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Bogdanov VB, Bogdanova OV, Dexpert S, Delgado I, Beyer H, Aubert A, Dilharreguy B, Beau C, Forestier D, Ledaguenel P, Magne E, Aouizerate B, Layé S, Ferreira G, Felger J, Pagnoni G, Capuron L. Reward-related brain activity and behavior are associated with peripheral ghrelin levels in obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 112:104520. [PMID: 31786481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While excessive food consumption represents a key factor in the development of obesity, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Ghrelin, a gut-brain hormone involved in the regulation of appetite, is impaired in obesity. In addition to its role in eating behavior, this hormone was shown to affect brain regions controlling reward, including the striatum and prefrontal cortex, and there is strong evidence of impaired reward processing in obesity. The present study investigated the possibility that disrupted reward-related brain activity in obesity relates to ghrelin deficiency. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen severely obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2) and fifteen healthy non-obese control subjects (BMI < 30 kg/m2) were recruited. A guessing-task paradigm, previously shown to activate the ventral striatum, was used to assess reward-related brain neural activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fasting blood samples were collected for the measurement of circulating ghrelin. RESULTS Significant activations in the ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and extrastriate visual cortex were elicited by the fMRI task in both obese and control subjects. In addition, greater reward-related activations were present in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and precuneus/posterior cingulate of obese subjects compared to controls. Obese subjects exhibited longer choice times after repeated reward and lower circulating ghrelin levels than lean controls. Reduced ghrelin levels significantly predicted slower post-reward choices and reward-related hyperactivity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in obese subjects. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of association between circulating ghrelin and reward-related brain activity in obesity and encourages further exploration of the role of ghrelin system in altered eating behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B Bogdanov
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat, Laboratoire Génie Civil et Bâtiment, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Olena V Bogdanova
- INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, F-69676, Bron, France
| | - Sandra Dexpert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ines Delgado
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Helen Beyer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Aubert
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Cédric Beau
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Damien Forestier
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Patrick Ledaguenel
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Eric Magne
- Digestive and Parietal Surgery, Clinique Tivoli, F-33000, Bordeaux, and Clinique Jean Villar, F-33520, Bruges, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Felger
- Dpt of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pagnoni
- Dept of Neural, Biomedical, and Metabolic Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucile Capuron
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem affecting both adults and children. Effective prevention and treatment modalities can be achieved by understanding the pathogenesis of obesity better. This review addresses some of the issues related to the hormones and cytokines taking part in the pathogenesis of obesity, energy balance and inflammation. DESIGN We reviewed current literature on this broad subject especially concentrating on the functions of the hormones and cytokines taking part in the pathogenesis of the childhood obesity. Using the key words obesity, children, hormones, cytokines publications and cross references were evaluated from PubMed database between 1957 and 2009. RESULTS In children, leptin and ghrelin are two hormones which have major influence on energy balance. Leptin is responsible from long term regulation of energy balance and ghrelin functions as an appetite stimulatory signal. In contrast to ghrelin, obestatin acts as an anorexigenic hormone by suppressing food intake. Adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are the key regulators of inflammation in obesity. Increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels but decreased levels of adiponectin and IL-10 are associated with increased inflammation, tissue injury and complications of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Development, pathogenesis and complications of childhood obesity consist of complex mechanisms including numerous cytokines and hormones. New treatment modalities depend on understanding these complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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Şen TA, Gökşen Şimşek D, Darcan Ş, Çoker M. Ghrelin levels in children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2010; 2:117-21. [PMID: 21274325 PMCID: PMC3005682 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v2i3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to show the role of ghrelin in growth delay in children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). METHODS Thirty male children with CDGP constituted the study group and fifteen healthy children with normal growth of similar ages-the control group. In both groups, fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels were determined. RESULTS There were no differences in fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels (824.23±523.46 pg/mL and 447.26±259.92 pg/mL, respectively) in children with CDGP compared to the levels in the control group (687.38±481.43 pg/mL and 365.59±260.43 pg/mL, respectively; p>0.05). Differences in fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels were also similar in the two groups (394.44±369.10 pg/mL and 346.55±338.67 pg/mL, respectively; p>0.05). Serum IGF-1 levels were significantly depressed in children with CDGP compared to those in the control group (239.5±83.95 ng/mL and 339.20±63.08 ng/mL, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSION Decreased appetite and feeding problems in children with CDGP were not related to depressed ghrelin levels. In addition, ghrelin levels did not increase to compensate for the decreased appetite and feeding problems in CDGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolta Altuğ Şen
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Damla Gökşen Şimşek
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Darcan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Çoker
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
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Molecular characterization of the ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes and effects on fat deposition in chicken and duck. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2009:567120. [PMID: 20145704 PMCID: PMC2817370 DOI: 10.1155/2009/567120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) and its receptor (GHSR) are involved in various bioactivities. In this study, the complete cDNA and 5′ flanking region of the duck GHRL (dGHRL) gene and a 3717 bp fragment of the duck GHSR (dGHSR) gene were obtained. A total of 19, 8, 43, and 48 SNPs identified in 2751, 1358, 3671, and 3567 bp of the chicken GHRL (cGHRL), chicken GHSR (cGHSR), dGHRL, and dGHSR genes, respectively. Both cGHRL and dGHRL were expressed predominantly in the proventriculus, whereas the highest mRNA levels of cGHSR and dGHSR were detected in the breast muscle and pituitary. Association analysis showed that C-2047G, A-2355C, and A-2220C of the cGHRL gene were significantly associated with abdominal fat weight (AFW; P = .01), crude protein content of leg muscle (CPCLM; P = .02), and CPCLM (P = .0009), respectively. C-1459T of the cGHSR gene was also significantly associated with CPCLM (P = .0004). C-729T of dGHRL and A3427T of dGHSR were both significantly associated with subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT; P = .04). It was indicated by this study that the GHRL and GHSR genes were related to fat deposition in both chicken and duck.
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