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Lee JH, Song DY, Jun SH, Song SH, Shin CH, Ki CS, Lee K, Song J. High prevalence of increased sitosterol levels in hypercholesterolemic children suggest underestimation of sitosterolemia incidence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238079. [PMID: 32845916 PMCID: PMC7449458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sitosterolemia is an inherited lipid disorder which presents with elevated serum sitosterol and can result in an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. However, sitosterol cannot be accurately measured by routine diagnostic assays, meaning that sitosterolemia diagnosis can often be difficult, especially with many clinical features overlapping with familial hypercholesterolemia. With such complications resulting in increasing reports of misdiagnosis, the prevalence of sitosterolemia is predicted to be much higher than previously reported. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to measure sitosterol levels of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic children. Subsequently, an epidemiologically determined cutoff level of sitosterol was calculated and applied to estimate the prevalence of children with increased sitosterol and identify potential sitosterolemia patients. Massively parallel sequencing was used to confirm the diagnosis in suspected patients. Results Samples from 109 normocholesterolemic and 220 hypercholesterolemic were tested for phytosterols. Sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic children (mean 22.0±45.9 μmol/L for sitosterol and 26.0±32.8 μmol/L for campesterol) compared to normocholesterolemic children (mean 12.1±4.9 μmol/L for sistosterol and 14.8±6.7 μmol/L for campesterol). Via application of a cutoff of 35.9 μmol/L, the prevalence rates for increased and overtly increased sitosterol in hypercholesterolemic children were 6.4% and 1.4% respectively. Furthermore, 3 suspected sitosterolemia patients were identified, with 2 patients receiving molecular confirmation for sitosterolemia diagnosis. Conclusions Our findings reaffirm that the prevalence of sitosterolemia is probably much higher than previously reported, which also indicates the significant risk of misdiagnosis of sitosterolemia with familial hypercholesterolemia. Special lipid testing including sitosterol, especially in children with uncontrolled hypercholesterolemia, is recommended in children in order to identify potential sitosterolemia patients that would otherwise be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Da Young Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Jun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail: (KL); (JS)
| | - Junghan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail: (KL); (JS)
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2
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Quintão ECR. Plasma Non-cholesterol Sterols as Markers of Cholesterol Synthesis and Intestinal Absorption: A Critical Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5152-5162. [PMID: 32744960 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200730220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of phytosterols and non-cholesterol sterol precursors of cholesterol synthesis have been used as markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption and synthesis in inherited and secondary dyslipidemias and in population-based investigations to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular disease, respectively. The method aims at replacing initial research procedures such as the use of stable isotopes associated with fecal steroid balance, which are limited by the high cost and tedious procedures. However, we show in this review that numerous results obtained with serum sterol measurements are contradictory. In this regard, the following points are discussed: 1) how phytosterols relate to atherosclerosis considering that defects in biliary output or in the transport of phytosterols from the intestinal mucosa back into the intestinal lumen provide increased content of phytosterols and other sterols in plasma and tissues, thus not allowing to conclude that their presence in arteries and atheromas represents the etiology of atherosclerosis; 2) serum non-cholesterol sterols as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, such as cholestanol, present discrepant results, rendering them often inadequate to identify cases of coronary artery disease as well as alterations in the whole body cholesterol metabolism; 3) such methods of measurement of cholesterol metabolism are confounded by factors like diabetes mellitus, body weight and other pathologies including considerable hereditary hyperlipidemias biological variabilities that influence the efficiency of synthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
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3
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Cholesterol metabolism in mice models of genetic hypercholesterolemia. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:437-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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5
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Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010124. [PMID: 30634478 PMCID: PMC6356200 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (n = 16), diabetes mellitus (n = 15), metabolic syndrome (n = 5), hyperlipidemia (n = 11), cardiovascular disease (n = 17), and diseases related to intestine (n = 16), liver (n = 22) or kidney (n = 2). In general, markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis displayed reciprocal patterns, showing that cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by the interplay of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis. Distinctive patterns for cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis could be identified, suggesting that metabolic disorders can be classified as 'cholesterol absorbers or cholesterol synthesizers'. Future studies should be performed to confirm or refute these findings and to examine whether this information can be used for targeted (dietary) interventions.
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Burke AC, Telford DE, Sutherland BG, Edwards JY, Sawyez CG, Barrett PHR, Newton RS, Pickering JG, Huff MW. Bempedoic Acid Lowers Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient (
LDLR
+/−
and
LDLR
−/−
) Yucatan Miniature Pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1178-1190. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Bempedoic acid (BemA; ETC-1002) is a novel drug that targets hepatic ATP-citrate lyase to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis. In phase 2 studies, BemA lowers elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hypercholesterolemic patients. In the present study, we tested the ability of BemA to decrease plasma cholesterol and LDL-C and attenuate atherosclerosis in a large animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia.
Approach and Results—
Gene targeting has been used to generate Yucatan miniature pigs heterozygous (
LDLR
+/−
) or homozygous (
LDLR
−/−
) for LDL receptor deficiency (ExeGen).
LDLR
+/−
and
LDLR
−/−
pigs were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-containing diet (34% kcal fat; 0.2% cholesterol) and orally administered placebo or BemA for 160 days. In
LDLR
+/−
pigs, compared with placebo, BemA decreased plasma cholesterol and LDL-C up to 40% and 61%, respectively. In
LDLR
−/−
pigs, in which plasma cholesterol and LDL-C were 5-fold higher than in
LDLR
+/−
pigs, BemA decreased plasma cholesterol and LDL-C up to 27% and 29%, respectively. Plasma levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose and insulin, and liver lipids were unaffected by treatment in either genotype. In the aorta of
LDLR
+/−
pigs, BemA robustly attenuated en face raised lesion area (−58%) and left anterior descending coronary artery cross-sectional lesion area (−40%). In
LDLR
−/−
pigs, in which lesions were substantially more advanced, BemA decreased aortic lesion area (−47%) and left anterior descending coronary artery lesion area (−48%).
Conclusions—
In a large animal model of LDLR deficiency and atherosclerosis, long-term treatment with BemA reduces LDL-C and attenuates the development of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in both
LDLR
+/−
and
LDLR
−/−
miniature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Burke
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry (A.C.B., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
| | - Dawn E. Telford
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Brian G. Sutherland
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
| | - Jane Y. Edwards
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Cynthia G. Sawyez
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - P. Hugh R. Barrett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth (P.H.R.B.)
| | | | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry (A.C.B., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Murray W. Huff
- From the Robarts Research Institute (A.C.B., D.E.T., B.G.S., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry (A.C.B., J.G.P., M.W.H.)
- Department of Medicine (D.E.T., J.Y.E., C.G.S., J.G.P., M.W.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noncholesterol sterols (NCSs) in plasma encompass endogenous cholesterol precursors and exogenous phytosterols and cholesterol metabolites, which are used as surrogate measures of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption, respectively. The ratios of cholesterol synthesis to cholesterol absorption surrogates are also utilized to assess the overall balance of cholesterol metabolism, with higher values representing more synthesis and lower values more absorption. The objective of this review is to focus on recent findings using plasma NCSs and their potential in customizing dietary and pharmacological hypolipidemic therapies. RECENT FINDINGS NCSs are often used to assess the impact of pharmacological and dietary interventions on cholesterol metabolism. Various forms of dyslipidemia have been characterized using NCSs, and NCSs may be a valuable tool in selecting appropriate treatment therapies. NCSs levels are affected by genetic, dietary and physiological factors and have been related to cardiovascular disease risk. SUMMARY The expanded use of plasma NCSs is currently limited by the lack of standardized methodology. However, noncholesterol sterols are still a valuable research tool for the overall assessment of cholesterol metabolism and may have clinical potential in the personalization of diet and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S MacKay
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Department of Human Nutritional Sciences Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Noto D, Cefalù AB, Barraco G, Fayer F, Minà M, Yue P, Tarugi P, Schonfeld G, Averna MR. Plasma non-cholesterol sterols in primary hypobetalipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:409-13. [PMID: 21492858 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypobetalipoproteinemia (pHBL) is characterized by plasma cholesterol levels <5th percentile of a population distribution. Plasma non-cholesterol sterols (NCS) are markers of cholesterol liver synthesis and intestinal absorption. Plasma NCS were measured in 111 pHBL subjects, 108 low cholesterol (LC) and 253 normal cholesterol (NC) controls to gain information on cholesterol metabolism in pHBL, and to assess whether NCS measurements may aid in distinguishing pHBL from LC controls. pHBL subjects compared with LC controls were characterized by increased cholesterol absorption (campesterol/TC) while the synthesis (lathosterol/TC) was not increased. The analysis of pHBL subjects divided by gene defect showed a high campesterol/TC ratio in familial HBL (FHBL) carriers of apolipoproteinB (ApoB) truncations longer than ApoB48 and in FHBL without known gene defect ("not linked"). One not linked kindred was characterized by an increase of the 7-dehydrocholesterol/latho ratio. In a discriminant analysis plasma NCS did not improve the power of TC levels to distinguish FHBL from LC controls. In conclusion, increased cholesterol absorption was found in FHBL subjects harbouring truncations of ApoB>ApoB48, and FHBL harbouring as yet unknown molecular defects. Not linked FHBL kindred are not homogeneous in terms of plasma NCS levels. NCS cannot replace genetic HBL analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Noto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 141, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
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Wang X, Hasegawa J, Kitamura Y, Wang Z, Matsuda A, Shinoda W, Miura N, Kimura K. Effects of Hesperidin on the Progression of Hypercholesterolemia and Fatty Liver Induced by High-Cholesterol Diet in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 117:129-38. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11097fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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10
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Nunes V, Leança C, Panzoldo N, Parra E, Cazita P, Nakandakare E, de Faria E, Quintão E. HDL-C concentration is related to markers of absorption and of cholesterol synthesis: Study in subjects with low vs. high HDL-C. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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