DNA methylation markers detected in blood, stool, urine, and tissue in colorectal cancer: a systematic review of paired samples

PURPOSE

Methylated cell-free DNA in liquid biopsies are promising non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Optimal markers would have high sensitivity and specificity for early detection of CRC and could be detected in more than one type of material from the patient. We systematically reviewed the literature on DNA methylation markers of colorectal cancer, detected in more than one type of material, regarding their potential as contributors to a panel for screening and follow-up of CRC.

METHODS

The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched. Data extraction and review was performed by two authors independently. Agreement between methylation status in tissue and other materials (blood/stool/urine) was analyzed using the McNemar test and Cohen's kappa.

RESULTS

From the 51 included studies, we identified seven single markers with sensitivity ≥ 75% and specificity ≥ 90% for CRC. We also identified one promising plasma panel and two stool panels. The correspondence of methylation status was evaluated as very good for four markers, but only marginal for most of the other markers investigated (12 of 21).

CONCLUSION

The included studies reported only some of the variables and markers of interest and included few patients. Hence, a meta-analysis was not possible at this point. Larger, prospective studies must be designed to study the discordant detection of markers in tissue and liquid biopsies. When reporting their findings, such studies should use a standardized format.