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Kurtz DM, Scherer F, Jin MC, Soo J, Craig AFM, Esfahani MS, Chabon JJ, Stehr H, Liu CL, Tibshirani R, Maeda LS, Gupta NK, Khodadoust MS, Advani RH, Levy R, Newman AM, Dührsen U, Hüttmann A, Meignan M, Casasnovas RO, Westin JR, Roschewski M, Wilson WH, Gaidano G, Rossi D, Diehn M, Alizadeh AA. Circulating Tumor DNA Measurements As Early Outcome Predictors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:2845-2853. [PMID: 30125215 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.78.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Outcomes for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma remain heterogeneous, with existing methods failing to consistently predict treatment failure. We examined the additional prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) before and during therapy for predicting patient outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied the dynamics of ctDNA from 217 patients treated at six centers, using a training and validation framework. We densely characterized early ctDNA dynamics during therapy using cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing to define response-associated thresholds within a discovery set. These thresholds were assessed in two independent validation sets. Finally, we assessed the prognostic value of ctDNA in the context of established risk factors, including the International Prognostic Index and interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans. RESULTS Before therapy, ctDNA was detectable in 98% of patients; pretreatment levels were prognostic in both front-line and salvage settings. In the discovery set, ctDNA levels changed rapidly, with a 2-log decrease after one cycle (early molecular response [EMR]) and a 2.5-log decrease after two cycles (major molecular response [MMR]) stratifying outcomes. In the first validation set, patients receiving front-line therapy achieving EMR or MMR had superior outcomes at 24 months (EMR: EFS, 83% v 50%; P = .0015; MMR: EFS, 82% v 46%; P < .001). EMR also predicted superior 24-month outcomes in patients receiving salvage therapy in the first validation set (EFS, 100% v 13%; P = .011). The prognostic value of EMR and MMR was further confirmed in the second validation set. In multivariable analyses including International Prognostic Index and interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans across both cohorts, molecular response was independently prognostic of outcomes, including event-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION Pretreatment ctDNA levels and molecular responses are independently prognostic of outcomes in aggressive lymphomas. These risk factors could potentially guide future personalized risk-directed approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kurtz
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Florian Scherer
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Jin
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Soo
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexander F M Craig
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jacob J Chabon
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stehr
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Chih Long Liu
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lauren S Maeda
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Neel K Gupta
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Khodadoust
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ranjana H Advani
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Levy
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Aaron M Newman
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hüttmann
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michel Meignan
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - René-Olivier Casasnovas
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jason R Westin
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mark Roschewski
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- David M. Kurtz, Florian Scherer, Michael C. Jin, Joanne Soo, Alexander F.M. Craig, Mohammad Shahrokh Esfahani, Jacob J. Chabon, Henning Stehr, Chih Long Liu, Robert Tibshirani, Lauren S. Maeda, Neel K. Gupta, Michael S. Khodadoust, Ranjana H. Advani, Ronald Levy, Aaron M. Newman, Maximilian Diehn, and Ash A. Alizadeh, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Florian Scherer, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Ulrich Dührsen and Andreas Hüttmann, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Michel Meignan, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil; René-Olivier Casasnovas, Hôpital Le Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France; Jason R. Westin, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mark Roschewski and Wyndham H. Wilson, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Gianluca Gaidano and Davide Rossi, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; and Davide Rossi, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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