency (MMR) in LS-associated breast cancers have arrived at conflicting results. This study aimed to settle the question as to whether breast carcinoma belongs to the LS tumor spectrum. Methods MMR status and epigenetic profiles were determined for all available breast carcinomas identified among 200 LS families from a nation-wide registry (23 tumors from mutation carriers and 18 from non-carriers). Sporadic breast carcinomas (n = 49) and other cancers (n = 105) from MMR gene mutation carriers were studied for comparison. Results The proportion of breast carcinomas that were MMR-deficient based on absent MMR protein, presence of microsatellite instability, or both was significantly (P = 0.00016) higher among breast carcinomas from mutation carriers (13/20, 65%) compared to non-carriers (0/14, 0%). While the average age at breast carcinoma diagnosis was similar in carriers (56 years) and non-carriers (54 years), it was lower for MMR-deficient versus proficient tumors in mutation carriers (53 years versus 61 years, P = 0.027). Among mutation carriers, absent MMR protein was less frequent in breast carcinoma (65%) than in any of seven other tumor types studied (75% to 100%). Tumor suppressor promoter methylation patterns were organ-specific and similar between breast carcinomas from mutation carriers and non-carriers. Conclusions Breast carcinoma from MMR gene mutation carriers resembles common breast carcinoma in many respects (for example, general clinicopathological and epigenetic profiles). MMR status makes a distinction: over half are MMR-deficient typical of LS spectrum tumors, while the remaining subset which is MMR-proficient may develop differently. The results are important for appropriate surveillance in mutation carriers and may be relevant for LS diagnosis in selected cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Lotsari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, P,O,Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, FIN-00014.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dynamical allosterism in the mechanism of action of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS. Biophys J 2012; 101:1730-9. [PMID: 21961599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidomain protein Thermus aquaticus MutS and its prokaryotic and eukaryotic homologs recognize DNA replication errors and initiate mismatch repair. MutS actions are fueled by ATP binding and hydrolysis, which modulate its interactions with DNA and other proteins in the mismatch-repair pathway. The DNA binding and ATPase activities are allosterically coupled over a distance of ∼70 Å, and the molecular mechanism of coupling has not been clarified. To address this problem, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of ∼150 ns including explicit solvent were performed on two key complexes--ATP-bound and ATP-free MutS⋅DNA(+T bulge). We used principal component analysis in fluctuation space to assess ATP ligand-induced changes in MutS structure and dynamics. The molecular dynamics-calculated ensembles of thermally accessible structures showed markedly small differences between the two complexes. However, analysis of the covariance of dynamical fluctuations revealed a number of potentially significant interresidue and interdomain couplings. Moreover, principal component analysis revealed clusters of correlated atomic fluctuations linking the DNA and nucleotide binding sites, especially in the ATP-bound MutS⋅DNA(+T) complex. These results support the idea that allosterism between the nucleotide and DNA binding sites in MutS can occur via ligand-induced changes in motion, i.e., dynamical allosterism.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kovac M, Laczko E, Haider R, Jiricny J, Mueller H, Heinimann K, Marra G. Familial colorectal cancer: eleven years of data from a registry program in Switzerland. Fam Cancer 2012; 10:605-16. [PMID: 21671081 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious germ-line variants involving the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes have been identified as the cause of the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome known as the Lynch syndrome, but in numerous familial clusters of colon cancer, the cause remains obscure. We analyzed data for 235 German-speaking Swiss families with nonpolyposis forms of colorectal cancer (one of the largest and most ethnically homogeneous cohorts of its kind) to identify the phenotypic features of forms that cannot be explained by MMR deficiency. Based on the results of microsatellite instability analysis and immunostaining of proband tumor samples, the kindreds were classified as MMR-proficient (n = 134, 57%) or MMR-deficient (n = 101, 43%). In 81 of the latter kindreds, deleterious germ-line MMR-gene variants have already been found (62 different variants, including 13 that have not been previously reported), confirming the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Compared with MMR-deficient kindreds, the 134 who were MMR proficient were less likely to meet the Amsterdam Criteria II regarding autosomal dominant transmission. They also had primary cancers with later onset and colon-segment distribution patterns resembling those of sporadic colorectal cancers, and they had lower frequencies of metachronous colorectal cancers and extracolonic cancers in general. Although the predisposition to colorectal cancer in these kindreds is probably etiologically heterogeneous, we were unable to identify distinct phenotypic subgroups solely on the basis of the clinical data collected in this study. Further insight, however, is expected to emerge from the molecular characterization of their tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kovac
- Research Group Human Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Curia MC, De Iure S, De Lellis L, Veschi S, Mammarella S, White MJ, Bartlett J, Di Iorio A, Amatetti C, Lombardo M, Di Gregorio P, Battista P, Mariani-Costantini R, Williams SM, Cama A. Increased variance in germline allele-specific expression of APC associates with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:71-77.e1. [PMID: 21995949 PMCID: PMC3246305 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Germline variations in allele-specific expression (ASE) are associated with highly penetrant familial cancers, but their role in common sporadic cancers is unclear. ASE of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is associated with pathogenesis of familial adenomatous polyposis. We investigated whether moderate variations in ASE of APC contribute to common forms of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze germline ASE of APC in blood samples from patients with CRC (cases, n = 53) and controls (n = 68). Means, medians, and variances of ASE were compared. Variants in the APC gene region also were analyzed. RESULTS The distribution of ASE differed significantly between groups; cases had significantly larger amounts of variance than controls (P = .0004). Risk for CRC increased proportionally with the degree of deviation from the mean. The odds ratio for individuals with levels of ASE that deviated more than 1 standard deviation from the mean was 3.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.71-9.24; P = .001); for those with levels greater than 1.645 standard deviations, the odds ratio was 13.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.76-609.40; P = .005). Sequence analysis revealed that a patient with a high level of ASE who did not have a family history of CRC carried a nonsense mutation in APC (p.Arg216X). Genotype analysis of APC associated multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms with ASE values and/or variance among cases, but not controls. Cis variants, therefore, might account for some of the variance in ASE of APC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CRC have a larger variance in germline levels of ASE in APC than controls; large distances from the mean ASE were associated with risk for common forms of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.) University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabrina De Iure
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura De Lellis
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.) University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena Veschi
- Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.) University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy,Department of Human Movement Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sandra Mammarella
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marquitta J. White
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacquelaine Bartlett
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Angelo Di Iorio
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lombardo
- Division of Oncology, “S. Spirito” Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Battista
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.) University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, 519 Light Hall, 37232 Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Telephone 615 322 8036;
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.) University “G. d’Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nieminen TT, Shoman S, Eissa S, Peltomäki P, Abdel-Rahman WM. Distinct genetic and epigenetic signatures of colorectal cancers according to ethnic origin. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 21:202-11. [PMID: 22028395 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of colorectal cancer varies depending on ethnic origin. Egyptian colorectal carcinoma is surprisingly young-age disease with high proportion of rectal and advanced stage cancers. METHODS We characterized 69 sporadic Egyptian colorectal cancers for promoter methylation at 24 tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instability, and expression of mismatch repair, p53, and β-catenin proteins. Data were compared with 80 Western colorectal carcinoma of sporadic and familial origin from Finland. RESULTS Egyptian colorectal carcinomas showed significantly higher methylation of the microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors as reflected by the average number of methylated genes per case (P = 0.00002) and tumor suppressor gene methylator phenotype (TSGMP), defined here as methylation of ≥ 5 genes, (P = 0.0001) compared with the sporadic Western cancers. The TSGMP was associated with advanced stage in the Egyptian cancers (P = 0.0016). Four genes were differentially methylated between Egyptian and Western cases, of which the association of CDKN2B/p15 methylation with Egyptian origin was outstanding (P = 4.83 E-10). Egyptian carcinoma also showed significantly lower frequency of nuclear β-catenin localization than the sporadic Western cancers (P = 0.00006) but similar to that of the familial Western subset designated as familial colorectal cancer type X. CONCLUSIONS We show novel pathway in colon carcinogenesis marked by high methylation of MSS cancers, remarkable CDKN2B/p15 methylation, and low frequency of Wnt signaling activation. IMPACT Our findings highlight the possible effect of environmental exposures in carcinogenesis through DNA methylation and should have applications in prevention, molecular diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taina T Nieminen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Canard G, Lefevre JH, Colas C, Coulet F, Svrcek M, Lascols O, Hamelin R, Shields C, Duval A, Fléjou JF, Soubrier F, Tiret E, Parc Y. Screening for Lynch syndrome in colorectal cancer: are we doing enough? Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19:809-16. [PMID: 21879275 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of screening for the detection of Lynch syndrome (LS) in an unselected population undergoing surgery for a colorectal cancer. METHODS A total of 1,040 patients were prospectively included between 2005 and 2009. LS screening modalities included the Bethesda criteria, immunochemistry (IHC) for MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6, and microsatellite instability (MSI) by using pentaplex markers. Promoter methylation was assessed in tumors with a loss of MLH1 expression. Gene sequencing was offered to patients with abnormal IHC or MSI status without promoter methylation. RESULTS A total of 105 patients had an abnormal result: 102 (9.8%) exhibited a loss of protein on IHC and 98 (9.4%) had MSI. A discordant result was observed in 10 patients with eventual proven LS in 6 patients. Loss of MLH1 (n = 64) was due to promoter methylation in 43 patients (67.2%). Overall, of 62 patients with an abnormal result, 38 had genetic sequencing leading to 25 (65.8%) identified with a germ-line mutation. Loss of MSH2 on IHC was associated with a mutation in 78.3% (18 of 23) of cases. Among the 62 patients with abnormal results, 23 (37.1%) did not meet the Bethesda criteria. CONCLUSIONS Strict application of the Bethesda criteria does not lead to identification of all patients with LS. IHC and MSI testing are complementary methods and should be used in association to identify potential LS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Canard
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abdel-Rahman WM. Genomic instability and carcinogenesis: an update. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:535-41. [PMID: 19516960 PMCID: PMC2694557 DOI: 10.2174/138920208786847926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers arise as a result of stepwise accumulation of mutations which may occur at the nucleotide level and/or the gross chromosomal level. Many cancers particularly those of the colon display a form of genomic instability which may facilitate and speed up tumor initiation and development. In few instances, a "mutator mutation" has been clearly implicated in driving the accumulation of other carcinogenic mutations. For example, the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair deficiency results in dramatic increase in insertion/deletion mutations giving rise to the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype and may predispose to a spectrum of tumours when it occurs in the germline. Although many sporadic cancers show multiple mutations suggesting unstable genome, the role of this instability in carcinogenesis, as opposed to the power of natural selection, has been a matter of controversy. This review gives an update of the latest data on these issues particularly recent data from genome-wide, high throughput techniques as well as mathematical modelling. Throughout this review, reference will be made to the relevance of genomic instability to the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma particularly its hereditary and familial subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nieminen TT, Abdel-Rahman WM, Ristimäki A, Lappalainen M, Lahermo P, Mecklin JP, Järvinen HJ, Peltomäki P. BMPR1A mutations in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer without mismatch repair deficiency. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:e23-6. [PMID: 21640116 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
36
|
Frequency of extracolonic tumors in Brazilian families with Lynch syndrome: analysis of a hereditary colorectal cancer institutional registry. Fam Cancer 2011; 9:563-70. [PMID: 20697958 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is caused by inherited germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It is one of the commonest forms of inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC), accounting for 2-5% of all CRC. LS is characterized by early age of onset, with a tendency for multiplicity and an increased risk for extra-colonic tumors at particular sites. In this study we have evaluated the frequency of extra-colonic tumors in 60 unrelated LS families fulfilling the Amsterdam criteria (ACI. ACII) from the Oncotree database of the Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry of the AC Camargo Hospital. All families' pedigree was extensively analyzed, varying from 2 to 6 generations with a total of 2,095 individuals evaluated. As expected, colorectal cancer was the most frequent tumor in the families (334 cases). We found 200 extracolonic tumors among all individuals with a higher ratio in women (123 cases) than men (77 cases). By far, breast cancer (32 cases) was the most frequent extracolonic manifestation in women followed by endometrial (20 cases) and uterine cervix cancer (20 cases). For man, prostate (16 cases) and stomach (12 cases) cancer were the most frequent extracolonic tumors. It is well know that establishing the diagnosis is challenging and requires knowledge and surveillance. Thus, recognition of individuals and families with hereditary predisposition to cancer according to clinical and molecular features, combined with intensive surveillance and management programs, can contribute substantially to improve results related to the diagnosis and characterization of LS.
Collapse
|
37
|
Power DG, Gloglowski E, Lipkin SM. Clinical genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2011; 24:837-59. [PMID: 20816577 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common disease, and approximately 25% of patients have a familial component. High-penetrance singlegene germline mutations conferring a true hereditary susceptibility account for around 5% to 6% of all cases. Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary form of colorectal cancer. Much of the hereditary component in the remaining familial cases of CRC is likely polygenic, and many of the genetic changes involved are as yet unidentified. This article addresses the most clinically important CRC genetic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Power
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Non-truncating hMLH1 variants identified in Slovenian gastric cancer patients are not associated with Lynch Syndrome: a functional analysis report. Fam Cancer 2010; 10:255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
39
|
Lo YL, Hsiao CF, Jou YS, Chang GC, Tsai YH, Su WC, Chen KY, Chen YM, Huang MS, Hsieh WS, Chen CJ, Hsiung CA. Polymorphisms of MLH1 and MSH2 genes and the risk of lung cancer among never smokers. Lung Cancer 2010; 72:280-6. [PMID: 21093954 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) plays an important role in repairing nucleotide mismatches during DNA replication. Defects in MMR genes are associated with some sporadic tumors. MLH1 and MSH2 are two of the MMR genes. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the associations between the risk of lung cancer and genetic polymorphisms in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes. The SNP genotypes were determined in 730 lung cancer patients and 730 healthy controls that were frequency matched for the age, gender, and smoking status. Among the SNP polymorphisms, -93A>G (rs1800734), which is located in the promoter region of MLH1, was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer. The GG genotype for MLH1 -93A>G was associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared with the AA genotype among the never-smoking group (adjusted OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.10-2.44; P=0.013). Consistently, the haplotype of MLH1 with one -93G risk allele was associated with the risk of lung cancer compared with the AA haplotype among the never-smoking group. Furthermore, the risk of MLH1 -93A>G polymorphism in the never-smoking group related to lung adenocarcinoma was modulated by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure status, with a significant gene-ETS interaction (P=0.042). No evidence was found of the association between MSH2 and the lung cancer risk. In conclusion, our data suggest that the MLH1 -93A>G polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of lung cancer, particularly in never smokers. This study also suggests that MLH1 -93A>G polymorphisms and ETS exposure have a role in the tumorigenesis of lung adenocarcinoma among never smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Li Lo
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Perera S, Li B, Tsitsikotas S, Ramyar L, Pollett A, Semotiuk K, Bapat B. A novel and rapid method of determining the effect of unclassified MLH1 genetic variants on differential allelic expression. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:757-64. [PMID: 20864636 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in mismatch repair genes predispose patients to Lynch Syndrome and the majority of these mutations have been detected in two key genes, MLH1 and MSH2. In particular, about a third of the missense variants identified in MLH1 are of unknown clinical significance. Using the PeakPicker software program, we have conducted a proof-of-principle study to investigate whether missense variants in MLH1 lead to allelic imbalances. Lymphocyte RNA extracted from patients harboring known MLH1 variants was used to quantify the ratio of variant to wild-type transcript, while patient lymphocyte DNA was used to establish baseline allelic expression levels. Our analysis indicated that the missense variants c.350C>T, c.793C>T, and c.1852_1853AA>GC, as well as the truncating variant c.1528C>T were all associated with significantly unbalanced allelic expression. However, the variants c.55A>T and c.2246T>C did not demonstrate an allelic imbalance. These results illustrate a novel and efficient method to investigate the pathogenicity of unclassified genetic variants discovered in mismatch repair genes, as well as genes implicated in other inherited diseases. In addition, the PeakPicker methodology has the potential to be applied in the diagnostic setting, which, in conjunction with results from other assays, will help increase both the accuracy and efficiency of genetic testing of colorectal cancer, as well as other inherited diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheron Perera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Castellsagué E, González S, Guinó E, Stevens KN, Borràs E, Raymond VM, Lázaro C, Blanco I, Gruber SB, Capellá G. Allele-specific expression of APC in adenomatous polyposis families. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:439-47, 447.e1. [PMID: 20434453 PMCID: PMC2910837 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Germline mutations in the APC gene cause of most cases of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and a lesser proportion of attenuated FAP (AFAP). Systematic analysis of APC at the RNA level could provide insight into the pathogenicity of identified mutations and the molecular basis of FAP/AFAP in families without identifiable mutations. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of imbalances in the allelic expression of APC in polyposis families with germline mutations in the gene and without detectable mutations in APC and/or MUTYH. METHODS Allele-specific expression (ASE) was determined by single nucleotide primer extension using an exon 11 polymorphism as an allele-specific marker. In total, 52 APC-mutation-positive (36 families) and 24 APC/MUTYH-mutation-negative (23 families) informative patients were analyzed. Seventy-six controls also were included. RESULTS Of the APC-mutation-positive families, most of those in whom the mutation was located before the last exon of the gene (12 of 14) had ASE imbalance, which is consistent with a mechanism of nonsense-mediated decay. Of the APC/MUTYH-mutation-negative families, 2 (9%) had ASE imbalance, which might cause the disease. Normal allele expression was restored shortly after lymphocytes were cultured with puromycin, supporting a 'nonsense-mediated' hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS ASE analysis might be used to determine the pathogenesis of some cases of FAP and AFAP in which APC mutations are not found. ASE also might be used to prioritize the order in which different areas of APC are tested. RNA-level studies are important for the molecular diagnosis of FAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Castellsagué
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Sara González
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Elisabet Guinó
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Epidemiology, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Kristen N. Stevens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Ester Borràs
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Victoria M. Raymond
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Cancer Genetic Counseling Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen B. Gruber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, and Human Genetics, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Capellá
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Picelli S, Zajac P, Zhou XL, Edler D, Lenander C, Dalén J, Hjern F, Lundqvist N, Lindforss U, Påhlman L, Smedh K, Törnqvist A, Holm J, Janson M, Andersson M, Ekelund S, Olsson L, Lundeberg J, Lindblom A. Common variants in human CRC genes as low-risk alleles. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1041-8. [PMID: 20149637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) has been estimated to be around 35% and yet high-penetrance germline mutations found so far explain less than 5% of all cases. Much of the remaining variations could be due to the co-inheritance of multiple low penetrant variants. The identification of all the susceptibility alleles could have public health relevance in the near future. To test the hypothesis that what are considered polymorphisms in human CRC genes could constitute low-risk alleles, we selected eight common SNPs for a pilot association study in 1785 cases and 1722 controls. One SNP, rs3219489:G>C (MUTYH Q324H) seemed to confer an increased risk of rectal cancer in homozygous status (OR=1.52; CI=1.06-2.17). When the analysis was restricted to our 'super-controls', healthy individuals with no family history for cancer, also rs1799977:A>G (MLH1 I219V) was associated with an increased risk in both colon and rectum patients with an odds ratio of 1.28 (CI=1.02-1.60) and 1.34 (CI=1.05-1.72), respectively (under the dominant model); while 2 SNPs, rs1800932:A>G (MSH6 P92P) and rs459552:T>A (APC D1822V) seemed to confer a protective effect. The latter, in particular showed an odds ratio of 0.76 (CI=0.60-0.97) among colon patients and 0.73 (CI=0.56-0.95) among rectal patients. In conclusion, our study suggests that common variants in human CRC genes could constitute low-risk alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Picelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Detection of allelic imbalance in MLH1 expression by pyrosequencing serves as a tool for the identification of germline defects in Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2010; 9:345-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
44
|
Lindor NM. Familial colorectal cancer type X: the other half of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2009; 18:637-45. [PMID: 19793571 PMCID: PMC3454516 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the Amsterdam criteria, based on pedigrees, was essential for defining hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome in such a way that the underlying genetic cause could be identified. It is now known that about half of families that fulfill the original Amsterdam criteria have a hereditary DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation. These families may be said to have Lynch syndrome. The other half of families with HNPCC has no evidence of DNA MMR deficiency, and studies show that these families are different from families with Lynch syndrome. Familial colorectal cancer type X is the name used to refer to the "other half of HNPCC".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nieminen TT, Gylling A, Abdel-Rahman WM, Nuorva K, Aarnio M, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Bützow R, Peltomäki P. Molecular analysis of endometrial tumorigenesis: importance of complex hyperplasia regardless of atypia. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5772-83. [PMID: 19723644 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is common in the population and the most frequent extracolonic malignancy in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC)/Lynch syndrome. We characterized precursor lesions of endometrioid EC to identify markers of malignant transformation and tumor progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serial specimens of normal endometrium, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia without atypia, complex hyperplasia with atypia, and endometrial carcinoma obtained during a 10-year surveillance of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation carriers (together 110 samples) were molecularly profiled and compared with a sporadic reference series of endometrial specimens taken for nonmalignant reasons (62 samples). RESULTS Among MMR gene mutation carriers, decreased MMR protein expression was present in 7% in normal endometrium, 40% in simple hyperplasia, 100% in complex hyperplasia without atypia, 92% in complex hyperplasia with atypia, and 100% in endometrial carcinoma. Microsatellite instability frequencies were lower (6%, 17%, 67%, 38%, and 64%, respectively). Among 24 tumor suppressor genes, the number of methylated loci increased from normal endometrium to simple hyperplasia to complex hyperplasia (complex hyperplasia without atypia/complex hyperplasia with atypia) in both Lynch syndrome and reference series. The most frequently methylated genes were CDH13, RASSF1A, and GSTP1. In MMR gene mutation carriers, MMR and methylation defects appeared up to 12 years before endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Molecular changes in endometrial tissue are detectable several years before endometrial carcinoma in genetically predisposed individuals. Abnormal MMR and methylation classify normal endometrium and simple hyperplasia into one category and complex hyperplasia without atypia, complex hyperplasia with atypia, and endometrial carcinoma into another, suggesting that, contrary to a traditional view, complex hyperplasia without atypia and complex hyperplasia with atypia are equally important as precursor lesions of endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taina T Nieminen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aceto GM, De Lellis L, Catalano T, Veschi S, Radice P, Di Iorio A, Mariani-Costantini R, Cama A, Curia MC. Nonfluorescent denaturing HPLC-based primer-extension method for allele-specific expression: application to analysis of mismatch repair genes. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1711-8. [PMID: 19628660 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered germline expression of genes may represent a powerful marker of genetic or epigenetic predisposition to cancer or other diseases. METHODS We developed and validated a method of nonfluorescent primer extension that uses a single dideoxynucleotide and denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) to analyze the relative allele expression. We devised 5 independent assays for measuring allele-specific expression (ASE) to exploit different markers of mismatch repair genes MLH1 [mutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli)] and MSH2 [mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)]. We initially confirmed method reproducibility with genomic DNA (gDNA) from individuals heterozygous for a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MLH1 gene. After this preliminary validation with gDNA, we confirmed assay reproducibility with cDNA templates from control individuals. Relative allele expression was estimated by comparing the heights of the peaks corresponding to the 2 alleles. Results obtained with gDNA templates were used to normalize cDNA results. RESULTS With these DHPLC-based primer-extension assays, we detected and confirmed a 5-fold imbalance in MLH1 allele expression in a mutation-negative patient with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and in another patient with a modest degree of imbalance in MLH1 expression. Among control individuals, the relative expression of MLH1 alleles displayed a narrow range of variation. CONCLUSIONS Independent DHPLC-based primer-extension assays for measuring and confirming ASE can be developed for different sequence variants of interest. This DHPLC application provides a cost-effective method for detecting ASE in cases for which conventional screening fails to detect pathogenic mutations in candidate genes and may be applicable for confirming ASE revealed by other methods, such as those used for transcriptome-wide analyses. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitana M Aceto
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University G d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gylling A, Ridanpää M, Vierimaa O, Aittomäki K, Avela K, Kääriäinen H, Laivuori H, Pöyhönen M, Sallinen SL, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Peltomäki P. Large genomic rearrangements and germline epimutations in Lynch syndrome. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2333-40. [PMID: 19173287 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In one-third of families fulfilling the Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer/Lynch syndrome, and a majority of those not fulfilling these criteria point mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes are not found. The role of large genomic rearrangements and germline epimutations in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 was evaluated in 2 such cohorts. All 45 index patients were mutation-negative by genomic sequencing and testing for a prevalent population-specific founder mutation, and selectively lacked MMR protein expression in tumor tissue. Eleven patients ("research cohort") represented 11 mutation-negative families among 81 verified or putative Lynch syndrome families from the nation-wide Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry of Finland. Thirty-four patients from 33 families ("clinic-based cohort") represented suspected Lynch syndrome patients tested for MMR gene mutations in a diagnostic laboratory during 2004-2007. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and methylation-specific (MS)-MLPA were used to detect rearrangements and epimutations, respectively. Large genomic deletions occurred in 12/45 patients (27%), being present in 3/25 (12%), 9/16 (56%) and 0/4 (0%) among index patients lacking MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6 expression, respectively. Germline epimutations of MLH1, one of which coexisted with a genomic deletion, occurred in 2 patients (4%) and were accompanied by monoallelic expression in mRNA. Large genomic deletions (mainly MSH2) and germline epimutations (MLH1) together explain a significant fraction of point mutation-negative families suspected of Lynch syndrome and are associated with characteristic clinical and family features. Our findings have important implications in the diagnosis and management of such families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Gylling
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
High risk of endometrial cancer in colorectal cancer kindred is pathognomonic for MMR-mutation carriers. Fam Cancer 2008; 8:145-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Joensuu EI, Abdel-Rahman WM, Ollikainen M, Ruosaari S, Knuutila S, Peltomäki P. Epigenetic signatures of familial cancer are characteristic of tumor type and family category. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4597-605. [PMID: 18559504 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes (TSG) may be inactivated by methylation of critical CpG sites in their promoter regions, providing targets for early detection and prevention. Although sporadic cancers, especially colorectal carcinoma (CRC), have been characterized for epigenetic changes extensively, such information in familial/hereditary cancer is limited. We studied 108 CRCs and 63 endometrial carcinomas (EC) occurring as part of hereditary nonpolyposis CRC, as separate familial site-specific entities or sporadically, for promoter methylation of 24 TSGs. Eleven genes in CRC and 6 in EC were methylated in at least 15% of tumors and together accounted for 89% and 82% of promoter methylation events in CRC and EC, respectively. Some genes (e.g., CDH13, APC, GSTP1, and TIMP3) showed frequent methylation in both cancers, whereas promoter methylation of ESR1, CHFR, and RARB was typical of CRC and that of RASSF1(A) characterized EC. Among CRCs, sets of genes with methylation characteristic of familial versus sporadic tumors appeared. A TSG methylator phenotype (methylation of at least 5 of 24 genes) occurred in 37% of CRC and 18% of EC (P = 0.013), and the presence versus absence of MLH1 methylation divided the tumors into high versus low methylation groups. In conclusion, inactivation of TSGs by promoter methylation followed patterns characteristic of tumor type (CRC versus EC) and family category and was strongly influenced by MLH1 promoter methylation status in all categories. Paired normal tissues or blood displayed negligible methylation arguing against a constitutional methylation abnormality in familial cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmi I Joensuu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gylling AHS, Nieminen TT, Abdel-Rahman WM, Nuorva K, Juhola M, Joensuu EI, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aarnio M, Peltomäki PT. Differential cancer predisposition in Lynch syndrome: insights from molecular analysis of brain and urinary tract tumors. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1351-9. [PMID: 18550572 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (Lynch syndrome) is among the most common hereditary cancers in man and a model of cancers arising through deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Lynch syndrome patients are predisposed to different cancers in a non-random fashion, the basis of which is poorly understood. We addressed this issue by determining the molecular profiles for different tumors from a nationwide cohort of Lynch syndrome families (approximately 150 tumors in total). We focused on some less prevalent cancers, affecting the brain (n = 7) and urinary tract (five bladder and five ureter uroepithelial cancers and four kidney adenocarcinomas), and compared their molecular characteristics to those of the most common cancers, colorectal, gastric and endometrial adenocarcinomas, from the same families. Despite origin from verified MMR gene mutation carriers, the frequency of high-level microsatellite instability in tumors varied between high (100-96% for ureter, stomach and colon), intermediate (63-60% for endometrium and bladder) and low (25-0% for kidney and brain). In contrast to gastrointestinal and endometrial carcinomas, active (nuclear) beta-catenin was rare and KRAS mutations were absent in brain and urological tumors. Compared with other tumors, frequent stabilization of p53 protein characterized urinary tract cancers. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes discriminated the tumors in an organ-specific manner. Our findings suggest that different Lynch syndrome tumors develop along different routes. Uroepithelial cancers of the ureter (and bladder to lesser extent) share many characteristics of MMR deficiency-driven tumorigenesis, whereas brain tumors and kidney adenocarcinomas follow separate pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H S Gylling
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|