Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Pathology and 2-Year Postsurgical Recurrence of Breast Cancer in Kenyan Women

Is pre-operative axillary ultrasound alone sufficient to determine need for axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients?

Pre-operative status of axillary lymph node (ALN) in early breast cancer is usually initially assessed by pre-operative ultrasound, followed by ultrasound-guided needle biopsy (UNB) confirmation. Patients with positive nodal status will undergo axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), while those with negative nodal status will have sentinel lymph node biopsy. ALND is associated with higher morbidity than Sentinel lymph node biopsy. The objective of this study is to determine if axillary ultrasound alone without UNB is predictive enough to assign patients to ALND and to identify ultrasound features that are significantly associated with pathologically positive ALN.383 newly diagnosed primary breast cancer patients between 2012 and 2014, and who had undergone pre-operative axillary ultrasound in University Malaya Medical Centre with a complete histopathology report of the axillary surgery were retrospectively reviewed. ALN was considered positive if it had any of these features: cortical thickening > 3 mm, loss of fatty hilum, hypoechoic solid node, mass-like appearance, round shape and lymph node size > 5 mm. Post-operative histopathological reports were then analyzed for nodal involvement.The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of pre-operative axillary ultrasound in detecting diseased nodes were 45.5%, 80.7%, and 60.3% respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values were 76.5% and 51.8%. Round shape, loss of fatty hilum and mass-like appearance had the highest PPVs of 87%, 83% and 81.6% respectively and significant odds ratios (ORs) of 5.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52 - 17.86), ORs of 4.77 (95% CI: 2.62 - 8.70) and ORs of 4.26 (95% CI: 2.37 - 7.67) respectively (P-value < .05). Cortical thickness of > 3 mm was identified to have low PPV at 69.1%, ORs of 1.71 (95% CI: 0.86 - 3.41, P = .126).There are features on axillary ultrasound that confer high PPV for axillary involvement i.e. round shape, loss of fatty hilum, and mass-like appearance. In a low resource setting, these features may benefit from ALND without further pre-operative biopsies. However, pre-operative UNB for features with low PPV that is, cortical thickness > 3 mm should be considered to obviate the unnecessary morbidity associated with ALND.

Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer in Five East African Countries and Its Implications for Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) are determinants of treatment and mortality for patients with breast cancer (BC). In East Africa, the estimated 5-year survival (37.7%) is far lower than the US average (90%). This meta-analysis investigates BC receptor subtypes within five East African countries to ascertain cross-country patterns and prioritize treatment needs.

METHODS

From a PubMed search, January 1, 1998-June 30, 2019, for all English-only BC articles for Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, eligible studies had receptor distributions for female BC samples ≥ 30 patients. Outcomes were proportions of ER+, PR+, and HER2-positive (HER2+), and/or molecular subtypes. Data included study characteristics and mean or median patient age. Using metaprop, Stata 16, we estimated pooled proportions (ES) with 95% CIs and assessed heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Among 36 BC studies with receptor data, 21 met criteria. Weighted mean age was 47.5 years and median, 48. Overall ES were as follows: 55% for ER-positive (ER+) (95% CI, 47 to 62), 23% for HER2+ (95% CI, 20 to 26), and 27% for triple-negative BC (TNBC) (95% CI, 23 to 32).

CONCLUSION

We found differences between countries, for example, lower distribution of TNBC in Ethiopia (21%) compared with Uganda (35%). ER+, the dominant BC subtype overall at 55%, emphasizes the need to prioritize endocrine therapy. Overall proportions of HER2+ BC (with or without ER+ or PR+), 23%, approached proportions of TNBC, 27%, yet HER2 testing and treatment were infrequent. Testing and reporting of receptor subtypes would promote delivery of more effective treatment reducing the mortality disparity.