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Campanella NC, Gomes INF, Alves ALV, Leal LF, Evangelista AF, Rosa MN, Melendez ME, Silva VAO, Dias RLK, Abrahão-Machado LF, Santana I, Martinho O, Guimarães DP, Faça VM, Reis RM. Biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:256. [PMID: 37907993 PMCID: PMC10619323 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent a significant clinical challenge due to their metastatic potential and limited treatment options. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a suppressor of the MAPK signaling pathway, is downregulated in various cancers and acts as a metastasis suppressor. Our previous studies demonstrated low RKIP expression in GIST and its association with poor outcomes. This study aimed to expand on the previous findings and investigate the biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP loss on GIST. METHODS To validate the RKIP prognostic significance, its expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 142 bona fide GIST cases. The functional role of RKIP was evaluated in vitro, using the GIST-T1 cell line, which was knocked out for RKIP. The biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP were evaluated by invasion, migration, apoptosis, and 2D / 3D viability assays. Additionally, the transcriptome and proteome of RKIP knockout cells were determined by NanoString and mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of RKIP in 25.3% of GIST cases, correlating with a tendency toward poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that RKIP knockout increased GIST cells' invasion and migration potential by nearly 60%. Moreover, we found that RKIP knockout cells exhibited reduced responsiveness to Imatinib treatment and higher cellular viability in 2D and 3D in vitro models, as assessed by apoptosis-related protein expression. Through comprehensive genetic and proteomic profiling of RKIP knockout cells, we identified several putative RKIP-regulated proteins in GIST, such as COL3A1. CONCLUSIONS Using a multidimensional integrative analysis, we identified, for the first time in GIST, molecules and pathways modulated by RKIP that may potentially drive metastasis and, consequently, poor prognosis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Cristina Campanella
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Izabela Natalia Faria Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Vieira Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ferro Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Adriane Feijó Evangelista
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Marcela Nunes Rosa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-909, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Richard Lucas Konichi Dias
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | | | - Iara Santana
- Department of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Olga Martinho
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Denise Peixoto Guimarães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Endoscopy, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal.
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.
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Baritaki S, Zaravinos A. Cross-Talks between RKIP and YY1 through a Multilevel Bioinformatics Pan-Cancer Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4932. [PMID: 37894300 PMCID: PMC10605344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that PEBP1 (also known as RKIP) and YY1, despite having distinct molecular functions, may interact and mutually influence each other's activity. They exhibit reciprocal control over each other's expression through regulatory loops, prompting the hypothesis that their interplay could be pivotal in cancer advancement and resistance to drugs. To delve into this interplay's functional characteristics, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using bioinformatics tools across a range of cancers. Our results confirm the association between elevated YY1 mRNA levels and varying survival outcomes in diverse tumors. Furthermore, we observed differing degrees of inhibitory or activating effects of these two genes in apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage, and other cancer pathways, along with correlations between their mRNA expression and immune infiltration. Additionally, YY1/PEBP1 expression and methylation displayed connections with genomic alterations across different cancer types. Notably, we uncovered links between the two genes and different indicators of immunosuppression, such as immune checkpoint blockade response and T-cell dysfunction/exclusion levels, across different patient groups. Overall, our findings underscore the significant role of the interplay between YY1 and PEBP1 in cancer progression, influencing genomic changes, tumor immunity, or the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, these two gene products appear to impact the sensitivity of anticancer drugs, opening new avenues for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
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3
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Argueta CE, Figy C, Bouali S, Guo A, Yeung KC, Fenteany G. RKIP localizes to the nucleus through a bipartite nuclear localization signal and interaction with importin α to regulate mitotic progression. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103023. [PMID: 36805338 PMCID: PMC10060766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a multifunctional modulator of intracellular signal transduction. Although most of its functions have been considered cytosolic, we show here that the localization of RKIP is primarily nuclear in both growing and quiescent Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells and in Cal-51 and BT-20 human breast cancer cells. We have identified a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) in RKIP that maps to the surface of the protein surrounding a known regulatory region. Like classical NLS sequences, the putative NLS of RKIP is rich in arginine and lysine residues. Deletion of and point mutations in the putative NLS lead to decreased nuclear localization. Point mutation of all the basic residues in the putative NLS of RKIP particularly strongly reduces nuclear localization. We found consistent results in reexpression experiments with wildtype or mutant RKIP in RKIP-silenced cells. A fusion construct of the putative NLS of RKIP alone to a heterologous reporter protein leads to nuclear localization of the fusion protein, demonstrating that this sequence alone is sufficient for import into the nucleus. We found that RKIP interacts with the nuclear transport factor importin α in BT-20 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, suggesting importin-mediated active nuclear translocation. Taken together, these findings suggest that a bipartite NLS in RKIP interacts with importin α for active transport of RKIP into the nucleus and that this process may be involved in the regulation of mitotic progression. Evaluating the biological function of nuclear localization of RKIP, we found that the presence of the putative NLS is important for the role of RKIP in mitotic checkpoint regulation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Argueta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Figy
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sawssen Bouali
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Guo
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Kam C Yeung
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriel Fenteany
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; ELKH-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
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Papale M, Netti GS, Stallone G, Ranieri E. Understanding Mechanisms of RKIP Regulation to Improve the Development of New Diagnostic Tools. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205070. [PMID: 36291854 PMCID: PMC9600137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Raf Kinase Inhibitor protein is a protein that governs multiple intracellular signalling involved primarily in the progression of tumours and the development of metastases. In this review, we discussed the main mechanisms that regulate the expression and activity of RKIP with the aim of identifying the link between the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational events in different tumour settings. We also tried to analyse the studies that have measured the levels of RKIP in biological fluids in order to highlight the possible advantages and potential of RKIP assessment to obtain an accurate diagnosis and prognosis of various tumours. Abstract One of the most dangerous aspects of cancer cell biology is their ability to grow, spread and form metastases in the main vital organs. The identification of dysregulated markers that drive intracellular signalling involved in the malignant transformation of neoplastic cells and the understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these processes is undoubtedly a key objective for the development of new and more targeted therapies. RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an endogenous tumour suppressor protein that affects tumour cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RKIP might serve as an early tumour biomarker since it exhibits significantly different expression levels in various cancer histologies and it is often lost during metastatic progression. In this review, we discuss the specific impact of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of expression and activation/inhibition of RKIP and focus on those tumours for which experimental data on all these factors are available. In this way, we could select how these processes cooperate with RKIP expression in (1) Lung cancer; (2) Colon cancer, (3) Breast cancer; (4) myeloid neoplasm and Multiple Myeloma, (5) Melanoma and (6) clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Furthermore, since RKIP seems to be a key marker of the development of several tumours and it may be assessed easily in various biological fluids, here we discuss the potential role of RKIP dosing in more accessible biological matrices other than tissues. Moreover, this objective may intercept the still unmet need to identify new and more accurate markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of many tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Papale
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital “Policlinico Foggia”, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Unit of Nephology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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5
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RKIP Pleiotropic Activities in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases: Role in Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246247. [PMID: 34944867 PMCID: PMC8699197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body consists of tissues and organs formed by cells. In each cell there is a switch that allows the cell to divide or not. In contrast, cancer cells have their switch on which allow them to divide and invade other sites leading to death. Over two decades ago, Doctor Kam Yeung, University of Toledo, Ohio, has identified a factor (RKIP) that is responsible for the on/off switch which functions normally in healthy tissues but is inactive or absent in cancers. Since this early discovery, many additional properties have been ascribed to RKIP including its role in inhibiting cancer metastasis and resistance to therapeutics and its role in modulating the normal immune response. This review describes all of the above functions of RKIP and suggesting therapeutics to induce RKIP in cancers to inhibit their growth and metastases as well as inhibit its activity to treat non-cancerous inflammatory diseases. Abstract Several gene products play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the progression of cancer. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a cytosolic protein that exerts pleiotropic activities in such conditions, and thus regulates oncogenesis and immune-mediated diseases through its deregulation. Herein, we review the general properties of RKIP, including its: (i) molecular structure; (ii) involvement in various cell signaling pathways (i.e., inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; the NF-kB pathway; GRK-2 or the STAT-3 pathway; as well as regulation of the GSK3Beta signaling; and the spindle checkpoints); (iii) regulation of RKIP expression; (iv) expression’s effects on oncogenesis; (v) role in the regulation of the immune system to diseases (i.e., RKIP regulation of T cell functions; the secretion of cytokines and immune mediators, apoptosis, immune check point inhibitors and RKIP involvement in inflammatory diseases); and (vi) bioinformatic analysis between normal and malignant tissues, as well as across various immune-related cells. Overall, the regulation of RKIP in different cancers and inflammatory diseases suggest that it can be used as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases.
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Pashirzad M, Khorasanian R, Fard MM, Arjmand MH, Langari H, Khazaei M, Soleimanpour S, Rezayi M, Ferns GA, Hassanian SM, Avan A. The Therapeutic Potential of MAPK/ERK Inhibitors in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:932-943. [PMID: 34732116 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666211103113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway regulates cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. Mutations and up-regulation of components of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, as well as over-activation of this critical signaling pathway, are frequently observed in colorectal carcinomas. Targeting the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, using specific pharmacological inhibitors, elicits potent anti-tumor effects, supporting the therapeutic potential of these inhibitors in the treatment of CRC. Several drugs have recently been developed for the inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway in preclinical and clinical settings, such as MEK162 and MK-2206. MEK1/2 inhibitors demonstrate promising efficacy and anticancer activity for the treatment of this malignancy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of CRC and the potential clinical value of synthetic inhibitors of this pathway in preventing CRC progression for a better understanding, and hence, better management of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Pashirzad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Reihaneh Khorasanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Hadis Langari
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO. United States
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
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7
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Hu CT, Mandal JP, Wu WS. Regulation on tumor metastasis by Raf kinase inhibitory protein: New insight with reactive oxygen species signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:332-338. [PMID: 34760627 PMCID: PMC8532577 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_296_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy aiming at the metastatic signal pathway, such as that triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), for the prevention of tumor progression is promising. However, RTK-based targeted therapy frequently suffered from drug resistance due to the co-expression of multiple growth factor receptors that may raise compensatory secondary signaling and acquired mutations after treatment. One alternative strategy is to manipulate the common negative regulators of the RTK signaling. Among them, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is highlighted and focused on this review. RKIP can associate with Raf-1, thus suppressing the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. RKIP also negatively regulates other metastatic signal molecules including NF-κB, STAT3, and NOTCH1. In general, RKIP achieves this task via associating and blocking the activity of the critical molecules on upstream of the aforementioned pathways. One novel RKIP-related signaling involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our recent report, we found that PKCδ-mediated ROS generation may interfere with the association of RKIP with heat shock protein 60 (HSP60)/MAPK complex via oxidation of HSP60 triggered by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The departure of RKIP may impact the downstream MAPK in two aspects. One is to trigger the Mt→cytosol translocation of HSP60 coupled with MAPKs. The other is to change the conformation of HSP60, favoring more efficient activation of the associated MAPK by upstream kinases in cytosol. It is worthy of investigating whether various RTKs capable of generating ROS can drive metastatic signaling via affecting RKIP in the same manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tan Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Wang S, Ma H, Yan Y, Chen Y, Fu S, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen H, Liu J. cMET promotes metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by repressing RKIP. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3963-3978. [PMID: 33151569 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (cMET) plays an important role in the malignant progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. As a metastasis suppressor, raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) loss has been reported in many cancer types. In this study, the expression levels of cMET and RKIP in CRC tissues and cell lines were determined, and their crosstalk and potential biological effects were explored in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that cMET was inversely correlated with RKIP. Both cMET upregulation and RKIP downregulation indicated poor clinical outcomes. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway was implicated in the regulation of cMET and RKIP. Overexpression of cMET promoted tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, and chemoresistance, whereas the effects could be efficiently inhibited by increased RKIP. Notably, small hairpin RNA-mediated cMET knockdown dramatically suppressed cell proliferation, although no RKIP-induced influence on cell growth was observed in CRC. Altogether, cMET overexpression may contribute to tumor progression by inhibiting the antioncogene RKIP, providing preclinical justification for targeting RKIP to treat cMET-induced metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Wang
- Department of PET Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiqing Ma
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sirui Fu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai City People's Hospital/Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Resveratrol binds and activates RKIP protein in colorectal cancer. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1299-1306. [PMID: 32918615 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) acts as a tumor cell metastasis suppressor and prognostic indicator for survival in various cancers. Its use is predicted to improve therapy for various malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). RKIP, frequently denoted as phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, is expressed in all normal mammalian tissues. RKIP functions as an inhibitor of the Raf-1, PI-3K, and MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, we found that resveratrol induced the expression of RKIP at protein levels. To elucidate the structural basis of the interaction between resveratrol and RKIP, we performed computational studies that explore the binding affinity and ligand efficacy of resveratrol against RKIP. This study reveals the prognostic significance of RKIP metastasis suppressor activity against CRC and its structural arrangements during drug-target interactions.
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Penas C, Apraiz A, Muñoa I, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Rasero J, Ezkurra PA, Velasco V, Subiran N, Bosserhoff AK, Alonso S, Asumendi A, Boyano MD. RKIP Regulates Differentiation-Related Features in Melanocytic Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061451. [PMID: 32503139 PMCID: PMC7352799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) has been extensively reported as an inhibitor of key signaling pathways involved in the aggressive tumor phenotype and shows decreased expression in several types of cancers. However, little is known about RKIP in melanoma or regarding its function in normal cells. We examined the role of RKIP in both primary melanocytes and malignant melanoma cells and evaluated its diagnostic and prognostic value. IHC analysis revealed a significantly higher expression of RKIP in nevi compared with early-stage (stage I–II, AJCC 8th) melanoma biopsies. Proliferation, wound healing, and collagen-coated transwell assays uncovered the implication of RKIP on the motility but not on the proliferative capacity of melanoma cells as RKIP protein levels were inversely correlated with the migration capacity of both primary and metastatic melanoma cells but did not alter other parameters. As shown by RNA sequencing, endogenous RKIP knockdown in primary melanocytes triggered the deregulation of cellular differentiation-related processes, including genes (i.e., ZEB1, THY-1) closely related to the EMT. Interestingly, NANOG was identified as a putative transcriptional regulator of many of the deregulated genes, and RKIP was able to decrease the activation of the NANOG promoter. As a whole, our data support the utility of RKIP as a diagnostic marker for early-stage melanomas. In addition, these findings indicate its participation in the maintenance of a differentiated state of melanocytic cells by modulating genes intimately linked to the cellular motility and explain the progressive decrease of RKIP often described in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Iraia Muñoa
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Javier Rasero
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pilar A. Ezkurra
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Veronica Velasco
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Nerea Subiran
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Maria D. Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946015689
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11
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Caraffini V, Geiger O, Rosenberger A, Hatzl S, Perfler B, Berg JL, Lim C, Strobl H, Kashofer K, Schauer S, Beham-Schmid C, Hoefler G, Geissler K, Quehenberger F, Kolch W, Athineos D, Blyth K, Wölfler A, Sill H, Zebisch A. Loss of RAF kinase inhibitor protein is involved in myelomonocytic differentiation and aggravates RAS-driven myeloid leukemogenesis. Haematologica 2020; 105:375-386. [PMID: 31097632 PMCID: PMC7012480 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-signaling mutations induce the myelomonocytic differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, they are important players in the development of myeloid neoplasias. RAF kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a negative regulator of RAS-signaling. As RKIP loss has recently been described in RAS-mutated myelomonocytic acute myeloid leukemia, we now aimed to analyze its role in myelomonocytic differentiation and RAS-driven leukemogenesis. Therefore, we initially analyzed RKIP expression during human and murine hematopoietic differentiation and observed that it is high in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and lymphoid cells but decreases in cells belonging to the myeloid lineage. By employing short hairpin RNA knockdown experiments in CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells and the undifferentiated acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60, we show that RKIP loss is indeed functionally involved in myelomonocytic lineage commitment and drives the myelomonocytic differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These results could be confirmed in vivo, where Rkip deletion induced a myelomonocytic differentiation bias in mice by amplifying the effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. We further show that RKIP is of relevance for RAS-driven myelomonocytic leukemogenesis by demonstrating that Rkip deletion aggravates the development of a myeloproliferative disease in NrasG12D -mutated mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that RKIP loss increases the activity of the RAS-MAPK/ERK signaling module. Finally, we prove the clinical relevance of these findings by showing that RKIP loss is a frequent event in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and that it co-occurs with RAS-signaling mutations. Taken together, these data establish RKIP as novel player in RAS-driven myeloid leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Geiger
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Hatzl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Perfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes L Berg
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clarice Lim
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Beham-Schmid
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- 5 Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
- Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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12
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RAF Kinase Inhibitor Protein in Myeloid Leukemogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225756. [PMID: 31744053 PMCID: PMC6888401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an essential regulator of intracellular signaling. A somatic loss of RKIP expression is a frequent event in solid human cancers, and a role of RKIP as metastasis-suppressor is widely accepted nowadays. Recently, RKIP loss has been described in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a series of other myeloid neoplasias (MNs). Functional in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that RKIP is an essential player within the development of these liquid tumors; however, the respective role of RKIP seems to be complex and multi-faceted. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about RKIP in myeloid leukemogenesis. We will initially describe its involvement in physiologic hematopoiesis, and will then proceed to discuss its role in the development of AML and other MNs. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic implications arising thereof.
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13
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Phosphatidylethanolamine-Binding Protein 1 Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced Inflammation and Neuronal Damage in the Rabbit Spinal Cord. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111370. [PMID: 31683736 PMCID: PMC6912576 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we utilized a proteomic approach and found a significant reduction in phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1) protein level in the spinal cord at 3 h after ischemia. In the present study, we investigated the role of PEBP1 against oxidative stress in NSC34 cells in vitro, and ischemic damage in the rabbit spinal cord in vivo. We generated a PEP-1-PEBP1 fusion protein to facilitate the penetration of blood-brain barrier and intracellular delivery of PEBP1 protein. Treatment with PEP-1-PEBP1 significantly decreased cell death and the induction of oxidative stress in NSC34 cells. Furthermore, administering PEP-1-PEBP1 did not show any significant side effects immediately before and after ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of PEP-PEBP1 improved the Tarlov’s neurological score at 24 and 72 h after ischemia, and significantly improved neuronal survival at 72 h after ischemia based on neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunohistochemistry, Flouro-Jade B staining, and western blot study for cleaved caspase 3. PEP-1-PEBP1 administration decreased oxidative stress based on malondialdehyde level, advanced oxidation protein products, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α in the spinal cord. In addition, inflammation based on myeloperoxidase level, tumor necrosis factor-α level, and high mobility group box 1 level was decreased by PEP-1-PEBP1 treatment at 72 h after ischemia. Thus, PEP-1-PEBP1 treatment, which decreases oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and neuronal death, may be an effective therapeutic strategy for spinal cord ischemia.
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Jung HY, Cho SB, Kim W, Yoo DY, Won MH, Choi GM, Cho TG, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Moon SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 protects CA1 neurons against ischemic damage via ERK-CREB signaling in Mongolian gerbils. Neurochem Int 2019; 118:265-274. [PMID: 29753754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we made a PEP-1-phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEP-1-PEBP1) fusion protein to facilitate the transduction of PEBP1 into cells and observed significant ameliorative effects of PEP-1-PEBP1 against H2O2-induced neuronal damage and the formation of reactive oxygen species in the HT22 hippocampal cells. In addition, administration of PEP-1-PEBP1 fusion protein ameliorated H2O2-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and facilitated the phosphorylation of cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in HT22 cells after exposure to H2O2. We also investigated the temporal and spatial changes of phosphorylated phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (pPEBP1) in the hippocampus, after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. In the sham-operated animals, pPEBP1 immunoreactivity was not detectable in the hippocampal CA1 region. pPEBP1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the hippocampal CA1 region, 1-2 days after ischemia, compared to that in the sham-operated group and pPEBP1 immunoreactivity was returned to levels in sham-operated group at 3-4 days after ischemia. pPEBP1 immunoreactivity significantly increased at day 7 after ischemia and decreased to sham-operated group levels by day 10 after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, administration of PEP-1-PEBP1 fusion protein significantly reduced the ischemia-induced hyperactivity of locomotion, 1 day after ischemia and PEP-1-PEBP1 reduced neuronal damage and reactive gliosis (astrocytosis and microgliosis) in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region, 4 days after ischemia. Administration of PEP-1-PEBP1 fusion protein ameliorated the ischemia-induced phosphorylation of ERK at 3 h and 6 h after ischemia/reperfusion and accelerated the phosphorylation of CREB in ischemic hippocampus at 6 h after ischemia. These results suggest that the increase in PEBP1 phosphorylation causes neuronal damage in the hippocampus and treatment with PEP-1-PEBP1 fusion protein provides neuroprotection from increasing phosphorylation of ERK-CREB pathways in the hippocampal CA1 region, during ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam 31151, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Goang-Min Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, South Korea
| | - Tack-Geun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07441, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea.
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 18450, South Korea; Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, South Korea.
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Raquel-Cunha A, Cardoso-Carneiro D, Reis RM, Martinho O. Current Status of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in Lung Cancer: Behind RTK Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050442. [PMID: 31083461 PMCID: PMC6562953 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most deadly neoplasm with the highest incidence in both genders, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most frequent subtype. Somatic mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are key drivers of NSCLC progression, with EGFR inhibitors being particularly beneficial for patients carrying the so-called “EGFR-sensitizing mutations”. However, patients eventually acquire resistance to these EGFR inhibitors, and a better knowledge of other driven and targetable proteins will allow the design of increasingly accurate drugs against patients’ specific molecular aberrations. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an important modulator of relevant intracellular signaling pathways, including those controlled by EGFR, such as MAPK. It has been reported that it has metastasis suppressor activity and a prognostic role in several solid tumors, including lung cancer. In the present review, the potential use of RKIP in the clinic as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of therapy response in lung cancer is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Diana Cardoso-Carneiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
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16
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Torén W, Ansari D, Andersson R. Immunohistochemical investigation of prognostic biomarkers in resected colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30602942 PMCID: PMC6307223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the prognostic role of biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, no biomarker has been established in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the current literature for biomarkers evaluated by immunohistochemistry as prognostic markers in patients with resected CRLM. Methods A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified in the PubMed database with selected search terms and by cross-references search. The REMARK quality criteria were applied. Markers were included if they reported the prognostic impact of immunohistochemical markers in a multivariable setting in relation to overall survival (OS). A meta-analysis was conducted when more than one original article provided survival data of a marker. Results In total, 26 biomarkers were identified as independent significant markers for OS in resected CRLM. These biomarkers were found to be involved in multiple oncogenic signalling pathways that control cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection. Among these biomarker candidates were Ki-67, EGFR, p53, hTERT, CD34, TSP-1, KISS1, Aurora kinase A and CDX2. CD34 and TSP-1 were reported as significantly associated with survival by more than one study and where therefore pooled in a meta-analysis. Conclusion A number of independent prognostic biomarkers for resected CRLM were identified. However, most markers were evaluated in a retrospective setting with small patient cohorts, without external validation. Large, prospective, multicentre studies with standardised methods are needed before biomarkers can translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Torén
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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17
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TROY interacts with RKIP to promote glioma development. Oncogene 2018; 38:1544-1559. [PMID: 30337686 PMCID: PMC6372479 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TROY is a component of the Nogo receptor complex and plays the key role in neuronal survival, migration, and differentiation. Here, we show the up-regulation of TROY in human glioma tissues and cells. Inhibition of TROY expression slowed glioma development in vivo and in vitro. Raf kinase inhibitor (RKIP) was found to interact with TROY. The physical interaction of TROY/RKIP was confirmed via co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Furthermore, we found that the TROY/RKIP interaction was enhanced by fetal bovine serum (FBS) exposure, and TROY knockdown also led to down-regulation of NF-κB. Finally, disruption of the TROY/RKIP interaction using the TAT-TROY (234–371 aa) protein reduced the glioma development in xenografted mice. This suggests the TROY/RKIP interaction is a potential target for therapy of gliomas.
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18
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RKIP: A Key Regulator in Tumor Metastasis Initiation and Resistance to Apoptosis: Therapeutic Targeting and Impact. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090287. [PMID: 30149591 PMCID: PMC6162400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a well-established tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a plethora of solid and hematological malignancies. RKIP exerts antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells, via modulation of signaling pathways and gene products involved in tumor survival and spread. Here we review the contribution of RKIP in the regulation of early metastatic steps such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion, as well as in tumor sensitivity to conventional therapeutics and immuno-mediated cytotoxicity. We further provide updated justification for targeting RKIP as a strategy to overcome tumor chemo/immuno-resistance and suppress metastasis, through the use of agents able to modulate RKIP expression in cancer cells.
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19
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Pyo JH, Jeon HJ, Park JS, Lee JS, Chung HY, Yoo MA. Drosophila PEBP1 inhibits intestinal stem cell aging via suppression of ERK pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17980-17993. [PMID: 29719584 PMCID: PMC5915051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a high cellular turnover tissue largely dependent on the regenerative function of stem cell throughout life, and a signaling center for the health and viability of organisms. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) regenerative potential is essential for the possible intervention of aging process and age-related diseases. Drosophila midgut is a well-established model system for studying the mechanisms underlying ISC regenerative potential during aging. Here, we report the requirement of Drosophila phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 (PEBP1) in ISC regenerative potential. We showed that PEBP1 was strongly expressed in enterocytes (ECs) of guts and its decrease with age and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the downregulation of PEBP1 in ECs accelerates ISC aging, as evidenced by ISC hyper-proliferation, γH2AX accumulation, and centrosome amplification, and intestinal hyperplasia. The decrease in PEBP1 expression was associated with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in ECs. All these phenotypes by EC-specific depletion of PEBP1 were rescued by the concomitant inhibition of ERK signaling. Our findings evidence that the age-related downregulation of PEBP1 in ECs is a novel cause accelerating ISC aging and that PEBP1 is an EC-intrinsic suppressor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERK signaling. Our study provides molecular insights into the tight regulation of EGFR/ERK signaling in niches for stem cell regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology (ISB), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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20
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Yang SF, Ma R, Pan LL, Cao J, Sheng N. RKIP and peroxiredoxin 2 expression predicts the proliferative potential of gastric cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3173-3177. [PMID: 29435053 PMCID: PMC5778773 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with a high mortality rate, with the development of gastric cancer stem cells underlying this. Gastric cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor initiation, progression and recurrence. However, the link between gastric cancer and gastric cancer stem cells remains to be fully understood. Murine models mimic a human microenvironment more accurately than in vitro studies and are useful models for understanding the behavior of different markers. The present study compared the expression of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a stem cell marker, with the expression of other cancer-associated markers, including Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and peroxiredoxin 2, in different pathological conditions of gastric cancer development using histological, immunohistological and western blot analyses. Initially, the murine model of gastric cancer was established using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, a chemical carcinogen. Following initiation of cancer, immunohistochemistry was used to compare the expression of CD44, RKIP and peroxiredoxin 2 at different stages of cancer development. The results suggested CD44 and peroxiredoxin 2 expression was upregulated as the tumor progressed. However, expression of RKIP, a metastasis suppressor, was elevated in the initial stage of gastric cancer and suppressed during the aggressive stages. In agreement with previous data suggesting higher expressions of RKIP in the initial stages of cancer and its downregulation in the advanced stage, the results of the present study revealed that RKIP exhibited a negative effect on initial tumor development, and that the downregulation of RKIP in the advanced stages of cancer facilitated CD44 and peroxiredoxin 2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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Jeong YK, Kim MS, Lee JY, Kim EH, Kim W, Ha H, Jeong JH. Sorafenib Acts Synergistically in Combination with Radiotherapy without Causing Intestinal Damage in Colorectal Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:176-82. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest cancers. Chemoradiotherapy gives better results than radiotherapy or chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. To enhance radiosensitivity of tumor cells for chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy drugs that act as radiosensitizers can be used. In the present study, we provide a scientific rationale for the clinical application of sorafenib as a radiosensitizer in colorectal cancer, without causing significant adverse effects on normal intestinal tissue. Methods Three human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and SW480) were treated with sorafenib alone, or radiation followed by sorafenib. In vitro tests were performed using colony forming assays, cell cycle analysis, and comet assays. In addition, the effects of sorafenib and radiation therapy on the inhibition HT-29 tumor growth and survival of intestinal jejunum crypts were examined in vivo. Results Sorafenib increased the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and SW480), as well as in HT-29 xenograft animal models. Sorafenib, in combination with ionizing radiation, induced the accumulation of tumor cells in the G2-M phase and delayed the repair of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. The combination of sorafenib and ionizing radiation did not enhance the apoptosis of intestinal crypt cells, compared with the use of radiation alone. Conclusions We provide a scientific rationale for the use of sorafenib in combination with radiotherapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Kim
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University
| | - Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
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22
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Yuan L, Yi HM, Yi H, Qu JQ, Zhu JF, Li LN, Xiao T, Zheng Z, Lu SS, Xiao ZQ. Reduced RKIP enhances nasopharyngeal carcinoma radioresistance by increasing ERK and AKT activity. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11463-77. [PMID: 26862850 PMCID: PMC4905486 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) functions as a chemo-immunotherapeutic sensitizer of cancers, but regulation of RKIP on tumor radiosensitivity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the role and mechanism of RKIP in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radioresistance. The results showed that RKIP was frequently downregulated in the radioresistant NPC tissues compared with radiosensitive NPC tissues, and its reduction correlated with NPC radioresistance and poor patient survival, and was an independent prognostic factor. In vitro radioresponse assay showed that RKIP overexpression decreased while RKIP knockdown increased NPC cell radioresistance. In the NPC xenografts, RKIP overexpression decreased while RKIP knockdown increased tumor radioresistance. Mechanistically, RKIP reduction promoted NPC cell radioresistance by increasing ERK and AKT activity, and AKT may be a downstream transducer of ERK signaling. Moreover, the levels of phospho-ERK-1/2 and phospho-AKT were increased in the radioresistant NPC tissues compared with radiosensitive ones, and negatively associated with RKIP expression, indicating that RKIP-regulated NPC radioresponse is mediated by ERK and AKT signaling in the clinical samples. Our data demonstrate that RKIP is a critical determinant of NPC radioresponse, and its reduction enhances NPC radioresistance through increasing ERK and AKT signaling activity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of RKIP-ERK-AKT signaling axis in NPC radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jia-Quan Qu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Li-Na Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ta Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shan-Shan Lu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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23
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Du Y, Weng XD, Wang L, Liu XH, Zhu HC, Guo J, Ning JZ, Xiao CC. LncRNA XIST acts as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer through sponging miR-23a to modulate RKIP expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94358-94370. [PMID: 29212233 PMCID: PMC5706879 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have indicated that aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) is tightly associated with cancer development. Previous studies have reported that lncRNA XIST regulates tumor malignancies in several cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of XIST in prostate cancer remains unclear. In the current study, we found that XIST was down-regulated in prostate cancer specimens and cell lines. Low expression of XIST was correlated with poor prognosis and advanced tumor stage in prostate cancer patients. In gain and loss of function assays, we confirmed that XIST suppressed cellular proliferation and metastasis in prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that XIST negatively regulates the expression of miR-23a and subsequently promotes RKIP expression at post-transcriptional level. Consequently, we investigated the correlation between XIST and miR-23a, and identified miR-23a as a direct target of XIST. In addition, over-expression of miR-23a efficiently abrogated the up-regulation of RKIP induced by XIST, suggesting that XIST positively regulates the expression of RKIP by competitively binding to miR-23a. Taken together, our study indicated that lncRNA XIST acts as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer, and this regulatory effect of XIST will shed new light on epigenetic diagnostics and therapeutics in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Weng
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xiu-Heng Liu
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Heng-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Jin-Zhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Ren'min Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
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24
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Shajari N, Davudian S, Kazemi T, Mansoori B, Salehi S, Khaze Shahgoli V, Shanehbandi D, Mohammadi A, Duijf PHG, Baradaran B. Silencing of BACH1 inhibits invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells by altering metastasis-related gene expression. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1495-1504. [PMID: 28889753 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1374284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer lethality is mainly caused by metastasis. Therefore, understanding the nature of the genes involved in this process has become a priority. BACH1, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, has been shown to transcriptionally regulate expression of a range of genes that are associated with breast cancer metastasis. However, the exact role and the underlying molecular mechanism of BACH1 in prostate cancer remain unclear. This study aims to explore the expression of BACH1 in prostate cancer tissues and the effect of BACH1 suppression on prostate cancer cell behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure BACH1 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma tissues and two metastasis-derived prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and LNCaP. We also used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to measure BACH1 protein expression in prostate adenocarcinoma and matched normal tissue samples. In the following BACH1 expression was silenced in DU145 cells using siRNA as well. Knockdown was confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The cytotoxic effects of BACH1-siRNA on DU145 cells were determined using an MTT assay. The migration and invasive capacity of DU145 cells were examined by scratch wound healing assay and matrigel invasion assay, respectively. We also used qRT-PCR to study the effect of BACH1 silencing on the expression levels of metastasis-related genes. RESULTS We find that the expression of BACH1 mRNA and protein in prostate cancer tissues is significantly higher than in matched normal prostate tissues (p < .05). In addition, DU145 and LNCaP cells exhibited 4.25-fold and 3.45-fold higher levels of BACH1 compared to HFF cell line. BACH1-siRNA significantly reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels in DU145 cells. More importantly, we show that BACH1 promotes key features of metastasis, as BACH1-siRNA treatment significantly reduced cell invasion and migration by changing the expression levels of a number of metastasis-related genes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS BACH1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer. Because this promotes invasion and migration, it may facilitate metastasis of prostate cancer. Thus, BACH1 is a potential therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer. BACH1 silencing therapy can be considered as a novel and effective adjuvant in prostate cancer targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shajari
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Sadaf Davudian
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Shima Salehi
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- c University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
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25
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Shvartsur A, Givechian KB, Garban H, Bonavida B. Overexpression of RKIP and its cross-talk with several regulatory gene products in multiple myeloma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:62. [PMID: 28476134 PMCID: PMC5420138 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma-cell neoplastic disorder arising from an indolent premalignant disease known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). MM is a biologically complex heterogeneous disease reflected by its variable clinical responses of patients receiving the same treatment. Therefore, a molecular identification of stage-specific biomarkers will support a more individualized precise diagnostic/prognostic approach, an effective therapeutic regime, and will assist in the identification of novel therapeutic molecular targets. The metastatic suppressor/anti-resistance factor Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is poorly expressed in the majority of cancers and is often almost absent in metastatic tumors. RKIP inhibits the Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 and the NF-κB pathways. Whereby all tumors examined exhibited low levels of RKIP, in contrast, our recent findings demonstrated that RKIP is overexpressed primarily in its inactive phosphorylated form in MM cell lines and patient-derived tumor tissues. The underlying mechanism of RKIP overexpression in MM, in contrast to other tumors, is not known. We examined transcriptomic datasets on Oncomine platform (Life Technologies) for the co-expression of RKIP and other gene products in both pre-MM and MM. The transcription of several gene products was found to be either commonly overexpressed (i.e., RKIP, Bcl-2, and DR5) or underexpressed (i.e., Bcl-6 and TNFR2) in both pre-MM and MM. Noteworthy, a significant inverse correlation of differentially expressed pro-apoptotic genes was observed in pre-MM: overexpression of Fas and TNF-α and underexpression of YY1 versus expression of anti-apoptotic genes in MM: overexpression of YY1 and underexpression of Fas and TNF-α. Based on the analysis on mRNA levels and reported studies on protein levels of the above various genes, we have constructed various schemes that illustrate the possible cross-talks between RKIP (active/inactive) and the identified gene products that underlie the mechanism of RKIP overexpression in MM. Clearly, such cross-talks would need to be experimentally validated in both MM cell lines and patient-derived tumor tissues. If validated, the differential molecular signatures between pre-MM and MM might lead to a more precise diagnosis/prognosis of the disease and disease stages and will also identify novel molecular therapeutic targets for pre-MM and MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shvartsur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kevin B Givechian
- Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Hermes Garban
- California NanoSystems Institute (CnSI), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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26
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Inverse correlation between the metastasis suppressor RKIP and the metastasis inducer YY1: Contrasting roles in the regulation of chemo/immuno-resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 30:28-38. [PMID: 28363333 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several gene products have been postulated to mediate inherent and/or acquired anticancer drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Among these, the metastasis suppressor and chemo-immuno-sensitizing gene product, Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP), is poorly expressed in many cancers. In contrast, the metastasis inducer and chemo-immuno-resistant factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is overexpressed in many cancers. This inverse relationship between RKIP and YY1 expression suggests that these two gene products may be regulated via cross-talks of molecular signaling pathways, culminating in the expression of different phenotypes based on their targets. Analyses of the molecular regulation of the expression patterns of RKIP and YY1 as well as epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation revealed the existence of several effector mechanisms and crosstalk pathways, of which five pathways of relevance have been identified and analyzed. The five examined cross-talk pathways include the following loops: RKIP/NF-κB/Snail/YY1, p38/MAPK/RKIP/GSK3β/Snail/YY1, RKIP/Smurf2/YY1/Snail, RKIP/MAPK/Myc/Let-7/HMGA2/Snail/YY1, as well as RKIP/GPCR/STAT3/miR-34/YY1. Each loop is comprised of multiple interactions and cascades that provide evidence for YY1's negative regulation of RKIP expression and vice versa. These loops elucidate potential prognostic motifs and targets for therapeutic intervention. Chiefly, these findings suggest that targeted inhibition of YY1 by specific small molecule inhibitors and/or the specific induction of RKIP expression and activity are potential therapeutic strategies to block tumor growth and metastasis in many cancers, as well as to overcome anticancer drug resistance. These strategies present potential alternatives for their synergistic uses in combination with low doses of conventional chemo-immunotherapeutics and hence, increasing survival, reducing toxicity, and improving quality of life.
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28
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Datar I, Qiu X, Ma HZ, Yeung M, Aras S, de la Serna I, Al-Mulla F, Thiery JP, Trumbly R, Fan X, Cui H, Yeung KC. RKIP regulates CCL5 expression to inhibit breast cancer invasion and metastasis by controlling macrophage infiltration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39050-61. [PMID: 26375811 PMCID: PMC4770756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that presence of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment add to the invasive and tumor-promoting hallmarks of cancer cells by secreting angiogenic and growth factors. RKIP is a known metastasis suppressor and interferes with several steps of metastasis. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of its function as a broad metastasis suppressor remain poorly understood. Here, we establish a novel pathway for RKIP regulation of metastasis inhibition through the negative regulation of RANTES/CCL5 thereby limiting tumor macrophage infiltration and inhibition of angiogenesis. Using a combination of loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we show that RKIP hinders breast cancer cell invasion by inhibiting expression of the CC chemokine CCL5 in vitro. We also show that the expression levels of RKIP and CCL5 are inversely correlated among clinical human breast cancer samples. Using a mouse allograft breast cancer transplantation model, we highlight that ectopic expression of RKIP significantly decreases tumor vasculature, macrophage infiltration and lung metastases. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the inhibition of the CCL5 expression is the cause of the observed effects resulting from RKIP expression. Taken together, our results underscore the significance of RKIP as important negative regulator of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Datar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Hong Zhi Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Miranda Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ivana de la Serna
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Trumbly
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory Of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory Of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing, China
| | - Kam C Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
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The Ratio of Hmox1/Nrf2 mRNA Level in the Tumor Tissue Is a Predictor of Distant Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:8143465. [PMID: 27999449 PMCID: PMC5141536 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8143465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) plays an important role in the growth and spread of tumor, and its expression is regulated positively by Nrf2 [nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; NFE2L2] and negatively by kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and by BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1). Both Hmox1 and Nrf2 contribute to distant metastasis of cancer. The mRNA levels of Hmox1, Nrf2, Keap1, and Bach1 in the tumor and normal tissues of 84 subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The tumor had lower Hmox1 but higher Bach1 mRNA levels than the normal tissue. The correlations of Hmox1 with components of the Nrf2 pathway were not significant in the tumor tissue of CRC subjects with distant metastasis. The ratio of Hmox1/Nrf2 mRNA level (by percentage) in the tumor tissue was lower in the subjects with distant metastasis (97.4% (84.4–111.1%)) than in those without (101.0% (92.7–136.5%)) and was a predictor for distant metastasis in CRC (odds ratio: 0.83; 95% confidence interval: 0.68–0.97) along with serum carcinoembryonic antigen (1.0027, 1.006–1.064). The mRNA level of Hmox1 in the tumor tissue of CRC is not correlated with that of the Nrf2 pathway molecules, and its ratio to the Nrf2 level may be useful for suggesting distant metastasis in CRC.
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30
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Regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis by Raf kinase inhibitory protein-dependent Notch1 activity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4632-46. [PMID: 26716415 PMCID: PMC4826232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, has been implicated as a suppressor of metastasis and a prognostic marker in cancers. However, how RKIP acts as a suppressor during metastasis is not fully understood. Here, we show that RKIP activity in cervical and stomach cancer is inversely correlated with endogenous levels of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which stimulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. The levels of RKIP were significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, whereas NICD levels were increased. Overexpression of RKIP in several cell lines resulted in a dramatic decrease of NICD and subsequent inhibition of several mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snail. In contrast, knockdown of RKIP exhibited opposite results both in vitro and in vivo using mouse models. Nevertheless, knockdown of Notch1 in cancer cells had no effect on the expression of RKIP, suggesting that RKIP is likely an upstream regulator of the Notch1 pathway. We also found that RKIP directly interacts with Notch1 but has no influence on the intracellular level of the γ-secretase complex that is necessary for Notch1 activation. These data suggest that RKIP plays a distinct role in activation of Notch1 during EMT and metastasis, providing a new target for cancer treatment.
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Li S, Liu T, Mo W, Hou Q, Zhou Y, Liu M, He Z, Liu Z, Chen Q, Wang H, Guo X, Xia W, Zeng M, Zhao H. Prognostic value of phosphorylated Raf kinase inhibitory protein at serine 153 and its predictive effect on the clinical response to radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11:121. [PMID: 27647315 PMCID: PMC5028990 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation is an effective treatment against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, radioresistance-induced locoregional recurrence remains as a major cause of treatment failure. Therefore, radiosensitivity indicators prior to treatment should be developed to screen radioresistant patients. Previous studies revealed that RKIP (Raf kinase inhibitor protein) is associated with NPC prognosis and radiosensitivity. However, the relationship of p-Ser153 RKIP (RKIP in a phosphorylated form at residue serine153) expression with the effect of radiation and prognosis of NPC patients is not elucidated. Thus, these clinical implication of the phosphorylated RKIP in NPC has yet to be described. METHODS The effect of p-Ser153 RKIP on locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS) was first analyzed in a retrospective cohort of NPC patients without distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. They received radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone. Of 180 patients were enrolled in the ongoing matched pair study. The patients were re-classified into radioresistant group or radiosensitive group on the basis of the specified criteria. Patients in the two groups were matched in terms of radiosensitivity-related factors. p-Ser153 RKIP was examined by immunohistochemical staining on a NPC tissue microarray before radiotherapy. The relationship between the expression of p-Ser153 RKIP and the effect of radiotherapy was also analyzed. RESULTS In this study, a retrospective cohort with 733 cases who received radical radiotherapy alone was established. Using the cohort, we validated that the p-Ser153 RKIP expression observed through immunohistochemical staining in a pretreatment NPC tissue microarray was an independent prognostic factor of LRRFS and OS; we also confirmed that endemic patients with a positive p-Ser153 RKIP expression benefited from irradiation alone in terms of locoregional relapse-free survival. A total of 180 patients were enrolled in a matched pair study. Both groups were well matched in terms of radiosensitivity-related factors. On the basis of the p-Ser153 RKIP expression, we predicted the following data: 80.0 % sensitivity, 73.3 % specificity, 76.7 % accuracy, 75.0 % positive predictive value, and 78.6 % negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed for the first time that positive p-Ser153 RKIP expression was a favorable prognostic factor. It was also positively correlated with the radiosensitivity of NPC. p-Ser153 RKIP could also be used as a biomolecular marker with good availability and authenticity to preliminarily screen NPC-related clinical radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Taowen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No.46 Chongxin Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfa Mo
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyan Hou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqiong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoukai He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuqiu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No.46 Chongxin Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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He QY, Yi HM, Yi H, Xiao T, Qu JQ, Yuan L, Zhu JF, Li JY, Wang YY, Li LN, Feng J, Lu SS, Xiao ZQ. Reduction of RKIP expression promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma invasion and metastasis by activating Stat3 signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16422-36. [PMID: 25915430 PMCID: PMC4599279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and underlying mechanism of Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis remain unclear. Here, we showed that RKIP was downregulated in the NPC with high metastatic potentials, and its decrement correlated with NPC metastasis and poor patient survival, and was an independent predictor for reduced overall survival. With a combination of loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we observed that high expression of RKIP reduced invasion, metastasis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker alternations of NPC cells. We further showed that RKIP overexpression attenuated while RKIP knockdown enhanced Stat3 phosphorylation and activation in NPC cells; RKIP reduced Stat3 phosphorylation through interacting with Stat3; Stattic attenuated NPC cell migration, invasion and EMT marker alternations induced by RKIP knockdown, whereas Stat3 overexpression restored NPC cell migration, invasion and EMT marker alternations reduced by RKIP overexpression. In addition, there was an inverse correlation between RKIP and phospho-Stat3 expression in the NPC tissues and xenograft metastases. Our data demonstrate that RKIP is a metastatic suppressor and predictor for metastasis and prognosis in NPC, and RKIP downregulation promotes NPC invasion, metastasis and EMT by activating Stat3 signaling, suggesting that RKIP/Stat3 signaling could be used as a therapeutic target for NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yan He
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ta Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Quan Qu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Na Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Lu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Hatzl S, Geiger O, Kuepper MK, Caraffini V, Seime T, Furlan T, Nussbaumer E, Wieser R, Pichler M, Scheideler M, Nowek K, Jongen-Lavrencic M, Quehenberger F, Wölfler A, Troppmair J, Sill H, Zebisch A. Increased Expression of miR-23a Mediates a Loss of Expression in the RAF Kinase Inhibitor Protein RKIP. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3644-54. [PMID: 27197200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAF kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a seminal regulator of intracellular signaling and exhibits both antimetastatic and antitumorigenic properties. Decreased expression of RKIP has been described in several human malignancies, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). As the mechanisms leading to RKIP loss in AML are still unclear, we aimed to analyze the potential involvement of miRNAs within this study. miRNA microarray and qPCR data of more than 400 AML patient specimens revealed correlation between decreased expression of RKIP and increased expression of miR-23a, a member of the miR-23a/27a/24-2 cluster. In functional experiments, overexpression of miR-23a decreased RKIP mRNA and protein expression, whereas miR-23a inhibition caused the opposite effect. By using an RKIP 3'-untranslated region luciferase reporter construct with and without mutation or deletion of the putative miR-23a-binding site, we could show that RKIP modulation by miR-23a is mediated via direct binding to this region. Importantly, miR-23a overexpression induced a significant increase of proliferation in hematopoietic cells. Simultaneous transfection of an RKIP expression construct lacking the miR-23a-binding sites reversed this phenotype, indicating that this effect is truly mediated via downregulation of RKIP. Finally, by analyzing more than 4,300 primary patient specimens via database retrieval from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we could highlight the importance of the miR-23a/RKIP axis in a broad range of human cancer entities. In conclusion, we have identified miR-23a as a negative regulator of RKIP expression in AML and have provided data that suggest the importance of our observation beyond this tumor entity. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3644-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hatzl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Olivia Geiger
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maja Kim Kuepper
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Till Seime
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Furlan
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erika Nussbaumer
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rotraud Wieser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Nowek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Datar I, Feng J, Qiu X, Lewandowski J, Yeung M, Ren G, Aras S, Al-Mulla F, Cui H, Trumbly R, Arudra SKC, De Las Casas LE, de la Serna I, Bitar MS, Yeung KC. RKIP Inhibits Local Breast Cancer Invasion by Antagonizing the Transcriptional Activation of MMP13. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134494. [PMID: 26308852 PMCID: PMC4550449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein or RKIP was initially identified as a Raf-1 binding protein using the yeast 2-hybrid screen. RKIP inhibits the activation phosphorylation of MEK by Raf-1 by competitively inhibiting the binding of MEK to Raf-1 and thus exerting an inhibitory effect on the Raf-MEK-Erk pathway. RKIP has been identified as a metastasis suppressor gene. Expression of RKIP is low in cancer metastases. Although primary tumor growth remains unaffected, re- expression of RKIP inhibits cancer metastasis. Mechanistically, RKIP constrains metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis, local invasion, intravasation, and colonization. The molecular mechanism of how RKIP inhibits these individual steps remains undefined. In our present study, using an unbiased PCR based screening and by analyzing DNA microarray expression datasets we observe that the expression of multiple metalloproteases (MMPs) including MMP1, MMP3, MMP10 and MMP13 are negatively correlated with RKIP expression in breast cancer cell lines and clinical samples. Since expression of MMPs by cancer cells is important for cancer metastasis, we hypothesize that RKIP may mediate suppression of breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting multiple MMPs. We show that the expression signature of RKIP and MMPs is better at predicting high metastatic risk than the individual gene. Using a combination of loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we find that MMP13 is the cause of RKIP-mediated inhibition of local cancer invasion. Interestingly expression of MMP13 alone is not sufficient to reverse the inhibition of breast cancer cell metastasis to the lung due to the expression of RKIP. We find that RKIP negatively regulates MMP13 through the Erk2 signaling pathway and the repression of MMP13 by RKIP is transcription factor AP-1 independent. Together, our findings indicate that RKIP inhibits cancer cell invasion, in part, via MMP13 inhibition. These data also implicate RKIP in the regulation of MMP transcription, suggesting a potential mechanism by which RKIP inhibits tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Datar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoliang Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Miranda Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory Of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing, China
| | - Robert Trumbly
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sri Krishna Chaitanya Arudra
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luis E. De Las Casas
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ivana de la Serna
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Milad S. Bitar
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Kam C. Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
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35
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Bonavida B, Garban H. Nitric oxide-mediated sensitization of resistant tumor cells to apoptosis by chemo-immunotherapeutics. Redox Biol 2015; 6:486-494. [PMID: 26432660 PMCID: PMC4596920 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of NO by the various NO synthases in normal and malignant tissues is manifested by various biological effects that are involved in the regulation of cell survival, differentiation and cell death. The role of NO in the cytotoxic immune response was first revealed by demonstrating the induction of iNOS in target cells by immune cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, etc.) and resulting in the sensitization of resistant tumor cells to death ligands-induced apoptosis. Endogenous/exogenous NO mediated its immune sensitizing effect by inhibiting NF-κΒ activity and downstream, inactivating the repressor transcription factor YY1, which inhibited both Fas and DR5 expressions. In addition, NO-mediated inhibition of NF-κΒ activity and inhibition downstream of its anti-apoptotic gene targets sensitized the tumor cells to apoptosis by chemotherapeutic drugs. We have identified in tumor cells a dysregulated pro-survival/anti-apoptotic loop consisting of NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP/PTEN and its modification by NO was responsible, in large, for the reversal of chemo and immune resistance and sensitization to apoptotic mechanisms by cytotoxic agents. Moreover, tumor cells treated with exogenous NO donors resulted in the inhibition of NF-κΒ activity via S-nitrosylation of p50 and p65, inhibition of Snail (NF-κΒ target gene), inhibition of transcription repression by S-nitrosylation of YY1 and subsequent inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), induction of RKIP (inhibition of the transcription repressor Snail), and induction of PTEN (inhibition of the repressors Snail and YY1). Further, each gene product modified by NO in the loop was involved in chemo-immunosensitization. These above findings demonstrated that NO donors interference in the regulatory circuitry result in chemo-immunosensitization and inhibition of EMT. Overall, these observations suggest the potential anti-tumor therapeutic effect of NO donors in combination with subtoxic chemo-immuno drugs. This combination acts on multiple facets including reversal of chemo-immune resistance, and inhibition of both EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Hermes Garban
- NantBioScience, Inc., NantWorks, LLC., California NanoSystems Institute (CnSI) at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Hill B, De Melo J, Yan J, Kapoor A, He L, Cutz JC, Feng X, Bakhtyar N, Tang D. Common reduction of the Raf kinase inhibitory protein in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7406-19. [PMID: 25277181 PMCID: PMC4202132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in our understanding of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs), the etiology of ccRCC remains unclear. We reported here a prevailing reduction of the raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) in ccRCC. In our examination of more than 600 ccRCC patients by western blot and immunohistochemistry, RKIP was significantly reduced in 80% of tumors. Inhibition of RKIP transcription in ccRCC occurs to greater levels than VHL transcription based on the quantification analysis of their transcripts in six large datasets of DNA microarray available in Oncomine™ with the median rank of suppression being 582 and 2343 for RKIP and VHL, respectively. Collectively, the magnitude of RKIP reduction and the levels of its downregulation match those of VHL. Furthermore, RKIP displays tumor suppressing activity in ccRCC. While modulation of RKIP expression did not affect the proliferation of A498 and 786-0 ccRCC cells and neither their ability to form xenograft tumors in NOD/SCID mice, ectopic expression or knockdown of RKIP inhibited or enhanced A498 and 786-0 ccRCC cell invasion, respectively. This was associated with robust changes in vimentin expression, a marker of EMT. Taken together, we demonstrate here that downregulation of RKIP occurs frequently at a rate that reaches that of VHL, suggesting RKIP being a critical tumor suppressor for ccRCC. This is consistent with RKIP being a tumor suppressor for other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Hill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason De Melo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lizhi He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (BCMP), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xingchang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nazihah Bakhtyar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Wang LY, Feng F, Zhao Y, Huang MY, Shao Q, Chen C, Sheng H, Chen DL, Zeng ZL, Xu RH, Li YH. Effect of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on malignant biological behavior and progression of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2106-14. [PMID: 26238523 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a novel metastasis suppressor. RKIP was previously found to have low expression in a colorectal cancer (CRC) patient cohort by immunohistochemistry. However, the role of RKIP in CRC remains undetermined. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed to compare RKIP expression between 129 paired stage II CRC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The correlations between clinical parameters, prognosis and RKIP expression were evaluated. To investigate the effect of RKIP on proliferation and metastasis, RKIP was overexpressed and knocked down in colon cancer cell lines. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Transwell and wound-healing assays were performed. Murine models were established to confirm the influence of RKIP on malignant tumor phenotypes in vivo. Our results showed that RKIP expression was significantly decreased in the CRC tissues compared to the adjacent non‑cancerous tissues (p<0.001) and was correlated with the risk of relapse in stage II CRC (p<0.05). Overexpression of RKIP suppressed HCT116 cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of RKIP expression in SW480 cells and its murine model increased metastatic ability (p<0.05). No effect of RKIP on cell proliferation in CRC was observed. These data suggest that RKIP is an important metastasis-suppressor gene in CRC. The re-expression of RKIP could be a potential therapeutic target for antimetastatic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fen Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ma-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Nie F, Cao J, Tong J, Zhu M, Gao Y, Ran Z. Role of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein in colorectal cancer and its regulation by hydroxycamptothecine. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:56. [PMID: 26177829 PMCID: PMC4502602 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently accumulated evidence suggests that Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) participates in regulation of many signaling pathways and plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. However, studies investigating the role of RKIP in colorectal cancer have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RKIP on colorectal cancer cell differentiation, progression and its correlation with chemosensitivity. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that RKIP expression was higher in non-neoplastic colorectal tissue (NCRCT) and colorectal cancer tissue (CRCT) than that in metastatic lymph node tissue (MLNT) (P <0.05). P-ERK protein expression was higher in MLNT and CRCT than that in NCRCT (P = 0.02). Immunocytochemical analysis further revealed that RKIP expression was higher in the well differentiated cell line SW1116 as compared to that in the poorly differentiated cell line LoVo. Matrigel invasive assay demonstrated that the inhibition of RKIP by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) 271 transfection significantly increased the number of migrated cells (90.67 ± 4.04 vs. 37.33 ± 2.51, P <0.05), whereas over-expression of RKIP by PEBP-1 plasmid transfection significantly suppressed the number of migrated cells (79.24 ± 5.18 vs. 154.33 ± 7.25, P <0.05). Meanwhile, down-regulation of RKIP induced an increase in the cell survival rate by inhibiting apoptosis induced by hydroxycamptothecine. Conclusions RKIP was also found to be associated with cell differentiation, with a higher activity in well differentiated colorectal cancer cells than in poorly differentiated ones. The upregulated expression of RKIP in colorectal cancer cells inhibited cell invasion and metastasis, while downregulation of RKIP reduced chemosensitivity by inhibiting apoptosis induced by HCPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Nie
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinlu Tong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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Hu F, Chen X, Liu X, Wang C, Lv L, Xie N, Wang T, Huang H. Clinicopathological features and prognostic implications of Raf kinase inhibitor protein downregulation in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1303-1308. [PMID: 26622668 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is recognized as a suppressor of metastasis, and the downregulation of RKIP is associated with aggressive events and a poor outcome in a variety of solid tumors. However, the clinical relevance of RKIP expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear. In the present study, the expression of RKIP in 85 pairs of TSCC and corresponding adjacent non-cancerous tissues, 30 matched metastatic lesions from the cervical lymph nodes and 32 oral leukoplakia samples were assessed using immunohistochemical methods. The association between RKIP expression and clinicopathological features was then evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the effect of RKIP expression on the survival time of patients with TSCC. The results revealed that RKIP expression was dramatically downregulated in TSCC, and to an even greater extent in metastatic lesions. RKIP downregulation was significantly associated with the presence of lymphatic metastasis and the clinical stage of TSCC. Furthermore, patients with low RKIP expression demonstrated a significantly shorter overall survival time. Multivariate analysis indicated that RKIP expression may be an independent prognostic factor in TSCC. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that the lack of RKIP expression is of clinical significance and may serve as a prognostic biomarker in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Hu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China ; Department of Oral Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lanhai Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China ; Department of Oral Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA
| | - Hongzhang Huang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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MicroRNA-224 is associated with colorectal cancer progression and response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy by KRAS-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1480-90. [PMID: 25919696 PMCID: PMC4453675 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancers arise from benign adenomas, although not all adenomas progress to cancer and there are marked interpatient differences in disease progression. We have previously associated KRAS mutations with disease progression and reduced survival in colorectal cancer patients. Methods: We used TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) qRT–PCR analysis to identify miRNAs differentially expressed in normal colorectal mucosa, adenomas and cancers and in isogeneic KRAS WT and mutant HCT116 cells, and used a variety of phenotypic assays to assess the influence of miRNA expression on KRAS activity, chemosensitivity, proliferation and invasion. Results: MicroRNA-224 was differentially expressed in dysplastic colorectal disease and in isogeneic KRAS WT and mutant HCT116 cells. Antagomir-mediated miR-224 silencing in HCT116 KRAS WT cells phenocopied KRAS mutation, increased KRAS activity and ERK and AKT phosphorylation. 5-FU chemosensitivity was significantly increased in miR-224 knockdown cells, and in NIH3T3 cells expressing KRAS and BRAF mutant proteins. Bioinformatics analysis of predicted miR-224 target genes predicted altered cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes that were experimentally confirmed in miR-224 knockdown cells. Conclusions: We describe a novel mechanism of KRAS regulation, and highlight the clinical utility of colorectal cancer-specific miRNAs as disease progression or clinical response biomarkers.
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Bonavida B. RKIP-mediated chemo-immunosensitization of resistant cancer cells via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP resistance-driver loop. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 19:431-45. [PMID: 25597353 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases. Whereas most treatment regimens for various cancers have resulted in improved clinical responses and sometimes cures, unfortunately, subsets of cancer patients are either pretreatment resistant or develop resistance following therapy. These subsets of patients develop cross-resistance to unrelated therapeutics and usually succumb to death. Thus, delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance of various cancers and identifying molecular targets for intervention are the current main focus of research investigations. One approach to investigate cancer resistance has been to identify pathways that regulate resistance and develop means to disrupt these pathways in order to override resistance and sensitize the resistant cells to cell death. Hence, we have identified one pathway that is dysregulated in cancer, namely, the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop, that has been shown to regulate, in large part, tumor cell resistance to apoptosis by chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic drugs. The dysregulated resistant loop is manifested by the overexpression of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 activities and the underexpression of RKIP. The induction of RKIP expression results in the downregulation of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 and the sensitization of resistant cells to drug-induced apoptosis. These findings identified RKIP, in addition to its antiproliferative and metastatic suppressor functions, as an anti-resistance factor. This brief review describes the role of RKIP in the regulation of drug sensitivity via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/ YY1/RKIP loop that regulates resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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Ling HH, Mendoza-Viveros L, Mehta N, Cheng HYM. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP): functional pleiotropy in the mammalian brain. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 19:505-16. [PMID: 25597360 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1984, a cytosolic protein was isolated from bovine brain and coined phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) to describe its phospholipid-binding potential. Its cellular function remained elusive for more than a decade until it was discovered that PEBP had the ability to suppress the Raf1-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, earning it the new name of Raf1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP). This milestone discovery has paved the way for numerous studies that have now extended the reach of RKIP's function to other signaling cascades, within the context of various physiological and pathophysiological systems. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the neurophysiological roles of RKIP in the mammalian brain, including its function in the circadian clock and synaptic plasticity. It will also discuss evidence for an involvement of RKIP and its derived neuropeptide, hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), in neural development and differentiation. Implications in certain pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and brain cancer will be highlighted. By chronicling the diverse functions of RKIP in the brain, we hope that this review will serve as a timely resource that ignites future studies on this versatile, multifaceted protein in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrod H Ling
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neel Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying M Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Cao Q, Wang J, Zhang M, Li P, Qian J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ju X, Wang M, Zhang Z, Li J, Gu M, Zhang W, Qin C, Shao P, Yin C. Genetic variants in RKIP are associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma risk in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109285. [PMID: 25329396 PMCID: PMC4199597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) plays a critical role in tumor development by regulating cell functions such as invasion, apoptosis and differentiation. Down-regulation of RKIP expression has been implicated in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Herein, we hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in RKIP might be associated with susceptibility and progression of RCC. Methods A total of 5 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in RKIP were selected and genotyped by SNapShot method in a case-control study of 859 RCC patients and 1004 controls. The logistic regression was used to evaluate the genetic association with occurrence and progression of RCC. The functionality of the important SNP was preliminary examined by qRT-PCR. Result We found that the rs17512051 in the promoter region of RKIP was significantly associated with decreased clear cell RCC (ccRCC) risk (TA/AA vs. TT: P = 0.039, OR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.62–0.99). Another SNP (rs1051470) in the 3′UTR region of RKIP was marginally associated with increased ccRCC risk (TT vs. CC+CT: OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.01–2.09). In the stratified analysis, the protective effect of rs17512051 was more predominant in the subgroups of male, non-smokers, non-drinkers as well as subjects without history of diabetes. Furthermore, we observed higher RKIP mRNA levels in the presence of the rs17512051A allele in normal renal tissues. Conclusion Our results suggest that the potentially functional RKIP rs17512051 polymorphism may affect ccRCC susceptibility through altering the endogenous RKIP expression level. Risk effects and the functional impact of this polymorphism need further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingcong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (PS)
| | - Changjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (PS)
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Hosoya N, Sakumoto M, Tomita Y, Kondo T. Approach to spot overlapping problem in 2D-PAGE revealed clinical and functional significance of RKIP and MnSOD in renal cell carcinoma. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kaufhold S, Bonavida B. Central role of Snail1 in the regulation of EMT and resistance in cancer: a target for therapeutic intervention. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:62. [PMID: 25084828 PMCID: PMC4237825 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Snail1 is the founding member of the Snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors, which also includes Snail2 (Slug) and Snail3 (Smuc). The superfamily is involved in cell differentiation and survival, two processes central in cancer research. Encoded by the SNAI1 gene located on human chromosome 20q13.2, Snail1 is composed of 264 amino acids and usually acts as a transcriptional repressor. Phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Snail1, governed by PI3K and Wnt signaling pathways crosstalk, are critical in Snail1’s regulation. Snail1 has a pivotal role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process by which epithelial cells acquire a migratory, mesenchymal phenotype, as a result of its repression of E-cadherin. Snail1-induced EMT involves the loss of E-cadherin and claudins with concomitant upregulation of vimentin and fibronectin, among other biomarkers. While essential to normal developmental processes such as gastrulation, EMT is associated with metastasis, the cancer stem cell phenotype, and the regulation of chemo and immune resistance in cancer. Snail1 expression is a common sign of poor prognosis in metastatic cancer, and tumors with elevated Snail1 expression are disproportionately difficult to eradicate by current therapeutic treatments. The significance of Snail1 as a prognostic indicator, its involvement in the regulation of EMT and metastasis, and its roles in both drug and immune resistance point out that Snail1 is an attractive target for tumor growth inhibition and a target for sensitization to cytotoxic drugs.
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Li DX, Cai HY, Wang X, Feng YL, Cai SW. Promoter methylation of Raf kinase inhibitory protein: A significant prognostic indicator for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:844-850. [PMID: 25120612 PMCID: PMC4113522 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has an important role in the development of carcinomas. As a metastasis suppressor gene, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) suppresses tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In the present study, the associations between RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation with clinicopathological parameters, prognosis and survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma were investigated. RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation were measured in 135 cases of surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma specimens and corresponding normal tissues using immunohistochemistry and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to analyze the patient survival rate. Prognostic factors were determined using multivariate Cox analysis. RKIP promoter methylation was detected in 48.9% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 5.17% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). RKIP protein expression was detected in 43.0% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 91.1% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression levels and promoter methylation of RKIP were shown to correlate with pathological staging, Union for International Cancer Control-stage, tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In addition, the protein expression of RKIP in gastric carcinomas was demonstrated to be associated with promoter methylation of RKIP. Survival analysis of gastric carcinoma patients revealed that promoter methylation in RKIP-positive tumors correlated with a significantly shorter survival time when compared with RKIP-negative tumors (P=0.0002, using the log-rank test). Using multivariate Cox analysis, promoter methylation of RKIP was shown to be an independent prognostic factor (P=0.033). These results indicated that abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be one cause of downregulated RKIP expression. Downregulation of RKIP expression was shown to correlate with the incidence and development of gastric carcinomas. Thus, abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be a valuable biomarker for estimating gastric carcinoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Feng
- Department of Pathology, Public Health Clinical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Song-Wang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Yousuf S, Duan M, Moen EL, Cross-Knorr S, Brilliant K, Bonavida B, LaValle T, Yeung KC, Al-Mulla F, Chin E, Chatterjee D. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) blocks signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in breast and prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92478. [PMID: 24658061 PMCID: PMC3962420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding-protein (PEBP) family that modulates the action of many kinases involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, motility, invasion and metastasis. Previously, we described an inverse association between RKIP and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression in gastric adenocarcinoma patients. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism by which RKIP regulates STAT3 activity in breast and prostate cancer cell lines. RKIP over expression inhibited c-Src auto-phosphorylation and activation, as well as IL-6-, JAK1 and 2-, and activated Raf-mediated STAT3 tyrosine and serine phosphorylation and subsequent activation. In MDA-231 breast cancer cells that stably over express RKIP, IL-6 treatment blocked STAT3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activation. Conversely, in RKIP knockdown MDA-231 cells: STAT3 phosphorylation and activation increased in comparison to parental MDA-231 cells. RKIP over expression resulted in constitutive physical interaction with STAT3 and blocked c-Src and STAT3 association. The treatment of DU145 prostate, but not PC3 prostate or MDA-231 breast, cancer cell lines with ENMD-1198 or MKC-1 dramatically increased expression of RKIP. Overexpression of RKIP sensitized PC3 and MDA-231 cells to MTI-induced apoptosis. Moreover, MTI treatment resulted in a decrease in Src-mediated STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation, an effect that was significantly enhanced by RKIP over expression. In stable RKIP over expressing MDA-231 cells, tumor xenograft growth induced by activated STAT3 is inhibited. RKIP synergizes with MTIs to induce apoptosis and inhibit STAT3 activation of breast and prostate cancer cells. RKIP plays a critical role in opposing the effects of pro-oncogenic STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Yousuf
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - MeiLi Duan
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Erika L. Moen
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Sam Cross-Knorr
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kate Brilliant
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Theresa LaValle
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kam C. Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Eugene Chin
- Department of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jung YS, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Chung JY, Jung YJ, Hwang SH, Ha NC, Park BJ. Loss of VHL promotes progerin expression, leading to impaired p14/ARF function and suppression of p53 activity. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2277-90. [PMID: 24067370 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are frequently occurring genitourinary malignancies in the aged population. A morphological characteristic of RCCs is an irregular nuclear shape, which is used to index cancer grades. Other features of RCCs include the genetic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene, VHL, and p53 genetic-independent inactivation. An aberrant nuclear shape or p53 suppression has not yet been demonstrated. We examined the effect of progerin (an altered splicing product of the LMNA gene linked to Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome; HGPS) on the nuclear deformation of RCCs in comparison to that of HGPS cells. In this study, we showed that progerin was suppressed by pVHL and was responsible for nuclear irregularities as well as p53 inactivation. Thus, progerin suppression can ameliorate nuclear abnormalities and reactivate p53 in response to genotoxic addition. Furthermore, we found that progerin was a target of pVHL E3 ligase and suppressed p53 activity by p14/ARF inhibition. Our findings indicate that the elevated expression of progerin in RCCs results from the loss of pVHL and leads to p53 inactivation through p14/ARF suppression. Interestingly, we showed that progerin was expressed in human leukemia and primary cell lines, raising the possibility that the expression of this LMNA variant may be a common event in age-related cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Sang Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology; College of Natural Science, Pusan National University; Busan, Republic of Korea
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Zaravinos A, Kanellou P, Lambrou GI, Spandidos DA. Gene set enrichment analysis of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry in multiple myeloma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4987-5005. [PMID: 24481661 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a dysregulated NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop was recently established in metastatic prostate cancer cells and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, its involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) has yet to be investigated. Aim of the study was to investigate the role of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry in MM and how each gene is correlated with the remaining genes of the loop. Using gene set enrichment analysis and gene neighbours analysis in data received from four datasets included in the Multiple Myeloma Genomics Portal of the Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium, we identified various enriched gene sets associated with each member of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry. In each dataset, the 20 most co-expressed genes with the circuitry genes were isolated subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. Among many, we highlighted on FNDC3B, TPD52, BBX, MBNL1 and MFAP2. Many co-expressed genes participated in the regulation of metabolic processes and nucleic acid binding, or were transcription factor binding genes and genes with metallopeptidase activity. The transcription factors FOXO4, GATA binding factor, Sp1 and AP4 most likely affect the expression of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry genes. Computational analysis of various GEO datasets revealed elevated YY1 and RKIP levels in MM vs. the normal plasma cells, as well as elevated RKIP levels in MM vs. normal B lymphocytes. The present study highlights the relationships of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry genes with specific cancer-related gene sets in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110, Heraklion, Greece,
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A new p53 target gene, RKIP, is essential for DNA damage-induced cellular senescence and suppression of ERK activation. Neoplasia 2014; 15:727-37. [PMID: 23814485 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
p53, a strong tumor suppressor protein, is known to be involved in cellular senescence, particularly premature cellular senescence. Oncogenic stresses, such as Ras activation, can initiate p53-mediated senescence, whereas activation of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can promote cell proliferation. These conflicting facts imply that there is a regulatory mechanism for balancing p53 and Ras-MAPK signaling. To address this, we evaluated the effects of p53 on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and found that p53 could suppress ERK activation through de novo synthesis. Through several molecular biologic analyses, we found that RKIP, an inhibitor of Raf kinase, is responsible for p53-mediated ERK suppression and senescence. Overexpression of RKIP can induce cellular senescence in several types of cell lines, including p53-deficient cells, whereas the elimination of RKIP by siRNA or forced expression of ERK blocks p53-mediated cellular senescence. These results suggested that RKIP is an essential protein for cellular senescence. Moreover, modification of the p53 serine 46 residue was critical for RKIP induction and ERK suppression as well as cellular senescence. These results indicated that RKIP is a novel p53 target gene that is responsible for p53-mediated cellular senescence and tumor suppressor protein expression.
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