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Pakula MM, Maier TJ, Vorup-Jensen T. Insight on the impacts of free amino acids and their metabolites on the immune system from a perspective of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:611-626. [PMID: 28441889 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amino acids (AAs) support a broad range of functions in living organisms, including several that affect the immune system. The functions of the immune system are affected when free AAs are depleted or in excess because of external factors, such as starvation, or because of genetic factors, such as inborn errors of metabolism. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the current insights into how free AAs affect immune responses. When possible, we make comparisons to known disease states resulting from inborn errors of metabolism, in which changed levels of AAs or AA metabolites provide insight into the impact of AAs on the human immune system in vivo. We also explore the literature describing how changes in AA levels might provide pharmaceutical targets for safe immunomodulatory treatment. Expert opinion: The impact of free AAs on the immune system is a neglected topic in most immunology textbooks. That neglect is undeserved, because free AAs have both direct and indirect effects on the immune system. Consistent choices of pre-clinical models and better strategies for creating formulations are required to gain clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Center for Neurodegenerative Inflammation Prevention (NEURODIN) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,d The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,e MEMBRANES Research center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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Siegert W, Wild K, Schollenberger M, Helmbrecht A, Rodehutscord M. Effect of glycine supplementation in low protein diets with amino acids from soy protein isolate or free amino acids on broiler growth and nitrogen utilisation. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:424-34. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1163523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K.J. Wild
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Schollenberger
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Helmbrecht
- Feed Additives Division, Evonik Industries AG, Hanau, Germany
| | - M. Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Tee LH, Yang B, Nagendra KP, Ramanan RN, Sun J, Chan ES, Tey BT, Azlan A, Ismail A, Lau CY, Jiang Y. Nutritional compositions and bioactivities of Dacryodes species: a review. Food Chem 2014; 165:247-55. [PMID: 25038673 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dacryodes species are evergreen, perennial trees with fleshy fruits and belong to the family Buseraseae. Many Dacryodes species are underutilized but are widely applied in traditional folk medicine to treat malaria, fever and skin diseases. The nutritional compositions, phytochemicals and biological activities of Dacryodes edulis, Dacryodes rostrata, Dacryodes buettneri, Dacryodes klaineana and Dacryodes hexandra are presented. The edible fruits of D. edulis are rich in lipids, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids and amino acids. Its extracts (leaf, fruit and resin) exhibit antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic and other bioactivities. D. rostrata fruit has significant nutrient content, and is rich in proteins, lipids and minerals. These fruits are also highly rich in polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities. This comprehensive review will assist the reader in understanding the nutritional benefits of Dacryodes species and in identifying current research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hong Tee
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratories of Plant Resources, Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Krishnamurthy Prasad Nagendra
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 53007, China
| | - Eng-Seng Chan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Beng Ti Tey
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Yuon Lau
- Fruits and Post-Harvest Technology Section, Semongok Agriculture Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, 93720 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratories of Plant Resources, Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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