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Pang Z, Jin L, Zhang J, Meng W, Wang D, Jin L. Maternal periconceptional folic acid supplementation and risk for fetal congenital genitourinary system defects. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1132-1138. [PMID: 37709853 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking folic acid supplementation could reduce the risk of neural tube defects for offspring in the maternal periconceptional period, but the relationship between folic acid use and other birth defects remains unclear, such as genitourinary system birth defects. METHODS The data from a Prenatal Health Care System and Birth Defects Surveillance System in Tongzhou, Beijing, China, were collected from 2013 to 2018. We adjusted for differences in characteristics between comparison groups using propensity score inverse probability weighting and assessed associations with Poisson regression modeling. RESULTS A total of 65,418 live births and stillbirths were included, and there were 194 cases with congenital genitourinary defects among them. The prevalence of genitourinary system birth defects was 29.2 (34.9) per 10,000 for FA/MMFA users (nonusers). Compared to nonusers, FA/MMFA users had a lower risk for genitourinary system birth defects (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67, 0.98), and for hypospadias (aRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40, 0.76). CONCLUSIONS FA or MMFA supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. More mechanisms should be explored for the protective effect. IMPACT Folic acid (FA) or multiple micronutrients containing folic acid (MMFA) supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. Maternal FA/MMFA supplementation during the periconceptional period may reduce the risk for hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Pang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Al Maruf DSA, Ghosh YA, Xin H, Cheng K, Mukherjee P, Crook JM, Wallace GG, Klein TJ, Clark JR. Hydrogel: A Potential Material for Bone Tissue Engineering Repairing the Segmental Mandibular Defect. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194186. [PMID: 36236133 PMCID: PMC9571534 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Free flap surgery is currently the only successful method used by surgeons to reconstruct critical-sized defects of the jaw, and is commonly used in patients who have had bony lesions excised due to oral cancer, trauma, infection or necrosis. However, donor site morbidity remains a significant flaw of this strategy. Various biomaterials have been under investigation in search of a suitable alternative for segmental mandibular defect reconstruction. Hydrogels are group of biomaterials that have shown their potential in various tissue engineering applications, including bone regeneration, both through in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical animal trials. This review discusses different types of hydrogels, their fabrication techniques, 3D printing, their potential for bone regeneration, outcomes, and the limitations of various hydrogels in preclinical models for bone tissue engineering. This review also proposes a modified technique utilizing the potential of hydrogels combined with scaffolds and cells for efficient reconstruction of mandibular segmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Abdullah Al Maruf
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yohaann Ali Ghosh
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Hai Xin
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Kai Cheng
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Mukherjee
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Jeremy Micah Crook
- Biomedical Innovation, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Sarcoma and Surgical Research Centre, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon George Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Travis Jacob Klein
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Jonathan Robert Clark
- Integrated Prosthetics and Reconstruction, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local, Camperdown 2050, Australia
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3
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Sabetkish S, Sabetkish N, Kajbafzadeh AM. Regeneration of muscular wall of the bladder using a ureter matrix graft as a scaffold. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:207-214. [PMID: 34107818 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1931448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a method for bladder augmentation in rats using a decellularized ureter graft. We used 16 rats divided into two groups of eight. After partial cystectomy, the bladders in group 1 were grafted with a 1 cm2 patch of human decellularized ureter. Rats in group 2 were untreated controls. Biopsies of the graft were taken at 1, 3 and 9 months postoperatively for histological investigation. Total removal of cells and preservation of extracellular matrix (ECM) was confirmed in the decellularized ureter. Histological examination after 1 month revealed few cells at the border of the graft. Three months after the operation, the graft was infiltrated by vessels and smooth muscle and the mucosal lining was complete. All bladder wall components resembled native bladder wall by 9 months after implantation. CD34, CD31, α-smooth muscle actin, S100, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and vimentin were detected 9 months after the operation. We demonstrated the potential of decellularized biocompatible ureteric grafts for use as a natural collagen scaffold for bladder repair in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Shih KW, Chen WC, Chang CH, Tai TE, Wu JC, Huang AC, Liu MC. Non-Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer: Re-envisioning Therapeutic Journey from Traditional to Regenerative Interventions. Aging Dis 2021; 12:868-885. [PMID: 34094648 PMCID: PMC8139208 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is one of the most common cancer and major cause of economical and health burden in developed countries. Progression of NMIBC has been characterized as low-grade (Ta) and high grade (carcinoma in situ and T1). The current surgical intervention for NMIBC includes transurethral resection of bladder tumor; however, its recurrence still remains a challenge. The BCG-based immunotherapy is much effective against low-grade NMIBC. BCG increases the influx of T cells at bladder cancer site and inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells. The chemotherapy is another traditional approach to address NMIBC by supplementing BCG. Notwithstanding, these current therapeutic measures possess limited efficacy in controlling NMIBC, and do not provide comprehensive long-term relief. Hence, biomaterials and scaffolds seem an effective medium to deliver therapeutic agents for restructuring bladder post-treatment. The regenerative therapies such as stem cells and PRP have also been explored for possible solution to NMIBC. Based on above-mentioned approaches, we have comprehensively analyzed therapeutic journey from traditional to regenerative interventions for the treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Shih
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Chen
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsin Chang
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,4Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ting-En Tai
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Cheng Wu
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,5Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,6Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Andy C Huang
- 8Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,11221, Taiwan.,9Department of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei 10629, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,7Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,10School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Yahya EB, Amirul AA, H.P.S. AK, Olaiya NG, Iqbal MO, Jummaat F, A.K. AS, Adnan AS. Insights into the Role of Biopolymer Aerogel Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1612. [PMID: 34067569 PMCID: PMC8156123 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global transplantation market size was valued at USD 8.4 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 11.5% over the forecast period. The increasing demand for tissue transplantation has inspired researchers to find alternative approaches for making artificial tissues and organs function. The unique physicochemical and biological properties of biopolymers and the attractive structural characteristics of aerogels such as extremely high porosity, ultra low-density, and high surface area make combining these materials of great interest in tissue scaffolding and regenerative medicine applications. Numerous biopolymer aerogel scaffolds have been used to regenerate skin, cartilage, bone, and even heart valves and blood vessels by growing desired cells together with the growth factor in tissue engineering scaffolds. This review focuses on the principle of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and the role of biopolymer aerogel scaffolds in this field, going through the properties and the desirable characteristics of biopolymers and biopolymer tissue scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. The recent advances of using biopolymer aerogel scaffolds in the regeneration of skin, cartilage, bone, and heart valves are also discussed in the present review. Finally, we highlight the main challenges of biopolymer-based scaffolds and the prospects of using these materials in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - A. A. Amirul
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Khalil H.P.S.
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Niyi Gideon Olaiya
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Akure, Nigeria;
| | - Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Fauziah Jummaat
- Management & Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia; (F.J.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Atty Sofea A.K.
- Hospital Seberang Jaya, Jalan Tun Hussein Onn, Seberang Jaya, Permatang Pauh 13700, Malaysia;
| | - A. S. Adnan
- Management & Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia; (F.J.); (A.S.A.)
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6
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Eyni H, Ghorbani S, Nazari H, Hajialyani M, Razavi Bazaz S, Mohaqiq M, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Sutherland DS. Advanced bioengineering of male germ stem cells to preserve fertility. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211060590. [PMID: 34868541 PMCID: PMC8638075 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern life, several factors such as genetics, exposure to toxins, and aging have resulted in significant levels of male infertility, estimated to be approximately 18% worldwide. In response, substantial progress has been made to improve in vitro fertilization treatments (e.g. microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (m-TESE), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and round spermatid injection (ROSI)). Mimicking the structure of testicular natural extracellular matrices (ECM) outside of the body is one clear route toward complete in vitro spermatogenesis and male fertility preservation. Here, a new wave of technological innovations is underway applying regenerative medicine strategies to cell-tissue culture on natural or synthetic scaffolds supplemented with bioactive factors. The emergence of advanced bioengineered systems suggests new hope for male fertility preservation through development of functional male germ cells. To date, few studies aimed at in vitro spermatogenesis have resulted in relevant numbers of mature gametes. However, a substantial body of knowledge on conditions that are required to maintain and mature male germ cells in vitro is now in place. This review focuses on advanced bioengineering methods such as microfluidic systems, bio-fabricated scaffolds, and 3D organ culture applied to the germline for fertility preservation through in vitro spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eyni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences,
School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ghorbani
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
(iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- Research Center for Advanced
Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hajialyani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research
Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah,
Iran
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine,
School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Sutherland
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
(iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Liu W, Cao N, Fan S, Zhang H, Shao H, Song L, Cao C, Huang J, Zhang Y. Angiogenesis Potential of Bladder Acellular Matrix Hydrogel by Compounding Endothelial Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1158-1167. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Nailong Cao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lujie Song
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
- Shanghai Eastern
Institute of Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Chengbo Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, YanTai University, YanTai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
- Shanghai Eastern
Institute of Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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8
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Cao N, Song L, Liu W, Fan S, Jiang D, Mu J, Gu B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Huang J. Prevascularized bladder acellular matrix hydrogel/silk fibroin composite scaffolds promote the regeneration of urethra in a rabbit model. Biomed Mater 2018; 14:015002. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aae5e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Zhou Z, Yan H, Liu Y, Xiao D, Li W, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Sun K, Zhang M, Lu M. Adipose-derived stem-cell-implanted poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/chitosan scaffold improves bladder regeneration in a rat model. Regen Med 2018; 13:331-342. [PMID: 29717628 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study investigated the feasibility of seeding adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) onto a poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/chitosan (PCL/CS) scaffold for bladder reconstruction using a rat model of bladder augmentation. MATERIALS & METHODS In the experimental group, the autologous ASCs were seeded onto the PCL/CS scaffold for bladder augmentation. An unseeded scaffold was used for bladder augmentation as control group. The sham group was also set. RESULT 8 weeks after implantation, more densely smooth muscles were detected in the experimental group with a larger bladder capacity and more intensive blood vessels. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that some of the smooth muscle cells were transdifferentiated from the ASCs. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that ASC-seeded PCL/CS may be a potential scaffold for bladder tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Kang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Mujun Lu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
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10
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Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. In these cases, endocrinological evaluation is advised to exclude disorders of sexual differentiation, especially in case of concomitant unilateral or bilateral undescended testis. Although the etiology of hypospadias is largely unknown, many hypotheses exist about genetic predisposition and hormonal influences. The goal of hypospadias repair is to achieve cosmetic and functional normality, and currently, surgery is recommended between 6 and 18 months of age. Hypospadias can be corrected at any age with comparable complication risk, functional, and cosmetic outcome; however, the optimal age of repair remains conclusive. Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. CONCLUSION This study explores the most recent insights into the management of hypospadias. What is Known: • Guidelines advise referral for treatment between 6 and 18 months of age. • Cosmetic outcome is considered satisfactory in over 70% of all patients. What is New: • Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues. • New developments allow a more individualized approach, hopefully leading to less complications and more patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. R. van der Horst
- Department of Urology, VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. L. de Wall
- Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Leonhäuser D, Stollenwerk K, Seifarth V, Zraik IM, Vogt M, Srinivasan PK, Tolba RH, Grosse JO. Two differentially structured collagen scaffolds for potential urinary bladder augmentation: proof of concept study in a Göttingen minipig model. J Transl Med 2017; 15:3. [PMID: 28049497 PMCID: PMC5209890 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The repair of urinary bladder tissue is a necessity for tissue loss due to cancer, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. Use of intestinal tissue is still the gold standard in the urological clinic, which leads to new problems and dysfunctions like mucus production, stone formation, and finally malignancies. Therefore, the use of artificial, biologically derived materials is a promising step towards the augmentation of this specialised tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate potential bladder wall repair by two collagen scaffold prototypes, OptiMaix 2D and 3D, naïve and seeded with autologous vesical cells, as potential bladder wall substitute material in a large animal model. Methods Six Göttingen minipigs underwent cystoplastic surgery for tissue biopsy and cell isolation followed by implantation of unseeded scaffolds. Six weeks after the first operation, scaffolds seeded with the tissue cultured autologous urothelial and detrusor smooth muscle cells were implanted into the bladder together with additional unseeded scaffolds for comparison. Cystography and bladder ultrasound were performed to demonstrate structural integrity and as leakage test of the implantation sites. Eighteen, 22, and 32 weeks after the first operation, two minipigs respectively were sacrificed and the urinary tract was examined via different (immunohistochemical) staining procedures and the usage of two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Results Both collagen scaffold prototypes in vivo had good ingrowth capacity into the bladder wall including a quick lining with urothelial cells. The ingrowth of detrusor muscle tissue, along with the degradation of the scaffolds, could also be observed throughout the study period. Conclusions We could show that the investigated collagen scaffolds OptiMaix 2D and 3D are a potential material for bladder wall substitution. The material has good biocompatible properties, shows a good cell growth of autologous cells in vitro, and a good integration into the present bladder tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Leonhäuser
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Stollenwerk
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Seifarth
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,FB 9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Biology, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Isabella M Zraik
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Vogt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pramod K Srinivasan
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim O Grosse
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Peng G, Liu H, Fan Y. Biomaterial Scaffolds for Reproductive Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1592-1607. [PMID: 28004214 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive system usually involves gamete producing gonads, a series of specialized ducts, accessory glands and the external genitalia. Despite there are many traditional methods such as hormonal and surgical approaches, at present no effective treatments exist to help patients suffering from serious diseases of reproductive system, including congenital and acquired abnormalities, malignant tumor, traumatic, infectious etiologies, inflammation and iatrogenic injuries. Tissue engineering holds promise for reproductive medicine through the development of biological alternative. Till now, a diverse range of biomaterials have been utilized as suitable substrates to match both the mechanical and biological context of reproductive tissues. The current review will focus mainly on the applications of biomaterial scaffolds and their major achievements in each region of reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Peng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Xue Yuan Road No. 37, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Xue Yuan Road No. 37, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Xue Yuan Road No. 37, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Pitkin Z. New Phase of Growth for Xenogeneic-Based Bioartificial Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1593. [PMID: 27657057 PMCID: PMC5037858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we examine the advanced clinical development of bioartificial organs and describe the challenges to implementing such systems into patient care. The case for bioartificial organs is evident: they are meant to reduce patient morbidity and mortality caused by the persistent shortage of organs available for allotransplantation. The widespread introduction and adoption of bioengineered organs, incorporating cells and tissues derived from either human or animal sources, would help address this shortage. Despite the decades of development, the variety of organs studied and bioengineered, and continuous progress in the field, only two bioengineered systems are currently commercially available: Apligraf® and Dermagraft® are both approved by the FDA to treat diabetic foot ulcers, and Apligraf® is approved to treat venous leg ulcers. Currently, no products based on xenotransplantation have been approved by the FDA. Risk factors include immunological barriers and the potential infectivity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), which is unique to xenotransplantation. Recent breakthroughs in gene editing may, however, mitigate risks related to PERV. Because of its primary role in interrupting progress in xenotransplantation, we present a risk assessment for PERV infection, and conclude that the formerly high risk has been reduced to a moderate level. Advances in gene editing, and more broadly in the field, may make it more likely than ever before that bioartificial organs will alleviate the suffering of patients with organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorina Pitkin
- Organogenesis Inc., 150 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021, USA.
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14
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Lv X, Li Z, Chen S, Xie M, Huang J, Peng X, Yang R, Wang H, Xu Y, Feng C. Structural and functional evaluation of oxygenating keratin/silk fibroin scaffold and initial assessment of their potential for urethral tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2016; 84:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lopes RI, Lorenzo A. Recent Advances in Urinary Tract Reconstruction for Neuropathic Bladder in Children. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 26962441 PMCID: PMC4765717 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic bladder usually causes several limitations to patients’ quality of life, including urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and upper urinary tract damage. Its management has significantly changed over the last few years. The aim of our paper is to address some salient features of recent literature dealing with reconstructive procedures in pediatric and adolescent patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto I Lopes
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armando Lorenzo
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Liceras-Liceras E, Garzón I, España-López A, Oliveira ACX, García-Gómez M, Martín-Piedra MÁ, Roda O, Alba-Tercedor J, Alaminos M, Fernández-Valadés R. Generation of a bioengineered autologous bone substitute for palate repair: an in vivo study in laboratory animals. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1907-1914. [PMID: 26449518 DOI: 10.1002/term.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We carried out an in vivo study to evaluate the potential usefulness of a novel bioengineered bone substitute for the repair of palate defects in laboratory rabbits, using tissue-engineering methods. Our results showed that the use of a bioengineered bone substitute was associated with more symmetrical palate growth as compared to the controls, and the length and height of the palate were very similar on both sides of the palate, with differences from negative controls 4 months after artificial bone grafting for bone length. The histological analysis revealed that the regenerated bone was well organized and expressed osteocalcin. In contrast, bone corresponding to control animals without tissue grafting was immature, with areas of osteoid tissue and remodelling, as determined by MMP-14 expression. These results suggest that bone substitutes may be a useful strategy to induce the formation of a well-structured palate bone, which could prevent the growth alterations found in cleft palate patients. This opens a door to a future clinical application of these bone substitutes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Liceras-Liceras
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,PhD programme in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio España-López
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana-Celeste-Ximenes Oliveira
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam García-Gómez
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel Martín-Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Roda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Spain.,Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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17
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Mauney JR, Adam RM. Dynamic reciprocity in cell-scaffold interactions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:77-85. [PMID: 25453262 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering in urology has shown considerable promise. However, there is still much to understand, particularly regarding the interactions between scaffolds and their host environment, how these interactions regulate regeneration and how they may be enhanced for optimal tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the concept of dynamic reciprocity as applied to tissue engineering, i.e. how bi-directional signaling between implanted scaffolds and host tissues such as the bladder drives the process of constructive remodeling to ensure successful graft integration and tissue repair. The impact of scaffold content and configuration, the contribution of endogenous and exogenous bioactive factors, the influence of the host immune response and the functional interaction with mechanical stimulation are all considered. In addition, the temporal relationships of host tissue ingrowth, bioactive factor mobilization, scaffold degradation and immune cell infiltration, as well as the reciprocal signaling between discrete cell types and scaffolds are discussed. Improved understanding of these aspects of tissue repair will identify opportunities for optimization of repair that could be exploited to enhance regenerative medicine strategies for urology in future studies.
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Huang JW, Xie MK, Zhang Y, Wei GJ, Li X, Li HB, Wang JH, Zhu WD, Li C, Xu YM, Song LJ. Reconstruction of Penile Urethra With the 3-Dimensional Porous Bladder Acellular Matrix in a Rabbit Model. Urology 2014; 84:1499-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Song L, Murphy SV, Yang B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Atala A. Bladder Acellular Matrix and Its Application in Bladder Augmentation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:163-72. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Song
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean V. Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bin Yang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuemin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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20
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Bland E, Burg KJL. Fluorescence ratio imaging for oxygen measurement in a tissue engineered construct. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023613y.0000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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21
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Orabi H, AbouShwareb T, Zhang Y, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Cell-seeded tubularized scaffolds for reconstruction of long urethral defects: a preclinical study. Eur Urol 2013; 63:531-8. [PMID: 22877501 PMCID: PMC3554849 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment options for patients requiring repair of a long segment of the urethra are limited by the availability of autologous tissues. We previously reported that acellular collagen-based tubularized constructs seeded with cells are able to repair small urethral defects in a rabbit model. OBJECTIVE We explored the feasibility of engineering clinically relevant long urethras for surgical reconstruction in a canine preclinical model. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Autologous bladder epithelial and smooth muscle cells from 15 male dogs were grown and seeded onto preconfigured collagen-based tubular matrices (6 cm in length). The perineal urethral segment was removed in 21 male dogs. Urethroplasties were performed with tubularized collagen scaffolds seeded with cells in 15 animals. Tubularized constructs without cells were implanted in six animals. Serial urethrography and three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scans were performed pre- and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo. The animals were euthanized at their predetermined time points (three animals at 1 mo, and four at 3, 6, and 12 mo) for analyses. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis of CT imaging and histology was not needed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS CT urethrograms showed wide-caliber urethras without strictures in animals implanted with cell-seeded matrices. The urethral segments replaced with acellular scaffolds collapsed. Gross examination of the urethral implants seeded with cells showed normal-appearing tissue without evidence of fibrosis. Histologically, an epithelial cell layer surrounded by muscle fiber bundles was observed on the cell-seeded constructs, and cellular organization increased over time. The epithelial and smooth muscle phenotypes were confirmed using antibodies to pancytokeratins AE1/AE3 and smooth muscle-specific desmin. Formation of an epithelial cell layer occurred in the unseeded constructs, but few muscle fibers formed. CONCLUSIONS Cell-seeded tubularized collagen scaffolds can be used to repair long urethral defects, whereas scaffolds without cells lead to poor tissue development and strictures. This study demonstrates that long tissue-engineered tubularized urethral segments may be used for urethroplasty in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Orabi
- Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Urology Department, Assiut University, Egypt 71516
| | - Tamer AbouShwareb
- Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - James J. Yoo
- Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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22
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Salem SA, Hwei NM, Bin Saim A, Ho CCK, Sagap I, Singh R, Yusof MR, Md Zainuddin Z, Idrus RBH. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid mesh coated with fibrin or collagen and biological adhesive substance as a prefabricated, degradable, biocompatible, and functional scaffold for regeneration of the urinary bladder wall. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2237-47. [PMID: 23349110 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chief obstacle for reconstructing the bladder is the absence of a biomaterial, either permanent or biodegradable, that will function as a suitable scaffold for the natural process of regeneration. In this study, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) plus collagen or fibrin was evaluated for its suitability as a scaffold for urinary bladder construct. Human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) were cultured, followed by incubation in smooth muscle cells differentiation media. Differentiated HADSCs were then seeded onto PLGA mesh supported with collagen or fibrin. Evaluation of cell-seeded PLGA composite immersed in culture medium was performed under a light and scanning microscope. To determine if the composite is compatible with the urodynamic properties of urinary bladder, porosity and leaking test was performed. The PLGA samples were subjected to tensile testing was pulled until PLGA fibers break. The results showed that the PLGA composite is biocompatible to differentiated HADSCs. PLGA-collagen mesh appeared to be optimal as a cell carrier while the three-layered PLGA-fibrin composite is better in relation to its leaking/ porosity property. A biomechanical test was also performed for three-layered PLGA with biological adhesive and three-layered PLGA alone. The tensile stress at failure was 30.82 ± 3.80 (MPa) and 34.36 ± 2.57 (MPa), respectively. Maximum tensile strain at failure was 19.42 ± 2.24 (mm) and 23.06 ± 2.47 (mm), respectively. Young's modulus was 0.035 ± 0.0083 and 0.043 ± 0.012, respectively. The maximum load at break was 58.55 ± 7.90 (N) and 65.29 ± 4.89 (N), respectively. In conclusion, PLGA-Fibrin fulfils the criteria as a scaffold for urinary bladder reconstruction.
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Horst M, Madduri S, Milleret V, Sulser T, Gobet R, Eberli D. A bilayered hybrid microfibrous PLGA--acellular matrix scaffold for hollow organ tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23177021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Various synthetic and natural biomaterials have been used for regeneration of tissues and hollow organs. However, clinical outcome of reconstructive procedures remained challenging due to the lack of appropriate scaffold materials, supporting the needs of various cell types and providing a barrier function required in hollow organs. To address these problems, we have developed a bilayered hybrid scaffold comprising unique traits of polymeric microfibers and naturally derived acellular matrices and tested its potential for hollow organ regeneration in a rat bladder model. Hybrid scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning of PLGA microfibers directly onto the abluminal surface of a bladder acellular matrix. Stability of this bilayered construct was established using modified spinning technique. The resulting 3-dimensional framework provided good support for growth, attachment and proliferation of primary bladder smooth muscle cells. Histological analysis in vivo at 4 and 8 weeks post implantation, revealed regeneration of bladder tissue structures consisting of urothelium, smooth muscle and collagen rich layers infiltrated with host cells and micro vessels. Furthermore, hybrid scaffolds maintained normal bladder capacity, whereas BAM recipients showed a significant distension of the bladder. These results demonstrate that this adaptable hybrid scaffold supports bladder regeneration and holds potential for engineering of bladder and other hollow organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Horst
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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De Filippo RE, Kornitzer BS, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Penile urethra replacement with autologous cell-seeded tubularized collagen matrices. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:257-64. [PMID: 23172803 DOI: 10.1002/term.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acellular collagen matrices have been used as an onlay material for urethral reconstruction. However, cell-seeded matrices have been recommended for tubularized urethral repairs. In this study we investigated whether long segmental penile urethral replacement using autologous cell-seeded tubularized collagen-based matrix is feasible. Autologous bladder epithelial and smooth muscle cells from nine male rabbits were grown and seeded onto preconfigured tubular matrices constructed from decellularized bladder matrices obtained from lamina propria. The entire anterior penile urethra was resected in 15 rabbits. Urethroplasties were performed with tubularized matrices seeded with cells in nine animals, and with matrices without cells in six. Serial urethrograms were performed at 1, 3 and 6 months. Retrieved urethral tissues were analysed using histo- and immunohistochemistry, western blot analyses and organ bath studies. The urethrograms showed that animals implanted with cell-seeded matrices maintained a wide urethral calibre without strictures. In contrast, the urethras with unseeded scaffolds collapsed and developed strictures. Histologically, a transitional cell layer surrounded by muscle was observed in the cell-seeded constructs. The epithelial and smooth muscle phenotypes were confirmed with AE1/AE3 and α-actin antibodies. Organ bath studies of the neourethras confirmed both physiological contractility and the presence of neurotransmitters. Tubularized collagen matrices seeded with autologous cells can be used successfully for long segmental penile urethra replacement, while implantation of tubularized collagen matrices without cells leads to poor tissue development and stricture formation. The cell-seeded collagen matrices are able to form new tissue, which is histologically similar to native urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E De Filippo
- Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Horch RE, Kneser U, Polykandriotis E, Schmidt VJ, Sun J, Arkudas A. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine -where do we stand? J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1157-65. [PMID: 22436120 PMCID: PMC3823070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue Engineering (TE) in the context of Regenerative Medicine (RM) has been hailed for many years as one of the most important topics in medicine in the twenty-first century. While the first clinically relevant TE efforts were mainly concerned with the generation of bioengineered skin substitutes, subsequently TE applications have been continuously extended to a wide variety of tissues and organs. The advent of either embryonic or mesenchymal adult stem-cell technology has fostered many of the efforts to combine this promising tool with TE approaches and has merged the field into the term Regenerative Medicine. As a typical example in translational medicine, the discovery of a new type of cells called Telocytes that have been described in many organs and have been detected by electron microscopy opens another gate to RM. Besides cell-therapy strategies, the application of gene therapy combined with TE has been investigated to generate tissues and organs. The vascularization of constructs plays a crucial role besides the matrix and cell substitutes. Therefore, novel in vivo models of vascularization have evolved allowing axial vascularization with subsequent transplantation of constructs. This article is intended to give an overview over some of the most recent developments and possible applications in RM through the perspective of TE achievements and cellular research. The synthesis of TE with innovative methods of molecular biology and stem-cell technology appears to be very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery And Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Bland E, Dréau D, Burg KJL. Overcoming hypoxia to improve tissue-engineering approaches to regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:505-14. [PMID: 22761177 DOI: 10.1002/term.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current clinical successes of tissue engineering are limited primarily to low-metabolism, acellular, pre-vascularized or thin tissues. Mass transport has been identified as the primary culprit, limiting the delivery of nutrients (such as oxygen and glucose) and removal of wastes, from tissues deep within a cellular scaffold. While strategies to develop sufficient vasculature to overcome hypoxia in vitro are promising, inconsistencies between the in vitro and the in vivo environments may still negate the effectiveness of large-volume tissue-engineered scaffolds. While a common theme in tissue engineering is to maximize oxygen supply, studies suggest that moderate oxygenation of cellular scaffolds during in vitro conditioning is preferable to high oxygen levels. Aiming for moderate oxygen values to prevent hypoxia while still promoting angiogenesis may be obtained by tailoring in vitro culture conditions to the oxygen environment the scaffold will experience upon implantation. This review discusses the causes and effects of tissue-engineering hypoxia and the optimization of oxygenation for the minimization of in vivo hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bland
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
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27
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Isobe Y, Kosaka T, Kuwahara G, Mikami H, Saku T, Kodama S. Oriented Collagen Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS 2012; 5:501-511. [PMID: 28817059 PMCID: PMC5448924 DOI: 10.3390/ma5030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oriented collagen scaffolds were developed in the form of sheet, mesh and tube by arraying flow-oriented collagen string gels and dehydrating the arrayed gels. The developed collagen scaffolds can be any practical size with any direction of orientation for tissue engineering applications. The birefringence of the collagen scaffolds was quantitatively analyzed by parallel Nicols method. Since native collagen in the human body has orientations such as bone, cartilage, tendon and cornea, and the orientation has a special role for the function of human organs, the developed various types of three-dimensional oriented collagen scaffolds are expected to be useful biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Isobe
- Atree Inc., 16-12-1 Hiroo Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0012, Japan.
| | - Toru Kosaka
- Atree Inc., 16-12-1 Hiroo Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0012, Japan.
| | - Go Kuwahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Pref, 814-0133, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Mikami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Pref, 814-0133, Japan.
| | - Taro Saku
- Atree Inc., 16-12-1 Hiroo Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0012, Japan.
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Pref, 814-0133, Japan.
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28
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Cheng HLM, Loai Y, Farhat WA. Monitoring tissue development in acellular matrix-based regeneration for bladder tissue engineering: multiexponential diffusion and T2* for improved specificity. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:418-426. [PMID: 22351641 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell-seeded acellular matrices (ACMs) are a promising approach for the tissue engineering of soft tissues and organs, such as the urinary bladder. ACM contains site-preferred structural and functional molecules, and degradation products derived from ACM play important roles in tissue remodeling. Regeneration proceeds along concurrent trajectories of cell growth and matrix degradation, characterized by evolving biophysical and biochemical properties. The assessment of tissue development through a noninvasive imaging technique, such as MRI, must therefore be capable of distinguishing these concurrent biophysical and biochemical changes. However, although MRI provides exquisite sensitivity to tissue microstructure, composition and function, specificity remains limited. In this study, multiexponential diffusion and the effective transverse relaxation time T(2)* were investigated for their ability to assess cell growth and tissue composition, respectively. Bladder ACMs prepared with and without hyaluronic acid, and ACMs seeded with smooth muscle cells, were assessed on MRI. The slow diffusion fraction from multiexponential diffusion analysis demonstrated the best correlation with cellularity, with minimal influence from underlying matrix degradation. T(2)* measurements were sensitive to macromolecular content, specifically the presence of hyaluronic acid, without confounding influence from tissue hydration. T(2)* also appeared to be sensitive to cell filling of the matrix pore space. Compared with these metrics, commonly used MRI parameters, such as T(1), T(2) and single diffusion coefficients, were more limited in specificity. The use of T(2) to measure tissue structure and composition is limited by its large dependence on water content, and single diffusion can only reflect the overall characteristics of the extra- and intracellular environment. These findings are important for further development of more specific MRI methods for the monitoring of regeneration in tissue-engineered systems.
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Tissue Bioengineering and Artificial Organs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:314-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Caldas HC, Fernandes IMM, Kawasaki-Oyama RS, Baptista MASF, Plepis AMG, Martins VA, Coimbra TM, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Braile DM, Abbud-Filho M. Effect of stem cells seeded onto biomaterial on the progression of experimental chronic kidney disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:746-54. [PMID: 21606119 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Different routes for the administration of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) have been proposed to treat the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). We investigated whether (1) the use of bovine pericardium (BP) as a scaffold for cell therapy would retard the progression of CRF and (2) the efficacy of cell therapy differently impacts distinct degrees of CRF. We used 2/3 and 5/6 models of renal mass reduction to simulate different stages of chronicity. Treatments consisted of BP seeded with either mesenchymal or mononuclear cells implanted in the parenchyma of remnant kidney. Renal function and proteinuria were measured at days 45 and 90 after cell implantation. BMDC treatment reduced glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased macrophage accumulation, proliferative activity and the expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle-actin. Our results demonstrate: (1) biomaterial combined with BMDC did retard the progression of experimental CRF; (2) cellular therapy stabilized serum creatinine (sCr), improved creatinine clearance and 1/sCr slope when administered during the less severe stages of CRF; (3) treatment with combined therapy decreased glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis and the expression of fibrogenic molecules; and (4) biomaterials seeded with BMDC can be an alternative route of cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa C Caldas
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Immunology and Experimental Transplantation, Medical School of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Cheng HLM, Loai Y, Beaumont M, Farhat WA. The acellular matrix (ACM) for bladder tissue engineering: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:341-8. [PMID: 20665777 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bladder acellular matrices (ACMs) derived from natural tissue are gaining increasing attention for their role in tissue engineering and regeneration. Unlike conventional scaffolds based on biodegradable polymers or gels, ACMs possess native biomechanical and many acquired biologic properties. Efforts to optimize ACM-based scaffolds are ongoing and would be greatly assisted by a noninvasive means to characterize scaffold properties and monitor interaction with cells. MRI is well suited to this role, but research with MRI for scaffold characterization has been limited. This study presents initial results from quantitative MRI measurements for bladder ACM characterization and investigates the effects of incorporating hyaluronic acid, a natural biomaterial useful in tissue-engineering and regeneration. Measured MR relaxation times (T(1), T(2)) and diffusion coefficient were consistent with increased water uptake and glycosaminoglycan content observed on biochemistry in hyaluronic acid ACMs. Multicomponent MRI provided greater specificity, with diffusion data showing an acellular environment and T(2) components distinguishing the separate effects of increased glycosaminoglycans and hydration. These results suggest that quantitative MRI may provide useful information on matrix composition and structure, which is valuable in guiding further development using bladder ACMs for organ regeneration and in strategies involving the use of hyaluronic acid.
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Shokeir AA, Harraz AM, El-Din ABS. Tissue engineering and stem cells: basic principles and applications in urology. Int J Urol 2010; 17:964-73. [PMID: 20969644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To overcome problems of damaged urinary tract tissues and complications of current procedures, tissue engineering (TE) techniques and stem cell (SC) research have achieved great progress. Although diversity of techniques is used, urologists should know the basics. We carried out a literature review regarding the basic principles and applications of TE and SC technologies in the genitourinary tract. We carried out MEDLINE/PubMed searches for English articles until March 2010 using a combination of the following keywords: bladder, erectile dysfunction, kidney, prostate, Peyronie's disease, stem cells, stress urinary incontinence, testis, tissue engineering, ureter, urethra and urinary tract. Retrieved abstracts were checked, and full versions of relevant articles were obtained. Scientists have achieved great advances in basic science research. This is obvious by the tremendous increase in the number of publications. We divided this review in two topics; the first discusses basic science principles of TE and SC, whereas the second part delineates current clinical applications and advances in urological literature. TE and SC applications represent an alternative resource for treating complicated urological diseases. Despite the paucity of clinical trials, the promising results of animal models and continuous work represents the hope of treating various urological disorders with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Shokeir
- Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Center, Urology Department, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Abstract
Many medical conditions require surgical reconstruction of hollow organs. Tissue engineering of organs and tissues is a promising new technique without harvest site morbidity. An ideal biomaterial should be biocompatible, support tissue formation and provide adequate structural support. It should degrade gradually and provide an environment allowing for cell-cell interaction, adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Although tissue formation is feasible, functionality has never been demonstrated. Mainly the lack of proper innervation and vascularisation are hindering contractility and normal function. In this chapter we critically review the current state of engineering hollow organs with a special focus on innervation and vascularisation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent long-time outcome studies of patients with bladder exstrophy treated with primary urinary diversions or primary reconstruction force pediatric urologists to reassess the place of alternative management options in the armamentarium of bladder exstrophy treatment. RECENT FINDINGS After classic ureterosigmoidostomy (USS) or Mainz II pouch, continence rates are very high even in the long-term follow-up with a mean of 50 years. In contrast, multiple procedures including bladder neck repair (BNR) were needed in the majority of patients after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy (CPRE) to achieve normal voiding and to provide cosmetically acceptable and functional genitalia. After multiple staged repair of bladder exstrophy (MSRE), the requirements of multiple procedures including bladder augmentation to achieve urinary continence, not normal voiding, is well known. The augmentation rates published in the literature range form 0 to 82%. There is increasing concern that the risk for tumor formation might be the same for any type of inclusion of intestinal tissue in the urinary tract even without the direct exposure to the fecal stream. SUMMARY The hope of providing normal voiding with a single operation (CPRE) might not be fulfilled even in the most skilled hands. This means that existing concerns after reconstructive techniques in bladder exstrophy regarding risk of tumor formation and BNR not standing the test of time remain important. Long-term psychosocial and sexual outcomes, including fertility of patients after reconstruction or primary diversion, will need to be taken into consideration.
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Minuth WW, Denk L, Meese C, Rachel R, Roessger A. Ultrastructural insights in the interface between generated renal tubules and a polyester interstitium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:4621-4627. [PMID: 19366226 DOI: 10.1021/la803858q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, stem/progenitor cells are emerging as potential candidates for the treatment of renal failure. However, the mechanism of regeneration of renal tubules from stem/progenitor cells is not well-elucidated. In this study, a new method was developed for the generation of tubules replacing coating by extracellular matrix proteins. Renal stem/progenitor cells are mounted between layers of polyester fleece. This artificial interstitium supports spatial development of tubules within 13 days of perfusion culture in chemically defined Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) containing aldosterone as the tubulogenic factor. Whole mount label by soybean agglutinin (SBA) showed that generated tubules exhibited a lumen and a continuously developed basal lamina. Immuno-labeling for cytokeratin Endo-A demonstrated the presence of isoprismatic epithelial cells, and laminin gamma1, occludin, and Na/K-ATPase alpha5 labeling revealed typical features of a polarized epithelium. To get first insight in the interface between tubules and polyester interstitium, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed. The results showed that the generated tubules exhibited polar differentiation with a continuously developed basal lamina consisting of a lamina rara interna, lamina densa, and lamina rara externa. Collagen type III was found to be the linking molecule between the basal lamina and the surrounding polyester fibers by immuno labeling studies. Thus, the findings demonstrate that the spatial development involves the interface between the tubular basal lamina and the polyester interstitium of tubules and is not restricted to the epithelial portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Eberli D, Freitas Filho L, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Composite scaffolds for the engineering of hollow organs and tissues. Methods 2008; 47:109-15. [PMID: 18952175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of synthetic and naturally derived biomaterials have been used for augmenting hollow organs and tissues. However, each has desirable traits which were exclusive of the other. We fabricated a composite scaffold and tested its potential for the engineering of hollow organs in a bladder tissue model. The composite scaffolds were configured to accommodate a large number of cells on one side and were designed to serve as a barrier on the opposite side. The scaffolds were fabricated by bonding a collagen matrix to PGA polymers with threaded collagen fiber stitches. Urothelial and bladder smooth muscle cells were seeded on the composite scaffolds, and implanted in mice for up to 4 weeks and analyzed. Both cell types readily attached and proliferated on the scaffolds and formed bladder tissue-like structures in vivo. These structures consisted of a luminal urothelial layer, a collagen rich compartment and a peripheral smooth muscle layer. Biomechanical studies demonstrated that the tissues were readily elastic while maintaining their pre-configured structures. This study demonstrates that a composite scaffold can be fabricated with two completely different polymer systems for the engineering of hollow organs. The composite scaffolds are biocompatible, possess adequate physical and structural characteristics for bladder tissue engineering, and are able to form tissues in vivo. This scaffold system may be useful in patients requiring hollow organ replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eberli
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27154-1094, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Y Dunn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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