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Kapoor M, Sehrawat A, Sundriyal D. Trilaciclib: A Novel Approach to Mitigate Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression in Cancer Treatment. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2024. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
AbstractTrilaciclib, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, has demonstrated the ability to protect bone marrow from chemotherapy toxicity, improving patients' quality of life (QoL). This review describes the mechanism of action, efficacy, and toxicity profile of trilaciclib. Trilaciclib halts retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation during the early G1 phase, preventing the transition from the G1/S phase and inducing the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which protects the hematopoietic cell lineages. Trilaciclib is indicated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and National Comprehensive Cancer Network to decrease the incidence of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression in adult patients before a platinum/etoposide or topotecan containing regimen for extensive stage small cell lung cancer. Its ease of administration as an intravenous infusion, given before starting chemotherapy, and the favorable side effect profile make it a better-tolerated drug, improving patient QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kapoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Sehrawat
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Sundriyal
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Bachlitzanaki M, Aletras G, Bachlitzanaki E, Messaritakis I, Koukias S, Koulouridi A, Bachlitzanakis E, Kaloeidi E, Vakonaki E, Kontopodis E, Androulakis N, Chamilos G, Mavroudis D, Ioannou P, Kofteridis D. Evaluation of Febrile Neutropenia in Hospitalized Patients with Neoplasia Undergoing Chemotherapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2547. [PMID: 37894205 PMCID: PMC10609470 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common but serious complication encountered in patients with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this prospective study, 63 patients with solid tumors under chemotherapy or immunotherapy were admitted to the hospital due to febrile neutropenia, confirmed through clinical or microbiological documentation. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of hospitalized neutropenic patients with solid tumors undergoing treatment. Additionally, we aimed to assess the duration of neutropenia and identify factors influencing patient outcomes. The median age of patients was 71 ± 10.2 years, most of which were males (66.7%), and the primitive tumor location was the lung (38.1%), with most patients (82.5%) being at disease stage IV. The median duration of neutropenia was three days (range 1-10), and, notably, mucositis was significantly associated with neutropenia lasting ≥3 days (p = 0.012). Patients with lung cancer (38.1%) and patients with stage IV disease (82.5%) presented a higher risk of FN, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The site of infection was identifiable in 55.6% of patients, with positive cultures detected in 34.9% and positive blood cultures (BC) drawn in 17.5% of cases. Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant causative agents in BC (63.6%), with Staphylococci being the most prevalent among them (66.7%). The median duration of hospitalization was nine days (range, 3-43 days), and most patients showed improvement or cure of infection (16.9% and 74.6%, respectively). Among recorded risk factors, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) appears to be statistically significant. Patients with an impaired PS score (2-4) experienced worse outcomes and higher likelihood of mortality (p = 0.004). Regarding the outcome, a longer duration of neutropenia was also statistically significant (p = 0.050). Of the patients, 12.7% ultimately succumbed to their conditions, with 37.5% attributed to infections. FN is a common yet serious complication in solid tumor patients. Adequate knowledge of the predictors of mortality and the microbiological causes are of utmost importance to allow accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment as they significantly influence patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bachlitzanaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Aletras
- Department of Cardiology, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eirini Bachlitzanaki
- Department of Cardiology, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ippokratis Messaritakis
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stergos Koukias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Asimina Koulouridi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Kaloeidi
- Department of Surgery, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kontopodis
- Department Medical Oncology, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Androulakis
- Department Medical Oncology, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mavroudis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petros Ioannou
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Diamantis Kofteridis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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Integration of DNA sequencing with population pharmacokinetics to improve the prediction of irinotecan exposure in cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2021; 126:640-651. [PMID: 34703007 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an anticancer agent widely used to treat adult solid tumours. Large interindividual variability in the clearance of irinotecan and SN-38, its active and toxic metabolite, results in highly unpredictable toxicity. METHODS In 217 cancer patients treated with intravenous irinotecan single agent or in combination, germline DNA was used to interrogate the variation in 84 genes by next-generation sequencing. A stepwise analytical framework including a population pharmacokinetic model with SNP- and gene-based testing was used to identify demographic/clinical/genetic factors that influence the clearance of irinotecan and SN-38. RESULTS Irinotecan clearance was influenced by rs4149057 in SLCO1B1, body surface area, and co-administration of 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/bevacizumab. SN-38 clearance was influenced by rs887829 in UGT1A1, pre-treatment total bilirubin, and EGFR rare variant burden. Within each UGT1A1 genotype group, elevated pre-treatment total bilirubin and/or presence of at least one rare variant in EGFR resulted in significantly lower SN-38 clearance. The model reduced the interindividual variability in irinotecan clearance from 38 to 34% and SN-38 clearance from 49 to 32%. CONCLUSIONS This new model significantly reduced the interindividual variability in the clearance of irinotecan and SN-38. New genetic factors of variability in clearance have been identified.
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Schwartzberg LS, Bhat G, Peguero J, Agajanian R, Bharadwaj JS, Restrepo A, Hlalah O, Mehmi I, Chawla S, Hasal SJ, Yang Z, Cobb PW. Eflapegrastim, a Long-Acting Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor for the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia: Results of a Phase III Trial. Oncologist 2020; 25:e1233-e1241. [PMID: 32476162 PMCID: PMC7418343 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eflapegrastim, a novel, long‐acting recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF), consists of a rhG‐CSF analog conjugated to a human IgG4 Fc fragment via a short polyethylene glycol linker. Preclinical and phase I and II pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data showed increased potency for neutrophil counts for eflapegrastim versus pegfilgrastim. This open‐label phase III trial compared the efficacy and safety of eflapegrastim with pegfilgrastim for reducing the risk of chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia. Materials and Methods Patients with early‐stage breast cancer were randomized 1:1 to fixed‐dose eflapegrastim 13.2 mg (3.6 mg G‐CSF) or standard pegfilgrastim (6 mg G‐CSF) following standard docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for 4 cycles. The primary objective was to demonstrate the noninferiority of eflapegrastim compared with pegfilgrastim in mean duration of severe neutropenia (DSN; grade 4) in cycle 1. Results Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to study arms (eflapegrastim, n = 196; pegfilgrastim, n = 210). The incidence of cycle 1 severe neutropenia was 16% (n = 31) for eflapegrastim versus 24% (n = 51) for pegfilgrastim, reducing the relative risk by 35% (p = .034). The difference in mean cycle 1 DSN (−0.148 day) met the primary endpoint of noninferiority (p < .0001) and also showed statistical superiority for eflapegrastim (p = .013). Noninferiority was maintained for the duration of treatment (all cycles, p < .0001), and secondary efficacy endpoints and safety results were also comparable for study arms. Conclusion These results demonstrate noninferiority and comparable safety for eflapegrastim at a lower G‐CSF dose versus pegfilgrastim. The potential for increased potency of eflapegrastim to deliver improved clinical benefit warrants further clinical study in patients at higher risk for CIN. Implications for Practice Chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (CIN) remains a significant clinical dilemma for oncology patients who are striving to complete their prescribed chemotherapy regimen. In a randomized, phase III trial comparing eflapegrastim to pegfilgrastim in the prevention of CIN, the efficacy of eflapegrastim was noninferior to pegfilgrastim and had comparable safety. Nevertheless, the risk of CIN remains a great concern for patients undergoing chemotherapy, as the condition frequently results in chemotherapy delays, dose reductions, and treatment discontinuations. Myelosuppression, particularly neutropenia, has presented a major challenge in cancer treatment since the introduction of cytotoxic chemotherapy. This article reports the results of a phase III trial that compared the efficacy and safety of eflapegrastim with pegfilgrastim for reducing the risk of chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajanan Bhat
- Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.IrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Richy Agajanian
- The Oncology Institute of Hope and InnovationDowneyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Inderjit Mehmi
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterSimi ValleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Zane Yang
- Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.IrvineCaliforniaUSA
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