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Nutt MJ, Yee YS, Buyan A, Andrewartha N, Corry B, Yeoh GCT, Stewart SG. In pursuit of a selective hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutic agent: Novel thalidomide derivatives with antiproliferative, antimigratory and STAT3 inhibitory properties. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113353. [PMID: 33773263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced stage liver cancer is predominantly treated with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib; however, this therapeutic agent lacks selectivity in its cytotoxic actions and is associated with poor survival outcomes. Herein we report the design and preparation of several thalidomide derivatives, including a variety of novel thioether-containing forms that are especially rare in the literature. Importantly, two of the derivatives described are potent antiproliferative agents with dose-dependent selectivity for tumorigenic liver progenitor cells (LPC) growth inhibition (up to 36% increase in doubling time at 10 μM) over non-tumorigenic cells (no effect at 10 μM). Furthermore, these putative anti-liver cancer agents were also found to be potent inhibitors of tumorigenic LPC migration. This report also describes these derivatives' effects on several key signalling pathways in our novel liver cell lines by immunofluorescence and AlphaLISA assays. Aryl thioether derivative 7f significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation (23%) and its nuclear localisation (16%) at 10 μM in tumorigenic LPCs, implicating the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 axis is central in the mode of action of our derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nutt
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; The Centre for Medical Research, The Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yeung Sing Yee
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Buyan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Neil Andrewartha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; The Centre for Medical Research, The Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ben Corry
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - George C T Yeoh
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; The Centre for Medical Research, The Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Scott G Stewart
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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El Ati Z, Lamia R, Cherif J, Jbali H, Fatma LB, Mami I, Khedher R, Smaoui W, Krid M, Hamida FB, Beji S, Zouaghi MK. Thalidomide-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in a patient with multiple myeloma. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2019; 30:974-977. [PMID: 31464258 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.265477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide, which is an angiogenesis inhibitor and immunomodulator that reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha, has regained value in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Serious pulmonary complications due to thalidomide use remain relatively uncommon. We describe a case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) due to thalidomide. A 51-year-old man with IgG lambda myeloma was treated with thalidomide and dexamethasone. Seven days after the beginning of chemotherapy, the patient presented a fever and a persistent cough. Auscultation revealed crackles in both pulmonary bases. The chest X-ray showed a diffuse bilateral alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Computed tomography scan revealed bilateral pulmonary involvement, with bilateral interstitial alveolar infiltration and ground-glass pattern consolidations. Pulmonary infection, malignant tumor, and lung involvement of multiple myeloma were excluded through various tests. Thalidomide-induced BOOP was suspected, and the drug was withdrawn and replaced by Melphalan. The patient had complete resolution of his symptoms and radiologic pulmonary involvement on discontinuation of the drug. In the absence of other etiologies, physicians should be cognizant of this potential complication in patients receiving thalidomide who present with respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra El Ati
- Department of Hemodialysis, Tahar Sfar Hospital, Mahdia, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rais Lamia
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jouda Cherif
- Department of Pneumology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Jbali
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Ikram Mami
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rania Khedher
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wided Smaoui
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Krid
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fethi Ben Hamida
- Department of Research Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (LR00SP01), Charles Nicolle Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Beji
- Department of Nephrology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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Wang J, Yu J, Wang J, Ni X, Sun Z, Sun W, Sun S, Lu Y. Thalidomide combined with chemo-radiotherapy for treating esophageal cancer: A randomized controlled study. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:804-813. [PMID: 31289557 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency and safety of a combination of thalidomide and chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) for treating esophageal cancer (EC). Eligible patients received two cycles of chemotherapy using paclitaxel liposome and cisplatin concurrently with three-dimensional radiotherapy. Following radiotherapy, two cycles of maintenance chemotherapy were performed. Patients with elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during radiotherapy were randomly divided into: i) a test group (n=31), who received a combination of CRT and thalidomide; and ii) a control group (n=30), who received CRT only. Patients with locally advanced EC in the test group demonstrated a significantly improved 3-year overall survival (OS) rate, progression-free survival (PFS) rate, local control and median PFS time compared with the control group (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage was associated with the OS time, while TNM stage and the residence of cancer cells following radiotherapy were associated with PFS time. The present data indicate that thalidomide contributes to an improvement of prognosis for patients with locally advanced EC with elevated serum VEGF levels during radiotherapy. In addition, the toxicities induced by thalidomide were demonstrated to be tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xinchu Ni
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Suping Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Xuzhou No. 3 People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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Understanding the Thalidomide Chirality in Biological Processes by the Self-disproportionation of Enantiomers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17131. [PMID: 30459439 PMCID: PMC6244226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty years after the thalidomide disaster in the late 1950s, Blaschke et al. reported that only the (S)-enantiomer of thalidomide is teratogenic. However, other work has shown that the enantiomers of thalidomide interconvert in vivo, which begs the question: why is teratogen activity not observed in animal experiments that use (R)-thalidomide given the ready in vivo racemization (“thalidomide paradox”)? Herein, we disclose a hypothesis to explain this “thalidomide paradox” through the in-vivo self-disproportionation of enantiomers. Upon stirring a 20% ee solution of thalidomide in a given solvent, significant enantiomeric enrichment of up to 98% ee was observed reproducibly in solution. We hypothesize that a fraction of thalidomide enantiomers epimerizes in vivo, followed by precipitation of racemic thalidomide in (R/S)-heterodimeric form. Thus, racemic thalidomide is most likely removed from biological processes upon racemic precipitation in (R/S)-heterodimeric form. On the other hand, enantiomerically pure thalidomide remains in solution, affording the observed biological experimental results: the (S)-enantiomer is teratogenic, while the (R)-enantiomer is not.
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Hijji Y, Benjamin E, Jasinski JP, Butcher RJ. Crystal structure of the thalidomide analog (3a R*,7a S*)-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)hexa-hydro-1 H-iso-indole-1,3(2 H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:1595-1598. [PMID: 30443388 PMCID: PMC6218906 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018014317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C13H16N2O4, crystallizes in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space group, P21/c, with four mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, thus there is no crystallographically imposed symmetry and it is a racemic mixture. The structure consists of a six-membered unsaturated ring bound to a five-membered pyrrolidine-2,5-dione ring N-bound to a six-membered piperidine-2,6-dione ring and thus has the same basic skeleton as thalidomide, except for the six-membered unsaturated ring substituted for the aromatic ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into inversion dimers by R 2 2(8) hydrogen bonding involving the N-H group. In addition, there are bifurcated C-H⋯O inter-actions involving one of the O atoms on the pyrrolidine-2,5-dione with graph-set notation R 1 2(5). These inter-actions along with C-H⋯O inter-actions involving one of the O atoms on the piperidine-2,6-dione ring link the mol-ecules into a complex three-dimensional array. There is pseudomerohedral twinning present which results from a 180° rotation about the [100] reciprocal lattice direction and with a twin law of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 [BASF 0.044 (1)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Hijji
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ellis Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA
| | - Jerry P Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene NH 03435, USA
| | - Ray J Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Cowan AJ, Johnson CK, Libby EN. Plasma cell diseases and organ transplant: A comprehensive review. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1046-1058. [PMID: 29524307 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell diseases are a class of hematologic diseases that are sometimes present as preexisting diagnoses prior to organ transplantation, causative factors leading to a need for organ transplantation, or may occur posttransplant as part of the spectrum of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Herein, we review the most common plasma cell diseases, both as coexisting with other causes of organ failure, but also as a primary underlying cause for organ failure. In many cases, treatment of the underlying clonal disease may be indicated before proceeding with organ transplant. This review aims to provide current and relevant data regarding the management of these conditions in the organ transplant patient, for transplant providers, and those who take care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Cowan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Edward N Libby
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Teng Y, Zhang L, Yu P, Jin B, Zhao M, Shi J, Liu S, Song N, Li Z. Thalidomide Improves Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Side Effects following a Modified FOLFOX7 Regimen: Results of a Prospective Randomized Crossover Study. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 95:691-6. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160909500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Thalidomide was firstly evaluated for the control of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal side effects following a modified FOLFOX7 (mFOLFOX7) regimen. Methods and Study Design Chemotherapy-naive patients with malignant tumors were randomized into two groups: A-B group (A, 0.3 mg of ramosetron plus 10 mg of dexamethasone on day 1, was given intravenously in the first cycle, and B, 0.3 mg of ramosetron plus 10 mg of dexamethasone on day 1 intravenously plus 150 mg orally twice daily of thalidomide on days 2 through 5, in the second cycle) and B-A group (those drugs were given in the reverse sequence). The primary end point was the efficacy of thalidomide in controlling delayed (days 2 through 5) chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The secondary end point was the safety of thalidomide. Results Of 52 patients enrolled, 50 patients (96%) were assessable. Complete response rates of delayed nausea (no nausea) were higher with group B than group A (52% vs 24%, P = 0.004 on day 2; 58% vs 24%, P =0.001 on day 3; and 60% vs 36%, P = 0.016 on day 4). Complete response rates of delayed emesis (no emetic episodes, no rescue therapy) for group B and A also showed significance (86% vs 66%, P = 0.019 on day 2 and 76% vs 56%, P = 0.035 on day 3). Complete response rates on anorexia for group B were higher than those for group A on days 2 through 5. More patients in group B reported sedation or dizziness than in group A (42% vs 9.6%; P = 0.000). Conclusions Thalidomide improves prevention of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal side effects following the mFOLFOX7 regimen. It is a safe, effective antiemetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Mingfang Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Shizhou Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
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Shibata N. Development of Shelf-Stable Reagents for Fluoro-Functionalization Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Avallone G, Pellegrino V, Roccabianca P, Lepri E, Crippa L, Beha G, De Tolla L, Sarli G. Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Expression in Canine Liposarcoma. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:212-217. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816671379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of tyrosine kinase receptors is attracting major interest in human and veterinary oncological pathology because of their role as targets for adjuvant therapies. Little is known about tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) expression in canine liposarcoma (LP), a soft tissue sarcoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the TKRs fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor–β (PDGFRβ); their ligands, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB); and c-kit in canine LP. Immunohistochemical labeling was categorized as high or low expression and compared with the mitotic count and MIB-1–based proliferation index. Fifty canine LPs were examined, classified, and graded. Fourteen cases were classified as well differentiated, 7 as myxoid, 25 as pleomorphic, and 4 as dedifferentiated. Seventeen cases were grade 1, 26 were grade 2, and 7 were grade 3. A high expression of FGF2, FGFR1, PDGFB, and PDGFRβ was identified in 62% (31/50), 68% (34/50), 81.6% (40/49), and 70.8% (34/48) of the cases, respectively. c-kit was expressed in 12.5% (6/48) of the cases. Mitotic count negatively correlated with FGF2 ( R = –0.41; P < .01), being lower in cases with high FGF2 expression, and positively correlated with PDGFRβ ( R = 0.33; P < .01), being higher in cases with high PDGFRβ expression. No other statistically significant correlations were identified. These results suggest that the PDGFRβ-mediated pathway may have a role in the progression of canine LP and may thus represent a promising target for adjuvant cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - V. Pellegrino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - P. Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E. Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - G. Beha
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - L. De Tolla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G. Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
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Maeno M, Tokunaga E, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Ogino Y, Ito E, Shiro M, Asahi T, Shibata N. Self-disproportionation of enantiomers of thalidomide and its fluorinated analogue via gravity-driven achiral chromatography: mechanistic rationale and implications. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1043-1048. [PMID: 29560192 PMCID: PMC5811091 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) of non-racemic thalidomide (1) and 3'-fluorothalidomide (2) under the conditions of gravity-driven achiral silica-gel chromatography. The presence of a fluorine atom on the chiral center dramatically alters the structure and polarity of 1 and 2, resulting in the opposite SDE profile on silica-gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayaka Maeno
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Toshiya Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience , Waseda University (TWIns) , Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan .
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogino
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience , Waseda University (TWIns) , Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan .
| | - Emi Ito
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Motoo Shiro
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care , Waseda University (ASMeW) , Waseda-tsurumaki-cho 513, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-0041 , Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience , Waseda University (TWIns) , Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan .
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Frontier Materials , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
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Bollin KB, Geyer HL, Mesa RA. Pomalidomide and the growing role of immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of myelofibrosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.818918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Capitanio JF, Mazza E, Motta M, Mortini P, Reni M. Mechanisms, indications and results of salvage systemic therapy for sporadic and von Hippel–Lindau related hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:69-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Wong CC, Cheng KW, Rigas B. Preclinical predictors of anticancer drug efficacy: critical assessment with emphasis on whether nanomolar potency should be required of candidate agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:572-8. [PMID: 22448039 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current paradigm of anticancer drug development, candidate compounds are evaluated by testing their in vitro potency against molecular targets relevant to carcinogenesis, their effect on cultured cancer cells, and their ability to inhibit cancer growth in animal models. We discuss the key assumptions inherent in these approaches. In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on selecting for development compounds with nanomolar in vitro potency, expecting that they will be efficacious and safer based on the assumption that they can be used at lower doses ("the nanomolar rule"). However, this rule ignores critical parameters affecting efficacy and toxicity such as physiochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties, off-target effects, and multitargeting activities. Thus, uncritical application of the nanomolar rule may reject efficacious compounds or select ineffective or toxic compounds. We present examples of efficacious chemotherapeutic (alkylating agents, hormonal agents, antimetabolites, thalidomide, and valproic acid) and chemopreventive (aspirin and sulindac) agents having millimolar potency and compounds with nanomolar potency (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors) that, nevertheless, failed or proved to be unsafe. The effect of candidate drugs on animal models of cancer is a better predictor of human drug efficacy; particularly useful are tumor xenografts. Given the cost of failure at clinical stages, it is imperative to keep in mind the limitations of the nanomolar rule and use relevant in vivo models early in drug discovery to prioritize candidates. Although in vivo models will continue having a major role in cancer drug development, more robust approaches that combine high predictive ability with simplicity and low cost should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8173, USA
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t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation as predictive marker for non-responsiveness to salvage thalidomide therapy in patients with marginal zone B-cell lymphoma with gastric involvement. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:1387-95. [PMID: 21465313 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of TNF-α/NF-κB-related signaling pathway is crucial in sustain the growth of Helicobacter pylori-independent gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT) lymphoma. Thalidomide is an anti-angiogenic agent with anti-TNF-α and anti-NF-κB activity. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of thalidomide in standard therapy-failure gastric MALT lymphoma. METHODS Between October 2003 and September 2007, 10 patients with antibiotics-resistant, chemotherapy-refractory gastric MALT lymphoma who received salvage thalidomide therapy at daily doses of 100-200 mg were identified from medical records and included. Status of t(11;18)(q21;q21) was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for API2-MALT1 transcript, while expression of NF-κB was detected by immunohistochemistry. Tumor response was evaluated by RECIST criteria. RESULTS Tumors were of stage IV in seven and IE/IIE-1 in three. The best tumor response after thalidomide was complete response in two and partial in three, with an overall response rate of 50% (95% confidence interval, 12.3-87.7%). At median follow-up of 39.3 months, the 3-year event-free and overall survival rates were 36.0% and 85.7%, respectively. API2-MALT1 transcript was detected in four (40%) tumors. Objective response rates of tumors with and without t(11;18)(q21;q21) were 0% (0/4) and 83% (5/6), respectively, P = 0.048 (Fisher's exact test). Thalidomide treatment was associated with significant down-regulation of nuclear NF-κB expression levels in residual neoplastic cells and microenvironments of responsive tumors, but not in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive, thalidomide-refractory tumors. CONCLUSIONS Thalidomide is an effective salvage treatment for standard therapy-failure, t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation-negative gastric MALT lymphoma and deserves further exploration.
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Milosevic N, Bekhite MM, Sharifpanah F, Ruhe C, Wartenberg M, Sauer H. Redox stimulation of cardiomyogenesis versus inhibition of vasculogenesis upon treatment of mouse embryonic stem cells with thalidomide. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1813-27. [PMID: 20722506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide [α-(N-phthalimido)-glutarimide] exerts antiangiogenic properties and causes cardiac malformations in embryos. Herein the effects of thalidomide on cardiovascular differentiation were investigated in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived embryoid bodies. Thalidomide inhibited the formation of capillary-like blood vessels and decreased tumor-induced angiogenesis in confrontation cultures of embryoid bodies and multicellular prostate tumor spheroids, but stimulated cardiomyogenesis of ES cells. The number of CD31- and CD144-positive endothelial cells was not impaired, suggesting that thalidomide acted on vascular tube formation and cell migration rather than endothelial differentiation. Thalidomide increased reactive oxygen species generation, which was abolished by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 and the complex I respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone. Conversely, thalidomide decreased nitric oxide (NO) generation and endothelial NO synthase activity. VAS2870 abrogated thalidomide stimulation of cardiomyogenesis, whereas inhibition of vasculogenesis persisted. In NOX-1 and NOX-4 shRNA gene-inactivated ES cells, cardiomyogenesis was severely impaired and thalidomide failed to stimulate cardiac cell commitment. The NO donor S-nitrosopenicillamine reversed the antiangiogenic effect of thalidomide and increased capillary structure formation, whereas scavenging NO by 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and inhibition of endothelial NO synthase by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester decreased cardiovascular differentiation. Our data demonstrate that thalidomide causes an imbalance of reactive oxygen species/NO generation, thus stimulating cardiomyogenesis and impairing vascular sprout formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Milosevic
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Giessen, Germany
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Molecular targeted therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future perspectives. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:794-807. [PMID: 20567987 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis, is the first drug found to prolong survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This advance has shifted the paradigm of systemic treatment for HCC toward molecular targeted therapy (MTT). However, the disease-stabilizing effect of VEGF signaling-targeted MTT normally lasts only for a few months, suggesting a rapid emergence of resistance in the majority of patients. To overcome the resistance to VEGF signaling-targeted MTT, strategies incorporating inhibition of either compensatory pro-angiogenic pathways or recruitment of bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitors, as well as suppression of other oncogenic pathways, are currently being investigated. The combination of multiple molecular targeted agents or the use of multi-target agents may enhance the efficacy at the expense of increased toxicities. To facilitate the development of MTT for HCC, current methodologies for pharmacodynamic assessment, patient selection and target identification need to be improved. Patient selection according to the individual molecular signature of the tumor and correlative biomarker studies are encouraged while planning a clinical trial of novel MTT.
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Pavlakis N, Marx G, White S, Lee CW, Khasraw M. Anti-angiogenic therapy for lung cancer. Hippokratia 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Pavlakis
- Royal North Shore Hospital; Department of Medical Oncology; Pacific Highway St Leonards New South Wales Australia 2065
| | - Gavin Marx
- Royal North Shore Hospital; Department of Medical Oncology; Pacific Highway St Leonards New South Wales Australia 2065
| | - Shane White
- Austin Hospital; Oncology Unit; Victoria Australia
| | - Christopher W Lee
- BC Cancer Agency - Fraser Valley Centre; 13750 96th Avenue Surrey BC Canada
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney; University of Sydney Sydney Australia
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20
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Molecular targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44 Suppl 19:136-41. [PMID: 19148808 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A majority of patients with HCC present with advanced disease and are not candidates for liver transplantation, surgical resection, or regional therapy. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are minimally effective, can have significant toxicity, and have not been shown to improve patient survival. Hepatocellular carcinomas are inherently chemotherapy-resistant tumors and are known to overexpress the multidrug resistance genes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a very heterogeneous disease in terms of its etiology, molecular carcinogenic mechanisms, and biological behavior, which complicate our ability to identify rational molecular therapeutic "targets." Nearly every pathway involved in carcinogenesis is altered to some degree in HCC. Changes in hepatocyte growth factor expression, intracellular signaling, protease and matrix metalloproteinase expression, and oncogene expression are seen in HCC. The recent demonstration, in randomized clinical trials, of survival benefit for HCC patients treated with the oral agent sorafenib is encouraging progress in the development of molecularly targeted anticancer agents in HCC.
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Tilluckdharry L, Dean R, Farver C, Ahmad M. Thalidomide-Related Eosinophilic Pneumonia: A case report and brief literature review. CASES JOURNAL 2008; 1:143. [PMID: 18778468 PMCID: PMC2546376 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide has regained value in the multimodality treatment of leprosy, multiple myeloma, prostate, ovarian and renal cancer. Complications related to arterial and venous complications are well described. However, pulmonary complications remain relatively uncommon. The most common pulmonary side-effect reported is non-specific dyspnea. We report a patient with multiple myeloma, who developed an eosinophilic pneumonia, shortly after starting thalidomide. She had complete resolution of her symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates on discontinuation of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. Physicians should be cognizant of this potential complication in patients receiving thalidomide who present with dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tilluckdharry
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.
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Vestermark LW, Holtved E, Dahlrot R, Brimnes MK, Svane IM, Bastholt L. A phase II study of thalidomide and temozolomide in patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma: lymphopenia correlates with response. Ecancermedicalscience 2008; 2:91. [PMID: 22275974 PMCID: PMC3234039 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2008.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases develop in nearly half of patients with advanced melanoma and in 15–20% CNS is the first site of relapse. Median overall survival is short, ranging from two to four months, and one-year survival rate is only 10–15%. THA has been shown to have both anti-angiogenetic and immuno-modulating effects. TMZ is an oral alkylating agent with an excellent oral bioavailability and it is highly lipophillic with an ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier. TMZ and THA in combination were tested in patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma. Methods: Between June 2004 and February 2007 patients with measurable metastatic melanoma in progression and PS ≤ 1 received TMZ in a dose of 150 mg/m2 qd for seven days, followed by seven days off therapy and THA in 200 mg qd, both orally administered. Concomitant treatment with steroids was allowed. PBMCs were collected from the last 14 consecutive patients for evaluation of immune parameters. Results: Forty screened patients were eligible and evaluable for response, and 39 were evaluable for toxicity. 25 patients had asymptomatic and 15 symptomatic brain metastases. The toxicity was primarily grade 1–2 with no grade 4 or treatment-related deaths. Four patients had thromboembolic events grade 3. One patient obtained a CR and five a PR in the CNS, while two had CR and four had PR outside CNS. Overall response rate was 17.5%. We found a significant positive correlation between lymphopenia and objective response. Conclusions: The combination treatment was well tolerated but with more frequent thromboembolic events compared to single drug TMZ or THA. The treatment demonstrated activity in CNS as well as outside CNS. The correlation between lymphopenia and objective response needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Vestermark
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Vahid B, Marik PE. Pulmonary complications of novel antineoplastic agents for solid tumors. Chest 2008; 133:528-38. [PMID: 18252919 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antineoplastic agent-induced pulmonary toxicity is an important cause of respiratory failure. Although the incidence of antineoplastic agent-induced pulmonary toxicity seems to be low, more cases can be expected, with increasing numbers of patients receiving the new generations of antineoplastic agents. Antineoplastic agents have previously been associated with bronchospasm, hypersensitivity reactions, venous thromboembolism, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Physicians should be aware of the clinical and radiographic presentations of the pulmonary toxicities associated with the newer antineoplastic agents. The approach to diagnosis, risk factors, and possible mechanisms of antineoplastic agent-induced pulmonary toxicity are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbak Vahid
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Morotti A, Cilloni D, Parvis G, Guerrasio A, Saglio G. Thalidomide-induced partial stable remission in a case of refractory progressive B Cell Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia. Leuk Res 2008; 32:506-7. [PMID: 17544506 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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López L, González K, Navarrete G, Novales J, Guarneros A, Cortés B, Téllez G. Multiple myeloma and systemic amyloidosis. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:165-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hutchins LF, Moon J, Clark JI, Thompson JA, Lange MK, Flaherty LE, Sondak VK. Evaluation of interferon alpha-2B and thalidomide in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, phase 2, SWOG 0026. Cancer 2008; 110:2269-75. [PMID: 17932881 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southwest Oncology Group protocol 0026 evaluated interferon alpha-2b plus thalidomide in patients with disseminated melanoma. Endpoints were 6-month progression-free survival rate, response rate, and toxicity. METHODS Twenty-six patients with Stage IV melanoma, measurable or nonmeasurable disease, performance status of 0-2, and adequate renal and hepatic functions were registered. One prior systemic therapy for Stage IV disease was required. Interferon was administered subcutaneously (1 million U) twice daily; thalidomide was orally administered (200-400 mg) each evening in a dose-escalating manner. Response evaluations using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were performed every 8 weeks. RESULTS After 2 sudden deaths and 1 grade 4 treatment-related pulmonary embolism, this study was temporarily closed. One patient with deep-vein thrombosis and 2 with grade 3 cardiac arrhythmias were reported. The relationship of these events to the treatment was worrisome but not definitive. Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 14 of 26 patients. Because of concern for patient safety the study was permanently closed. No treatment responses were seen in the 22 evaluable patients. Estimated 6-month progression-free survival rate was 15% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2%-29%), estimated 6-month overall survival was 58% (95% CI, 39%-77%), and estimated response probability was 0 of 22 (95% CI, 0%-15%). CONCLUSIONS This regimen demonstrated a lack of response and was associated with multiple severe toxicities. Further investigation of interferon alpha-2b and thalidomide in this dose and schedule is not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Hutchins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Development of Thalidomide and Its IMiD Derivatives. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee SM, James L, Buchler T, Snee M, Ellis P, Hackshaw A. Phase II trial of thalidomide with chemotherapy and as maintenance therapy for patients with poor prognosis small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007; 59:364-8. [PMID: 17920723 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high response rates achieved following standard chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), the majority of patients will subsequently die from disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the efficacy and toxicity of thalidomide, an anti-angiogenic agent, in combination with carboplatin and etoposide and as maintenance therapy in patients with untreated SCLC. Twenty-five chemotherapy-naive patients with extensive disease (ED) or limited disease (LD) SCLC were enrolled in a single-arm phase II study. Carboplatin and etoposide were given every 3 weeks for 6 cycles with concurrent thalidomide 100mg orally daily. The treatment with thalidomide was continued as maintenance for up to 2 years. RESULTS Median progression free and overall survival were 8.3 months and 10.1 months, respectively. One-year survival was 40% and the 1-year progression-free survival was 36%. The overall response rate was 68% (95% CI 46-85%) with four complete remissions (20%) and 13 partial remissions (48%). We observed no increase in chemotherapy related toxicity. Thalidomide was well-tolerated and median time on thalidomide treatment was 7.6 months. CONCLUSION Concurrent thalidomide with chemotherapy followed by maintenance thalidomide appears to be well tolerated. The results on tumour response rate and survival led us to initiate a randomised phase III trial in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siow Ming Lee
- Department of Oncology, University College Hospital, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK.
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Ben M'barek L, Fardet L, Mebazaa A, Thervet E, Biet I, Kérob D, Morel P, Lebbe C. A Retrospective Analysis of Thalidomide Therapy in Non-HIV-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Dermatology 2007; 215:202-5. [PMID: 17823515 DOI: 10.1159/000106576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalidomide has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory properties and has recently been used in the management of human malignancies. Several studies have suggested its interest for treating AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the efficacy and toxicity of thalidomide, an antiangiogenic agent, for the treatment of non-HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. METHODS Eleven patients were included in this retrospective study conducted in the Department of Dermatology of Saint Louis, Paris, between 2000 and 2003. Among them, 2 were immunosuppressed (1 renal transplant recipient and 1 patient with microscopic polyangiitis treated by oral steroids) with stable immunosuppressive regimens during the past 6 months. The median daily thalidomide dosage was 100 mg and the median duration of drug treatment was 16 weeks. RESULTS Three patients achieved a partial response and 4 had a stable disease. Although no grade 3 or 4 was observed, 3 (27%) out of 11 patients prematurely discontinued thalidomide because of grade 1 sensory neuropathy (paresthesia) and vertigo. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a true although modest interest of thalidomide in non-HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma and prompt us to evaluate less toxic thalidomide analogues for this indication.
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Prasad HK, Kaushal V, Mehta P. Isolated thrombocytopenia induced by thalidomide in a patient with multiple myeloma: case report and review of literature. Am J Hematol 2007; 82:855-7. [PMID: 17570510 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is being increasingly used in hematology and oncology. Its use is associated with neuropathy, sedation, edema, fatigue, constipation, and deep venous thrombosis. Cytopenias are unusual, but there are case reports. However, there are no reports of isolated thrombocytopenia. We describe here a case of prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia most likely caused by thalidomide. The patient's in platelet count decreased promptly after an increase in the dose and improved after discontinuation of the drug. The relevant literature is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Keshava Prasad
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Abstract
Lenalidomide (CC-5013; Revlimid) represents one compound in a category of new medications known as immunomodulatory drugs. These compounds are thalidomide derivatives. Through relatively minor structural modifications, the potency of the medication is improved compared with the parent compound, and the side-effect profile has changed considerably. The neurologic toxicity and pro-thrombotic effects of thalidomide are reduced in the structural analog, although concerns regarding pro-thrombotic effects are still present when lenalidomide is combined with dexamethasone. Data supporting lenalidomide's use in myelodysplastic syndrome and multiple myeloma has been published over the past several years and presented at the May 2005 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Further trials are ongoing for many other malignancies. This report will review the preclinical and clinical results of the investigations with this exciting new therapeutic, its toxicities and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Crane
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, and the University of South Florida College of Medicine, Malignancy Hematology Program, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Romero S, Stanton G, DeFelice J, Schreiber F, Rago R, Fishman M. Phase II trial of thalidomide and daily oral dexamethasone for treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer progressing after chemotherapy. Urol Oncol 2007; 25:284-90. [PMID: 17628293 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responses to monotherapy corticosteroid or thalidomide have been described in prostate cancer, in chemotherapy naïve subjects. METHODS A total of 39 men with hormone refractory, metastatic prostate cancer who had progression during or after at least 1 conventional cytotoxic drug were treated on a single-arm Phase II trial with dexamethasone, 0.75 mg twice a day plus thalidomide, 100-400 mg/day. RESULTS Best-observed responses included >50% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reduction with no radiologic progression: 10 of 39 (26%; 95% confidence interval 13% to 42%). An additional 14 of 39 had decreased PSA but then with radiologic or other progression by 12 weeks. Median progression-free survival was 84 days. Toxicity appeared treatable; there were 5 nonfatal thromboses. There was 1 subject who had complete PSA and radiologic response; 4 responders tolerated treatment without progression for more than 1 year. CONCLUSIONS PSA responses were frequent. Mostly, these were not durable, but some lasted more than a year. Further investigation on determinants of response durability for these or related compounds should be considered. The response rate of the present data does not support Phase III testing of this regimen for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Romero
- Florida Cancer Specialists, Ft. Myers, FL, 33901-8108, USA
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Abstract
Over the past 50 years, thalidomide has been a target of active investigation in both malignant and inflammatory conditions. Although initially developed for its sedative properties, decades of investigation have identified a multitude of biological effects that led to its classification as an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). In addition to suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), thalidomide effects the generation and elaboration of a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate cytotoxic T-cells even in the absence of co-stimulatory signals. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and beta fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion and cellular response are suppressed by thalidomide, thus antagonizing neoangiogenesis and altering the bone marrow stromal microenvironment in hematologic malignancies. The thalidomide analogs, lenalidomide (CC-5013; Revlimid) and CC-4047 (Actimid), have enhanced potency as inhibitors of TNF-alpha and other inflammatory cytokines, as well as greater capacity to promote T-cell activation and suppress angiogenesis. Both thalidomide and lenalidomide are effective in the treatment of multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes for which the Food and Drug Administration granted recent approval. Nonetheless, each of these IMiDs remains the subject of active investigation in solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, and other inflammatory conditions. This review will explore the pharmacokinetic and biologic effects of thalidomide and its progeny compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Melchert
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Miller AA, Case D, Harmon M, Savage P, Lesser G, Hurd D, Melin SA. Phase I study of lenalidomide in solid tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2:445-9. [PMID: 17473661 DOI: 10.1097/01.jto.0000268679.33238.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objectives of this phase I study were to define a tolerable dose and to describe the toxicity of lenalidomide administered as a daily oral dose for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest period (6-week cycle) in patients with solid tumors that were refractory to standard treatment. The secondary objective was to document any antitumor activity. METHODS Key eligibility criteria included a performance status of 0-2 and acceptable hematologic, hepatic, and renal function. The dose was escalated from 5 to 10 to 25 mg/day. Nine cycles (54 weeks) were planned unless the patient developed intolerable toxicity or experienced tumor progression. Dose-limiting toxicity was defined as nonhematologic toxicity of grade 3 or higher and hematologic toxicity of grade 4 or higher occurring in cycle 1. RESULTS Overall, 20 patients were enrolled. One patient was ineligible due to a thromboembolic event within the preceding 6 months, but this was not known at enrollment and this patient was included in the analysis. Three, five, and 12 patients were treated with 5, 10, and 25 mg/day, respectively. One patient on 25 mg/day developed grade 3 motor neuropathy in cycle 1, and this was the only dose-limiting toxicity. Moderate dose-dependent and reversible hematologic toxicity was observed. The nonhematologic toxicities were otherwise mild to moderate over multiple cycles of lenalidomide. One patient had a partial response, and three patients had stable disease; three of these patients had non-small cell lung cancer. CONCLUSION The recommended dose of lenalidomide for further studies in patients with solid tumors is 25 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius A Miller
- Wake Forest University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Chennuru S, Baumann MA. Deep vein thrombosis occurring on treatment of patients receiving thalidomide with erythropoietin. Intern Med J 2007; 37:506-7. [PMID: 17547733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Paule B, Terry S, Kheuang L, Soyeux P, Vacherot F, de la Taille A. The NF-kappaB/IL-6 pathway in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer: new therapeutic approaches? World J Urol 2007; 25:477-89. [PMID: 17541600 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-007-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of kappa beta (NF-kappaB) transcription factor regulates the transcription of numerous genes including that of interleukin 6 (IL-6). The IL-6 acts as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor of androgen-independent prostate cancer. An aberrant expression of the IL-6 gene and an increase in IL-6 expression are detected in bone metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer. IL-6 has been suggested to have a crucial role in the resistance to chemotherapy or hormonal therapy involving apoptotic cell death. The NF-kappaB/IL-6 dependent pathways promote tumour-cell survival and in most situations protect cells against apoptotic stimuli. These data provide a rational framework for targeting NF-kappaB and IL-6 activity in novel biologically based therapies for aggressive and androgen independent prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Paule
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Service d'Urologie, 94000 Créteil, France
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Nakano T, Araki K, Nakatani H, Kobayashi M, Sugimoto T, Furuya Y, Matsuoka T, Jin T, Hanazaki K. Effects of geldanamycin and thalidomide on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in mice subjected to operative trauma. Surgery 2007; 141:490-500. [PMID: 17383526 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence of postoperative immune dysfunction is a critical problem because it increases the risk of serious infectious complications. The mechanisms of the immune dysfunction that occur initially after non-thermal operative injury remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS Two mouse models of operative trauma (simple laparotomy to represent minor operative injury and ileocecal resection to represent major operative injury) were used to define the characteristics of initial cytokine synthesis. Geldanamycin and thalidomide were independently added intraperitoneally before and after operative injury to examine the effect on postoperative immune dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed at scheduled times (3, 6, 12, and 24 h after operative injury) and TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were analyzed. Spleen was used for intracellular cytokines and RT-PCR. Sera were used for ELISA. RESULTS Major operative injury caused an initial upregulation of IL-10 synthesis with delayed synthesis of TNF-alpha and IL-2. Minor operative injury caused an early induction of IL-2 synthesis preceded by an initial induction of IL-4 synthesis. GA caused a specific early upregulation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression and intracellular TNF-alpha synthesis. The GA and THD groups showed early serum IL-2 production with reduction of IL-10 mRNA expression and intracellular IL-10 synthesis in the early post-operative phase. CONCLUSIONS Major and minor operative injury showed different Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns in the initial post-operative period. Geldanamycin and thalidomide improved the Th1/Th2 imbalance independently after major operative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakano
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.
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Cassier PA, Dufresne A, Fayette J, Alberti L, Ranchere D, Ray-Coquard I, Blay JY. Emerging drugs for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:139-53. [PMID: 17355219 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancers of mesenchymal origin. Recent progress in the understanding of the biology of these rare tumours has enabled the identification of distinct molecular and pathological entities within this heterogenous group of neoplasms, and has paved the way for the development of targeted therapeutics directed against activated kinases. One of the most clear examples is the identification of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha kinase mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours, a subset of sarcomas arising from precursors of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract, which led to the development of imatinib, sunitinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumours. This model has become the paradigm of a targeted treatment of solid tumours designed to inhibit the causal alteration in the oncogenesis of these tumours. This review summarises treatment strategies in the context of advanced disease and discusses new compounds being developed for patients with soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Cassier
- Unité de Jour Oncologie Médicale Multidisciplinaire, Hopital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S Viele
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, USA.
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an organ with a unique profile of vulnerability to antineoplastic treatments. In many cases, CNS neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting side effect of treatment for systemic and CNS neoplasms. Novel methods of delivering radiation and chemotherapy agents have led to recognition of new forms of CNS neurotoxicity. In this article, the authors review the most important CNS toxicities of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schiff
- Neuro-Oncology Center, University of Virginia, Box 800432, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0432, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW More therapeutic options are needed for bone and soft tissue sarcomas, especially for patients with metastatic disease. Recent randomized clinical trials conducted in colon, breast and lung cancer have shown the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent, bevacizumab, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, improves response and survival. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of varied anti-angiogenic agents in sarcoma cell lines and tumor models. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies in sarcomas have evaluated the role of targeted agents including platelet-derived growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase receptor and varied small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Novel angiogenesis inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of sarcoma, including monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor, cis- and trans-retinoic acids, thalidomide, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Phase I, II and III clinical trials continue to evaluate these agents alone, in combinations together and combined with standard chemotherapy. We review herein the preclinical rationale and clinical trial results of anti-angiogenesis therapy in the treatment of soft tissue and bone sarcoma. SUMMARY Preclinical mechanistic study and clinical trials are continuing in order to evaluate the therapeutic role and ultimately validate the efficacy of the varied anti-angiogenesis agents in soft tissue and bone sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Balasubramanian
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Doehn C, Huland E, Jäger T, Jocham D, Krege S, Rübben H, Schleucher N, Seeber S, Vanhoefer U. Grundlagen der systemischen Therapie. UROONKOLOGIE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121074 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33848-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Du GJ, Lin HH, Xu QT, Wang MW. Thalidomide inhibits growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 43:112-9. [PMID: 15982930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide is an antiangiogenic drug and is clinically useful in a number of cancers. However, the molecular mechanism by which thalidomide exerts its antitumor effects is poorly understood. This study was designed to clarify the relationship between antiangiogenesis and antitumor effects of thalidomide and to explore the molecular mechanism for its antitumor activity. We evaluated the effects of thalidomide on the growth of human tumor cells expressing (MCF-7 and HL-60) or not expressing (HeLa and K562) COX-2 in vitro. We also studied the effects of thalidomide on COX-1, COX-2 or bcl-2 expression, TNFalpha, VEGF, GSH and cytochrome c in these cells. Thalidomide could inhibit tumor growth in a concentration-dependent manner in MCF-7 and HL-60; its IC50s for them were 18.36+/-2.34 and 22.14+/-2.15 microM, respectively, while this effect was not observed in HeLa and K562. Thalidomide reduced COX-2 expression accompanied by a decrease of bcl-2 protein, TNFalpha, VEGF, GSH and an increased cytochrome c, but had no effect on that of COX-1, in MCF-7 and HL-60. Moreover, cells not expressing COX-2 were insensitive to the growth-inhibitory and effects on cytokines of thalidomide. In our mouse xenograft model of OVCAR-3 and HCT-8, we found that thalidomide could decrease intratumoral microvessel density in both tumors; it exerted antitumor effects only on OVCAR-3 expressing COX-2 but did not on HCT-8 not expressing COX-2. Effect of thalidomide on COX-1 and COX-2 in vivo was consistent with that of in vitro. These results demonstrated that thalidomide might inhibit growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Jun Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College of He-nan University, Kaifeng 475001, He-nan, China.
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Rick O, Braun T, Siegert W, Beyer J. Activity of thalidomide in patients with platinum-refractory germ-cell tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1775-9. [PMID: 16765039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was assess the activity of thalidomide in patients with progressive relapsed or platinum-refractory germ-cell tumours (GCT). Between April 2002 and January 2003, 15 patients with inoperable progressive GCT were treated with escalated daily doses of 200-600 mg thalidomide. All patients had failed first-line and salvage chemotherapy with a median of 6 (range 4-12) cisplatin-based treatment cycles, 13/15 (87%) patients had received high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and 8/15 (53%) patients were considered platinum-refractory or absolute refractory; 8/15 (53%) patients had previously received other palliative chemotherapy regimens. No patient achieved a complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR). However, 5/15 (33%) patients achieved serological PR and 1 additional patient had stable disease for 3 months. The median duration of remissions was 3 months (range 2-12 months) including 2 patients with a progression-free survival of 9 and 12 months. Responses occurred mainly in patients with a low tumour burden, slow disease progression and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) elevations. Responses to thalidomide were independent from platinum-sensitivity. Toxicity was mild, with lethargy and constipation in the majority of patients. Skin rash grade II developed in 2 patients and peripheral neurotoxicity grade II/III developed in 4 patients. One responding patient died suddenly from an unknown cause. It is concluded that thalidomide shows single-agent activity in patients with heavily pre-treated GCT, AFP elevations and slowly progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rick
- Klinikum Reinhardshöhe, Fachklinik für Onkologische Rehabilitation, Quellenstrasse 8-12, 34527 Bad Wildungen, Germany
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Ikhlaque N, Seshadri V, Kathula S, Baumann MA. Efficacy of prophylactic warfarin for prevention of thalidomide-related deep venous thrombosis. Am J Hematol 2006; 81:420-2. [PMID: 16680743 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication of thalidomide treatment. There is little information to guide clinicians in selecting effective preventive treatments and physician practice varies. We sought to determine whether prophylactic anticoagulation with warfarin prevents DVT related to thalidomide treatment. METHODS We reviewed the records of 131 patients receiving thalidomide for a variety of indications. Fifty-five patients were prescribed warfarin with the intent of preventing DVT. Thirty-seven patients received warfarin at a dose of 1-2 mg per day (low dose) and 18 received a dose intended to raise the INR to 2-3 (high dose). RESULTS Twenty-one of the 131 patients developed venous thrombosis during thalidomide treatment. Eighteen of the 76 patients (23.7%) who were not prescribed prophylactic anticoagulation developed DVT compared to 3 of the 55 patients (5.5%) who were prescribed any dose of prophylactic warfarin (P = 0.010). Only 1 of the 37 patients who received low-dose warfarin developed DVT (P = 0.011). Bleeding complications occurred in 4 patients, all of whom were receiving high-dose warfarin. CONCLUSION Prophylactic anticoagulation with warfarin reduces the risk of thrombosis during thalidomide treatment. Low-dose warfarin may be as effective as higher dose treatment and may result in fewer bleeding complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ikhlaque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45428, USA
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Abstract
After nearly decades of extinction as a sedative and antiemetic, thalidomide reemerged as the parent compound of a novel and promising class of therapeutics termed the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). The analogues of thalidomide, CC-5013 (lenalidomide, Revlimid) and CC-4047 (Actimid) are more potent regulators of cellular immune and cytokine response while lacking some of the dose limiting side effects of the parent compound, such as neurologic toxicity. Preclinical data will be reviewed that outlines these drugs' effects on tumor necrosis alpha, interleukin 12, angiogenesis, and T-cell function. The evolution of the use of thalidomide as a therapeutic for diseases such as multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome and the promising initial results of the new IMiDs will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Crane
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, and University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, Fonseca R, Greipp PR. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2005; 24:431-6. [PMID: 16365178 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.03.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if thalidomide plus dexamethasone yields superior response rates compared with dexamethasone alone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to receive thalidomide plus dexamethasone or dexamethasone alone. Patients in arm A received thalidomide 200 mg orally for 4 weeks; dexamethasone was administered at a dose of 40 mg orally on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20. Cycles were repeated every 4 weeks. Patients in arm B received dexamethasone alone at the same schedule as in arm A. RESULTS Two hundred seven patients were enrolled: 103 were randomly assigned to thalidomide plus dexamethasone and 104 were randomly assigned to dexamethasone alone; eight patients were ineligible. The response rate with thalidomide plus dexamethasone was significantly higher than with dexamethasone alone (63% v 41%, respectively; P = .0017). The response rate allowing for use of serum monoclonal protein levels when a measurable urine monoclonal protein was unavailable at follow-up was 72% v 50%, respectively. The incidence rates of grade 3 or higher deep vein thrombosis (DVT), rash, bradycardia, neuropathy, and any grade 4 to 5 toxicity in the first 4 months were significantly higher with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone (45% v 21%, respectively; P < .001). DVT was more frequent in arm A than in arm B (17% v 3%); grade 3 or higher peripheral neuropathy was also more frequent (7% v 4%, respectively). CONCLUSION Thalidomide plus dexamethasone demonstrates significantly superior response rates in newly diagnosed myeloma compared with dexamethasone alone. However, this must be balanced against the greater toxicity seen with the combination.
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Abstract
The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has undergone major changes in the last decade. There is now an array of therapeutic options, including autologous stem-cell transplantation, non-myeloablative (mini) allogeneic transplantation, and new drugs such as thalidomide and bortezomib. There is also an awareness that there are subsets of patients with MM who have not gained much from the recent advances, including patients with certain adverse prognostic factors (high-risk MM). In this article, we outline our approach to the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of MM with a focus on conventional therapy. We incorporate a risk-based strategy for the treatment of MM that also takes into account the eligibility of the patient to undergo stem-cell transplantation. We also outline the role and current indications for the use of new active agents in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vincent Rajkumar
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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