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Ehrenstein JK, Duijts SFA, van Zon SKR, Amick BC, Schagen SB, Bültmann U. Establishing General Working Population Norms for the Cognitive Symptom Checklist-Work. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2023; 33:766-775. [PMID: 36935459 PMCID: PMC10684708 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Cognitive Symptom Checklist-Work (CSC-W) is a self-report measure to assess cognitive symptoms (i.e., memory and executive function) in working adults with cancer. To date, general working population norm data are lacking worldwide. We established CSC-W norm values in the general working population, and assessed associations of CSC-W scores with work and health-related factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 1,000 Dutch working adults, of whom data was collected through an online respondent panel. The sample was stratified for sex and age, and data were weighted. Summary scores of the CSC-W total scale, and memory and executive function symptoms subscales, were determined (e.g., means, percentiles). Z- and T-scores were calculated, and analysis of (co)variance has been applied. RESULTS Cognitive symptom scores were relatively stable across age groups, but 18-39-year-old respondents reported lower memory and executive function than respondents in other age groups. Symptom scores of memory function (mean 29.1; SD = 16.7) were higher for all age groups and in both sexes compared to executive function (mean 22.1; SD = 16.8). No sex differences in memory and executive function were observed. Higher symptom scores were associated with performing non-manual work only, manual work only, self-reported long-term illness, and higher levels of depressive symptoms and fatigue. CONCLUSION The CSC-W norms may enhance the interpretation and facilitate the analysis of self-reported cognitive symptoms in patients with cancer at work. Our findings may support health care professionals in identifying working adults with cancer with cognitive symptoms and in developing personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Ehrenstein
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia F A Duijts
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location Vrije Universiteit), De Boelelaan 1117, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Societal Participation and Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Godebaldkwartier 419, Utrecht, 3511 DT, The Netherlands
| | - Sander K R van Zon
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin C Amick
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Winthrop P Rockefellor Cancer Institute, 449 Jack Stephens Dr, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Sanne B Schagen
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, Amsterdam, 1018 WT, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
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Ehrenstein JK, van Zon SKR, Duijts SFA, Stewart RE, Almansa J, Amick BC, Schagen SB, Bültmann U. Trajectories of cognitive symptoms and associated factors in cancer survivors after return to work: an 18-month longitudinal cohort study. J Cancer Surviv 2023; 17:290-299. [PMID: 35312951 PMCID: PMC10036271 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-022-01190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive symptoms affect cancer survivors' functioning at work. To date, cognitive symptoms trajectories in working cancer survivors and the factors associated with these trajectories have not been examined. METHODS Data from a heterogeneous group of working cancer survivors (n = 379) of the longitudinal "Work-Life-after-Cancer" study, linked with Netherlands Cancer Registry data, were used. The Cognitive Symptom Checklist-Work was administered at baseline (within the first 3 months after return to work), 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up to measure self-perceived memory and executive function symptoms. Data were analyzed using group-based trajectory modeling. RESULTS Four trajectories of memory and executive function symptoms were identified. All memory symptoms trajectories were stable and labeled as "stable-high" (15.3% of the sample), "stable-moderately high" (39.6%), "stable-moderately low" (32.0%), and "stable-low" (13.0%). Executive function symptoms trajectories changed over time and were labeled as "increasing-high" (10.1%), "stable-moderately high" (32.0%), "decreasing-moderately low" (35.5%), and "stable-low" (22.4%). Higher symptoms trajectories were associated with older age, longer time from diagnosis to return to work, more quantitative work demands, and higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline. CONCLUSIONS In cancer survivors who returned to work, four cognitive symptoms trajectory subgroups were identified, representing different but relatively stable severity levels of cognitive symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS To identify cancer survivors with higher symptoms trajectories, health care providers should assess cognitive symptoms at baseline after return to work. In case of cognitive symptoms, it is important to also screen for psychological factors to provide appropriate guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Ehrenstein
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander K R van Zon
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia F A Duijts
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Godebaldkwartier 419, 3511 DT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E Stewart
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Josué Almansa
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin C Amick
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sanne B Schagen
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Community and Occupational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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