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Schwarzenthal M, Phalet K, Kende J. Enhancing or reducing interethnic hierarchies? Teacher diversity approaches and ethnic majority and minority students' ethnic attitudes and discrimination experiences. J Sch Psychol 2023; 97:101-122. [PMID: 36914361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Diversity approaches in school may affect students' interethnic relations but are often only assessed through students' perceptions. We related teacher-reported diversity approaches (i.e., assimilationism, multiculturalism, color-evasion, and intervening with discrimination) to ethnic majority and minority students' ethnic attitudes as well as to their experiences or perceptions of ethnic discrimination. We also explored students' perceptions of teacher approaches as hypothetical mediators of teacher effects on interethnic relations. We coupled survey data from 547 teachers (Mage = 39.02 years, 70% female) in 64 schools in Belgium with large-scale longitudinal survey data from their students, including 1287 Belgian majority students (Mage = 15.52, 51% female) and 696 Turkish- or Moroccan-origin minority students (Mage = 15.92, 58% female) enrolled in the same schools (Phalet et al., 2018). Longitudinal multilevel models revealed that over time, teacher-reported assimilationism predicted (even) more positive attitudes towards Belgian majority members, and multiculturalism predicted less highly positive attitudes towards Belgian majority members among Belgian majority students. Teacher-reported intervening with discrimination predicted more perceived discrimination of ethnic minority students over time among Belgian majority students. We did not find significant longitudinal effects of teachers' diversity approaches with Turkish- or Moroccan-origin minority students' ethnic attitudes, nor with their discrimination experiences or perceptions. We conclude that teachers' multiculturalism and anti-discrimination approaches reduced interethnic bias and raised awareness of discrimination among ethnic majority students. However, different perceptions by teachers and students suggest the need for schools to better communicate inclusive diversity approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Phalet
- University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judit Kende
- Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Kashikar L, Soemers L, Lüke T, Grosche M. Does the ‘Learning Disability’ label lower teachers’ performance expectations? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-023-09775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTeachers’ expectations are known to influence students’ outcomes. Specifically, better performance is observed among students for whom teachers have high expectations, and vice versa. Teachers not only form their expectations on the basis of previous achievements, but also on the (presumed) group affiliation of students. One group for whom teachers have low-performance expectations are students with learning disabilities. Studies in English-speaking countries have shown that the explicit mention of the diagnosis learning disability lowers teachers’ performance expectations for students labelled in this way. Our study aims to explore (1) whether the effects of this label on performance expectations can be replicated in a sample of prospective teachers in Germany, (2) whether regular and special education teachers generally differ in their expectations, and (3) whether the learning disability label influences the two professional groups differently. In an experimental design, N = 276 participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. In both groups, they read the description of a fictitious student showing major academic problems. The student was labelled as having a learning disability in the experimental group only. Different dependent variables concerning performance expectations were evaluated. The results show that while no main effect of the learning disability label was observed, prospective special education teachers partially seem to have lower performance expectations than prospective regular education teachers. Further analysis showed that the participants in the experimental group and special education teachers suspect a learning disability more frequently. Limitations and directions for the further research are discussed.
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3
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Dierckx K, Van Hiel A, Johnson JD, Lecci L, Valcke B, Sekwena EK. Adaptation and validation of the Johnson-Lecci scale to assess anti-white bias among black UK minority group members. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277077. [PMID: 36441741 PMCID: PMC9704568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study (total N = 901) set out to construct and validate a culturally sensitive instrument to examine anti-White bias among Black UK minority group members. Our novel measure of anti-White bias-which we called the AWB scale-was based upon the Johnson-Lecci scale (JLS; 2003) a questionnaire designed to measure anti-White attitudes among Black Americans. Studies 1 and 2 provided converging evidence for the AWB's four-factor dimensionality, its structural characteristics, its temporal stability and its external validity in Black UK samples, attesting to the consistency of minorities' experience of anti-majority bias in two very different societal contexts. Moreover, Study 3 evidenced our measure's utility for understanding reactions to various relevant contemporary societal events. Theoretical contributions to the literature on intergroup bias are delineated and compared with majority-to-minority prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dierckx
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Van Hiel
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Len Lecci
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara Valcke
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Kefilwe Sekwena
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology with Labour Relations Management, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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4
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Embracing multicultural tensions: How team members’ multicultural paradox mindsets foster team information elaboration and creativity. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Ulbricht J, Schachner MK, Civitillo S, Noack P. Teachers’ acculturation in culturally diverse schools - How is the perceived diversity climate linked to intercultural self-efficacy? Front Psychol 2022; 13:953068. [PMID: 36337492 PMCID: PMC9634156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While in the school context, acculturation is often studied in relation to students of immigrant descent, the current study applies an acculturation framework to teachers mostly representing the mainstream culture. Specifically, we investigated whether teachers’ acculturation attitudes towards their students mediate effects of the perceived cultural diversity climate at school on teachers’ intercultural self-efficacy in culturally diverse classrooms. Analyses were based on reports of 186 teachers (14% of immigrant descent; Mage = 40.8; SDage = 11.8, 73% female) in 22 culturally diverse secondary schools in Southwest Germany. Path analyses indicated that perceived norms of cultural pluralism, and perceived norms of equality and inclusion are directly and positively associated with facets of intercultural self-efficacy. Moreover, teachers’ support for cultural maintenance amongst their students was associated with intercultural self- efficacy, but no mediation was found between climate and intercultural self-efficacy via acculturation attitudes. Implications for teacher training, educational practice and future research on the acculturation and adjustment of teachers in culturally diverse classrooms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolina Ulbricht
- Department of Educational Psychology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Geography Didactics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jolina Ulbricht,
| | - Maja K. Schachner
- Department of Educational Psychology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sauro Civitillo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Noack
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Genkova P, Herbst J, Schreiber H, Rašticová M, Poor J, Veresné KV, Suhajda C, Viszetenvelt A, Bjekic J. A comparative study on culture-specific and cross-cultural aspects of intercultural relations in Hungary, Serbia, Czech Republic, and Germany. Front Psychol 2022; 13:886100. [PMID: 36275289 PMCID: PMC9584916 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability, will, and belief that it is possible to deal effectively with members of other cultural/ethnic groups are still gaining importance all over the world. However, the majority of studies on intercultural relations focus on Western Europe and the USA, applying constructs and theories that replicate a western-centered worldview. As a consequence, it is unclear whether established measures for intergroup attitudes and intercultural competence may be applied in Eastern European countries and to what extent they display comparable ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The current study thus explores cross-cultural commonalities and differences in established measures of ethnic identity, prejudice, acculturation strategies, intercultural intelligence, and multicultural personality. Therefore, we compare the scale structure, difficulty, and sensitivity in samples from Germany and the Eastern European countries Hungary, Serbia, and the Czech Republic (etic-perspective), as well as the culture-specific conceptions of said concepts (emic-perspective). Results show that the investigated scales do not work comparably across German and Eastern European samples. Differences might be rooted in variations of underlying thinking patterns and connotations of single expressions. Those variations are likely to be related to the constant individual societal and historical developments of cultures, shaping the way individuals think and talk about cultural diversity. Future studies are encouraged to consider culture-specific and generalizable aspects of constructs when conducting cross-cultural research on intercultural relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Genkova
- Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
- *Correspondence: Petia Genkova,
| | - Jonathan Herbst
- Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Henrik Schreiber
- Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martina Rašticová
- Department of Law and Social Sciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jozsef Poor
- Social Sciences Management and HR, Research Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
- J. Selye University, Kománo, Slovakia
| | - Klara Valentinyi Veresné
- Social Sciences Management and HR, Research Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Csilla Suhajda
- Social Sciences Management and HR, Research Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Andrea Viszetenvelt
- Social Sciences Management and HR, Research Center, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Jovana Bjekic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Csaszar FA, Jue-Rajasingh D, Jensen M. When Less Is More: How Statistical Discrimination Can Decrease Predictive Accuracy. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination is a pervasive aspect of modern society and human relations. Statistical discrimination theory suggests that profit-maximizing employers should use all the information about job candidates, including information about group membership (e.g., race or gender), to make accurate predictions. In contrast, research on heuristics in psychology suggests that using less information can be better. Drawing on research on heuristics, we show that even small amounts of inconsistency can make predictions using group membership less accurate than predictions that do not use this information. That is, whereas statistical discrimination theory implies that better predictions can be achieved by using all available information about an individual (including group characteristics that may be correlated with but do not cause performance), our model shows that using all available information only improves predictive accuracy under a very specific set of conditions, thus suggesting that statistical discrimination often results in worse predictions. By understanding when statistical discrimination improves or worsens predictions, our work cautions decision makers and uncovers paths toward reducing the occurrence of situations in which statistical discrimination benefits predictive accuracy, thus reducing its pervasiveness in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. Csaszar
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Diana Jue-Rajasingh
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michael Jensen
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Mari MA. How cues to social categorization impact children's inferences about social categories. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 229:103707. [PMID: 35985155 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Social categorization involves two crucial processes: First, children seek properties on which they can categorize individuals, i.e., they learn to form social categories; then children make inferences based on social category membership and might develop affective responses toward social categories. Over the last decade, a growing number of research in developmental psychology started to use novel social categories to investigate how children learn and reason about social categories. To date, three types of cues have been put forward as means to form social categories, namely linguistic, visual, and behavioral cues. Based on social category membership, children draw inferences about the shared properties of social category members and about how social category members ought to behave and interact with each other. With additional input, children might apply essentialist beliefs to social categories and develop affective responses toward social categories. This article aims to provide key insights on the development of stereotypes and intergroup biases by reviewing recent works that investigated how children learn to form novel social categories and the kind of inferences they make about these novel social categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali A Mari
- Cognitive Science Center, Rue de la Pierre-à-Mazel 7, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Urbiola A, McGarty C, Costa-Lopes R. The AMIGAS Model: Reconciling Prejudice Reduction and Collective Action Approaches Through a Multicultural Commitment in Intergroup Relations. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211056321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Social psychology’s search for ways to address intergroup inequality has grappled with two approaches that have been considered incompatible: (a) the prejudice reduction approach, that argues that changing individual negative attitudes will undermine the basis for discrimination and lead to intergroup harmony; and (b) the collective action approach, that argues that social protest and activism can improve the position of disadvantaged groups. The problem is that efforts toward prejudice reduction may serve to suppress genuine efforts to change. We propose the Achieving Multicultural Integration of Groups Across Society (AMIGAS) model, in which a multicultural commitment is proposed as a driver of both improved intergroup evaluations and promotion of collective action for reduced inequality, especially in contexts where there are conditions for a respectful intercultural dialogue. The AMIGAS model is a theoretical advance in the field of intergroup relations and a basis for implementing effective egalitarian policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Urbiola
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Craig McGarty
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Schotte K, Rjosk C, Edele A, Hachfeld A, Stanat P. Do teachers’ cultural beliefs matter for students’ school adaptation? A multilevel analysis of students’ academic achievement and psychological school adjustment. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBased on two large-scale studies from Germany, we examined how different types of teachers’ cultural beliefs are related to immigrant students’ school adaptation. Specifically, we investigated the relationship of teachers' multicultural beliefs appreciating cultural diversity, their egalitarian beliefs focusing on all students' similarities and their assimilationist beliefs that immigrant students should conform to the mainstream context with immigrant students' academic achievement and psychological school adjustment as indicators of their school adaptation. We also explored all of these associations for non-immigrant students. Study 1 used data on the multicultural, egalitarian, and assimilationist beliefs of German language (NTeachers = 220) and mathematics (NTeachers = 245) teachers and on students’ achievement and feelings of helplessness in German language classes (NStudents = 2606) and mathematics classes (NStudents = 2851) as well as students’ school satisfaction. Study 2 analyzed data on teachers’ multicultural and egalitarian beliefs (NTeachers = 456) and students’ achievement and self-concept in mathematics (NStudents = 4722). Overall, multilevel analyses revealed no relationship between teachers’ cultural beliefs and any of the indicators of immigrant and non-immigrant students’ school adaptation. These findings challenge the notion that overall, teachers’ cultural beliefs effectively translate into students’ school adaptation.
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Aral T, Schachner MK, Juang L, Schwarzenthal M. Cultural diversity approaches in schools and adolescents' willingness to support refugee youth. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 92:e12458. [PMID: 34514583 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturally diverse schools contribute to adolescents' intergroup relations. Complex and inclusive social identities are mechanisms that can explain the link between structural school cultural diversity (i.e., proportion of students of immigrant descent and the number of different ethnic groups) and positive intergroup relations. We expected that similar mechanisms might be at play linking cultural diversity approaches in schools with adolescents' intergroup relations. AIM We examined the link between two sub-dimensions of cultural diversity approaches (i.e., equal treatment; heritage and intercultural learning) and adolescents' prosocial intentions and behaviour towards refugee youth. Then, we explored the mediating role of identity inclusiveness (i.e., perceived similarity of the self with others). SAMPLE AND METHODS We sampled culturally diverse eighth grade adolescents from 54 classrooms in Berlin (N = 503, Mage = 13.76 years, 50.6% female). Surveys measured perceived cultural diversity norms, adolescents' perceived identity inclusiveness with refugee youth, prosocial intentions to support refugee youth, and willingness to donate to a project for refugee youth. RESULTS Multilevel models revealed that adolescents' perception of heritage and intercultural learning predicted adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, but not their willingness to donate. Equal treatment was not a significant predictor of adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, or their willingness to donate. Identity inclusiveness did not mediate the relation between cultural diversity approaches and prosocial intentions. However, identity inclusiveness did positively relate adolescents' prosocial intentions and willingness to donate. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that culturally diverse schools that engage in heritage and intercultural learning might help to promote positive relations between local and refugee youth in schools and society. Fostering inclusive identities may enhance local adolescent's prosocial intention and behaviour.
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12
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Spence CM, Rooks-Ellis DL, Ruiz AB, Fish LA, Jones B, O’Grady CE, Sulinski E. The Language We Use: Providers' Perceptions About Families. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2021; 50:1291-1302. [PMID: 34493916 PMCID: PMC8412869 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021-01258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Implicitly-held unconscious associations and attitudes may not align with the beliefs we hold outwardly or explicitly but can affect our professional perceptions, decisions, and actions. In a phenomenological study identifying strategies used to support families in vulnerable circumstances, we conducted nine focus groups to examine how early interventionists (EIs) described families and children, the language they used, and how they used it. Thematic qualitative analysis revealed three themes about families: perceptions of parenting, perceptions of capability, and perceptions of priorities. How EIs characterized families and their interactions with families were both reflective of and counter to family-centeredness and, at times, indicative of implicit bias. This study addresses a critical gap in the field, given the lack of empirical research available about implicit bias in early childhood intervention professionals. Implications for personnel preparation and practice change are discussed to begin the necessary work of moving the field toward more culturally sustaining practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Spence
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2020 USA
| | | | - Amber Brown Ruiz
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2020 USA
| | - Leigh Ann Fish
- Department of Elementary, Early Childhood, and Early Childhood Special Education, University of Maine – Farmington, Farmington, ME USA
| | | | - Courtney E. O’Grady
- Department of Special Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA
| | - Ella Sulinski
- School of Social Work, University of Maine, Orono, USA
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13
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Koenig AM. Comparing genderblind and colorblind ideologies in public and private contexts. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Koenig
- Department of Psychological Sciences University of San Diego San Diego CA USA
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14
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Intergroup Dialogues in the Landscape of Digital Societies: How Does the Dialogical Self Affect Intercultural Relations in Online Contexts? SOCIETIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soc11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intergroup dialogues on intercultural relations in digital societies and the growing conflict, inflammatory and hate speech phenomena characterizing these environments are receiving increasing attention in socio-psychological studies. Based on Allport’s contact theory, scholars have shown that online intercultural contact reduces ethnic prejudice and discrimination, although it is not yet clear when and how this occurs. By analyzing the role of the Dialogical Self in online intercultural dialogues, we aim to understand how individuals position themselves and others at three levels of inclusiveness—personal, social, and human—and how this process is associated with attitudes towards the interlocutor, intergroup bias and prejudice, whilst also considering the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity. An experimental procedure was administered via the Qualtrics platform, and data were collected among 118 undergraduate Italian students through an anonymous questionnaire. From ANOVA and moderation analysis, it emerged that the social level of inclusiveness was positively associated with ethnic/racial identity and intergroup bias. Furthermore, the human level of inclusiveness was associated with the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity, and unexpectedly, also with intergroup bias. We conclude that when people interact online as “human beings”, the positive effect of online dialogue fails, hindering the differentiation processes necessary to define one’s own and the interlocutor’s identities. We discuss the effects of intercultural dialogue in the landscape of digital societies and the relevance of our findings for theory, research and practice.
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15
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Voelkel JG, Ren D, Brandt MJ. Inclusion reduces political prejudice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Sambaraju R. “We are the victims of racism”: Victim categories in negotiating claims about racism against Black‐Africans in India. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Stone A. Facial disfigurement, categorical perception, and the influence of Disgust Sensitivity. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1870184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stone
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
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18
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Lankester LA, Alexopoulos T. From Diversity Ideologies to the Expression of Stereotypes: Insights Into the Cognitive Regulation of Prejudice Within the Cultural-Ecological Context of French Laïcité. Front Psychol 2021; 11:591523. [PMID: 33510674 PMCID: PMC7835138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This theoretical paper examines the context-sensitivity of the impact of cultural norms on prejudice regulation. Granting the importance of understanding intergroup dynamics in cultural-ecological contexts, we focus on the peculiarities of the French diversity approach. Indeed, the major cultural norm, the Laïcité (i.e., French secularism) is declined today in two main variants: The Historic Laïcité, a longstanding egalitarian norm coexisting with its amended form: The New Laïcité, an assimilationist norm. In fact, these co-encapsulated Laïcité variants constitute a fruitful ground to cast light on the processes underlying prejudice regulation. Indeed, it is documented that the assimilationist New Laïcité is linked to higher levels of prejudice as compared to the egalitarian Historic Laïcité. To this day, research mainly explored interindividual determinants of Laïcité endorsements and specified how these endorsements shape prejudice. Crucially, this "indirect-endorsement path" does not account for the more straightforward causal relationship between Laïcité and prejudice. Moreover, recent experimental evidence suggests that the normative salience of both Laïcité norms shape intergroup attitudes beyond personal endorsement. Therefore, in this contribution, we complement previous work by investigating the possible socio-cognitive processes driving this "direct-contextual path." In doing so, we seek to bridge the gap of causality by investigating how the Laïcité norms can set the stage for specific regulatory strategies. Our reasoning derives from an application of the Justification-Suppression Model bolstered by classical work on mental control, modern racism and diversity ideology. From this, we sketch out the operative functioning of two distinct regulation processes: (a) one that prevents prejudicial attitudes but which can have unexpected consequences on stereotyping within the Historic Laïcité context (i.e., suppression) and (b) one that helps realize prejudice within the New Laïcité context (i.e., justification). From this analysis, we discuss the consequences for intergroup relations within and beyond the French context. In particular, we outline the importance of an adequate framing of egalitarian ideologies so that they achieve their goal to foster harmonious intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie-Anna Lankester
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale: Contextes et Régulation (EA 4471), Institute of Psychology, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Theodore Alexopoulos
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Pedersen A, Walker I, Paradies Y, Guerin B. How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching anti‐Prejudice. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain Walker
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | | | - Bernard Guerin
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Montoya RM, Pittinsky TL, Rosenthal SA. A multidimensional model of collective narcissism. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Matthew Montoya
- Department of Psychology University of Dayton Dayton OH USA
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Psychology and Exercise Science Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Todd L. Pittinsky
- Department of Technology and Society Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Seth A. Rosenthal
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT USA
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21
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Verkuyten M, Yogeeswaran K, Adelman L. Toleration and prejudice-reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 50:239-255. [PMID: 32214515 PMCID: PMC7079295 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While a large body of social psychological research has shed light on the nature of prejudice and how to reduce it, we argue that such work does not address situations of cultural or religious outgroup beliefs and practices that are considered incompatible with one's own. The present theoretical article contrasts a prejudice-reduction approach with a toleration-based approach to consider the differences each have with regard to the attitude object they focus upon, the perceived reasonableness of the attitude, and the behavioral consequences each may lead to. In doing so, we consider the psychological processes involved in whether the negative attitude leads to negative actions. We conclude by arguing that a toleration-based approach forms an important addition to the psychological thinking about cultural diversity and intergroup relations. Collectively, the present work makes a novel contribution to the social psychological literature by stimulating theory development and raising novel questions for empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Verkuyten
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesErcomerUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Levi Adelman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesErcomerUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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22
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Schwarzenthal M, Schachner MK, Juang LP, van de Vijver FJR. Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity: Classroom cultural diversity climate and students’ intercultural competence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fons J. R. van de Vijver
- Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
- North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
- University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
- Higher School of Economics Moscow Russia
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23
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The Influence of Multiculturalism and Assimilation on Work-Related Outcomes: Differences Between Ethnic Minority and Majority Groups of Workers. Psychol Belg 2019; 59:246-268. [PMID: 31367456 PMCID: PMC6659758 DOI: 10.5334/pb.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at acquiring knowledge on how to manage ethnic diversity at work in order to promote work-outcomes in minority and majority groups of workers. We tested a model on how assimilation and multiculturalism, endorsed at an organizational level, predict job satisfaction and intention to quit through a mediation role played by the identification of workers with both the organization and their ethnic group simultaneously (i.e., dual identity). We hypothesized that the indirect effects of multiculturalism on work outcomes via dual identity are stronger for minority and those of assimilation are stronger for majority. Data came from 261 employees who responded to an online survey. 77 were of foreign origin (minority group) and 184 were of Belgian origin (majority group). Both assimilation and multiculturalism relate positively to work-related outcomes for both groups. However, multiculturalism through dual identity has the most beneficial outcomes for workers of the minority group. Our findings highlight the need to take ethnic and identity issues in account when studying work outcomes in culturally diverse organizations.
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24
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Blind to bias: The benefits of gender-blindness for STEM stereotyping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Celeste L, Baysu G, Phalet K, Meeussen L, Kende J. Can School Diversity Policies Reduce Belonging and Achievement Gaps Between Minority and Majority Youth? Multiculturalism, Colorblindness, and Assimilationism Assessed. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1603-1618. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219838577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
European societies and schools face the challenge of accommodating immigrant minorities from increasingly diverse cultural backgrounds. In view of significant belonging and achievement gaps between minority and majority groups in school, we examine which diversity approaches are communicated by actual school policies and which approaches predict smaller ethnic gaps in student outcomes over time. To derive diversity approaches, we content-analyzed diversity policies from ( n = 66) randomly sampled Belgian middle schools. Cluster analysis yielded different approaches valuing, ignoring, or rejecting cultural diversity in line with multiculturalism, colorblindness, and assimilationism, respectively. We estimated multilevel path models that longitudinally related diversity approaches to ( N = 1,747) minority and ( N = 1,384) majority students’ school belonging and achievement (self-reported grades) 1 year later. Multiculturalism predicted smaller belonging and achievement gaps over time; colorblindness and assimilationism were related to wider achievement and belonging gaps, respectively. Longitudinal effects of colorblindness on achievement were mediated by (less) prior school belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loes Meeussen
- KU Leuven, Belgium
- Research Foundation–Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Judit Kende
- KU Leuven, Belgium
- University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Gündemir S, Martin AE, Homan AC. Understanding Diversity Ideologies From the Target's Perspective: A Review and Future Directions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30873065 PMCID: PMC6400841 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a review of the diversity ideologies literature from the target's perspective. In particular, we focus on how diversity ideologies—beliefs or organizational practices with regards to how to approach diversity—affect racial minorities' and women's self-perceptions and experiences at work. This review suggests that a diversity aware ideology (i.e., multiculturalism) is more beneficial than a diversity blind ideology (i.e., colorblindness) for racial-ethnic minorities (e.g., better performance outcomes; more psychological engagement, inclusion, and workplace satisfaction; more positive leadership self-perceptions; and reduced perceptions of bias and turnover intentions). In contrast, for women, gender-blindness is associated with more positive outcomes than gender awareness (e.g., enhanced self-confidence, pro-active behaviors and leadership emergence). Importantly, multiculturalism and gender-blindness can both produce negative side effects for racial minorities and women, respectively, which highlights the importance of developing approaches to address the shortcomings of these conventional ideologies. We discuss the implications and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Gündemir
- Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ashley E Martin
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Astrid C Homan
- Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Mor S, Toma C, Schweinsberg M, Ames D. Pathways to intercultural accuracy: Social projection processes and core cultural values. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Mor
- Faculty of Business; Ono Academic College; Kiriat Ono Israel
- Harvard Kennedy School; Women and Public Policy Program; Boston USA
| | - Claudia Toma
- Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management; Université libre de Bruxelles; Bruxelles Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Ames
- Management Department; Columbia Business School; New York NY USA
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28
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Schepisi M, Porciello G, Bufalari I, Aglioti SM, Panasiti MS. Left Threatened by Right: Political Intergroup Bias in the Contemporary Italian Context. Front Psychol 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30733693 PMCID: PMC6353823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using different evaluation targets (i.e., politicians' pictures, ideological words, items referring to features attributed to political ingroup/outgroup) we characterized the intergroup bias among political groups in the Italian context (Study 1-2-3) and tested a model that may account for the bias itself (Study 3). For all evaluation targets, left-wing participants - compared to right-wing participants - showed a greater intergroup bias, expressing more negative emotions toward the outgroup. The process was influenced by a greater perceived threat of the outgroup. Conversely, right-wing participants expressed the bias only when presented with ideological words. Our results provide a detailed description of how intergroup bias in Italy is differently expressed by the two ideological groups depending on the targets used to represent the political counterpart. Moreover, the results show that the stronger bias expressed by left-wing participants is driven by perceived threat of the outgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schepisi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Porciello
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bufalari
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology of Developmental Processes and Socialization, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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29
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Sparkman DJ, Eidelman S, Dueweke AR, Marin MS, Dominguez B. Open to Diversity. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. The present research examines the influence of personality on ideologies about diversity in society. In two studies ( N = 668), we test whether Openness to Experience predicts beliefs in multiculturalism and colorblindness, and whether these relationships are mediated by perspective-taking tendencies. In Study 1, Openness positively predicted multiculturalism but negatively predicted colorblindness through ethnic perspective taking – findings that were independent of empathy, age, gender, and race/ethnicity. In Study 2, we attempted to replicate and extend our findings by using different measures of multiculturalism and colorblindness and a more general, interpersonal operationalization of perspective taking. Results indicate Openness positively predicted both multiculturalism and colorblindness through interpersonal perspective taking (also independent of age, gender, and race/ethnicity), suggesting the pattern of findings varied as a function of perspective-taking type. Implications for the complexity of the Openness dimension and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Sparkman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Scott Eidelman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Aubrey R. Dueweke
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mikenna S. Marin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Belkis Dominguez
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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30
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31
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Jackson LTB, van de Vijver FJR. Confirming the structure of the dual process model of diversity amongst public sector South African employees. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2018.1475468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon T. B. Jackson
- WorkWell Research Unit for Economics and Management Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Business School, Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom; South Africa
| | - Fons J. R. van de Vijver
- WorkWell Research Unit for Economics and Management Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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32
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Voelkel JG, Brandt MJ, Colombo M. I know that I know nothing: Can puncturing the illusion of explanatory depth overcome the relationship between attitudinal dissimilarity and prejudice? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2018.1464881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan G. Voelkel
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Brandt
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Colombo
- Tilburg Center for Logic, Ethics and Philosophy of Science, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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33
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Whitley BE, Webster GD. The Relationships of Intergroup Ideologies to Ethnic Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018; 23:207-237. [PMID: 29616588 DOI: 10.1177/1088868318761423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis summarizes the results of research on the relationships of majority group members' endorsement of assimilation, colorblindness, multiculturalism, and the relative relationships of colorblindness and multiculturalism to ethnic prejudice. Random effects analyses found that assimilation was positively related to explicit prejudice (g. = 0.80), multiculturalism was negatively related to both explicit (g. = -0.26) and implicit prejudice (g. = -0.19), and colorblindness was negatively related to explicit prejudice (g. = -0.07). Multiculturalism was more closely associated with low prejudice than colorblindness (g. = 0.15). Effect sizes varied as a function of methodology (experimental vs. correlational), country in which research was conducted (United States vs. other countries), and, in experimental studies of multiculturalism, type of prime used (abstract vs. concrete). Discussion points include methodological issues, groups used as targets of prejudice, national diversity norms, additional issues raised in the studies reviewed, and directions for future research.
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34
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Passiatore Y, Pirchio S, Carrus G, Maricchiolo F, Fiorilli C, Arcidiacono F. Intercultural practices and inclusive education in Europe: can migration be a resource for individual and societal development? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-017-0360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Chuapetcharasopon P, Neville L, Adair WL, Brodt SE, Lituchy TR, Racine AA. Cultural mosaic beliefs as a new measure of the psychological climate for diversity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1470595817745898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces the concept of cultural mosaic beliefs (CMBs) as a component of effective multicultural work groups. Building on theories of group diversity and self-verification, and responding to calls to understand moderators that explain the impact of group diversity on performance outcomes, we conceptualize CMBs as a psychological climate that individual group members perceive to promote the recognition, acceptance and expression, and utilization of cultural diversity (values, traditions, and practices) in their work. We also propose that CMBs might attenuate conflict that can sometimes characterize culturally diverse work groups distinguishing groups that falter from those that flourish and benefit from the informational and other potential advantages associated with their diverse cultural composition. In a series of five studies ( N = 1119), we develop a 17-item CMB scale comprised of three factors: perceived group diversity, cultural acceptance and expression, and culture utilization. We present evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, showing that the CMB scale is related to but distinct from other measures of diversity. We also demonstrate predictive validity, showing that the CMB scale is related to work group members’ identification with the group, commitment to the group, satisfaction with the group, and learning from the group. We conclude by proposing applications of our CMBs concept and measure to multicultural workplaces and offer future directions for research on cultural diversity, specifically the study of group CMBs as a moderator of cultural diversity’s effects on groups.
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36
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Vorauer JD, Quesnel MS. Salient Multiculturalism Enhances Minority Group Members' Feelings of Power. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:259-271. [PMID: 28903652 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216679981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research examined how messages advocating different intergroup ideologies affect outcomes relevant to minority group members' ability to exert power in exchanges with dominant group members. We expected that salient multiculturalism would have positive implications for minority group members' feelings of power by virtue of highlighting essential contributions they make to society, and that no such empowering effect would be evident for them in connection with alternative ideologies such as color-blindness or for dominant group members. Results across four studies involving different participant populations, operationalizations of ideology, ethnic minority groups, and experimental settings were consistent with these hypotheses and further indicated that the effects of salient multiculturalism on feelings of power had downstream implications for expectations of control in an ostensibly upcoming intergroup interaction and general goal-directed cognition.
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37
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Schachner MK. From equality and inclusion to cultural pluralism – Evolution and effects of cultural diversity perspectives in schools. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2017.1326378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Pelletier-Dumas M, de la Sablonnière R, Guimond S. The Role of Assimilation and Multiculturalism for the Relation Between Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice: The Case of Anglophones and Francophones in Québec. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117706414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serge Guimond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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39
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Apfelbaum EP, Grunberg R, Halevy N, Kang S. From ignorance to intolerance: Perceived intentionality of racial discrimination shapes preferences for colorblindness versus multiculturalism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Lammers J, Koch A, Conway P, Brandt MJ. The Political Domain Appears Simpler to the Politically Extreme Than to Political Moderates. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550616678456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How does political preference affect categorization in the political domain? Eight studies demonstrate that people on both ends of the political spectrum—strong Republicans and strong Democrats—form simpler and more clustered categories of political stimuli than do moderates and neutrals. This pattern was obtained regardless of whether stimuli were politicians (Study 1), social groups (Study 2), or newspapers (Study 3). Furthermore, both strong Republicans and strong Democrats were more likely to make inferences about the world based on their clustered categorization. This was found for estimating the likelihood that geographical location determines voting (Study 4), that political preference determines personal taste (Study 5), and that social relationships determine political preference (Study 6). The effect is amplified if political ideology is salient (Study 7) and remains after controlling for differences in political sophistication (Study 8). The political domain appears simpler to the politically extreme than to political moderates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Lammers
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alex Koch
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Conway
- Florida State University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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41
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Gündemir S, Dovidio JF, Homan AC, De Dreu CKW. The Impact of Organizational Diversity Policies on Minority Employees’ Leadership Self-Perceptions and Goals. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051816662615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined how formal organizational diversity policies affect minorities’ leadership-relevant self-perceptions and goals in two experiments. Organizational mission statements were manipulated to reflect policies acknowledging and valuing subgroup differences (Multiculturalism), de-emphasizing subgroup differences while valuing interindividual differences (Value-in-Individual Differences), or de-emphasizing differences in favor of an overarching group membership (Value-in-Homogeneity). Study 1 ( N = 162) showed that, compared with Value-in-Homogeneity policies, Multiculturalism or Value-in-Individual Differences policies increase perceptions of an open diversity climate, which in turn enhance leadership self-efficacy of situational minority employees. Focusing on racial–ethnic minority and majority employees, Study 2 ( N = 119) replicated and extended these findings by revealing similar results on anticipated leadership self-efficacy, positive outcome expectations, and the willingness to apply for higher level leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carsten K. W. De Dreu
- Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
When people feel prejudice toward a group, they can justify their prejudice by perceiving the group as threatening. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that prejudice causes threat perception, using affective conditioning to create new prejudice toward unfamiliar groups. The experimentally created prejudice increased threat perception (Experiments 1–3), except when threat information was inconsistent with conditioned affect (Experiment 3). Consistency of affect and threat information is necessary in order for threat to be a plausible justification of prejudice. Mere prejudice can cause perception of threat in the absence of information about the group; this finding suggests threats are not necessarily inherent to the characteristics of the group. Threat perception can be used as a way to explain the experience of prejudice, rather than forming the source of the prejudice itself.
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43
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Ryan CS, Hunt JS, Weible JA, Peterson CR, Casas JF. Multicultural and Colorblind Ideology, Stereotypes, and Ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430207084105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined Blacks' and Whites' perceptions of group variability and positivity as well as their beliefs about the extent to which multiculturalism and colorblindness would improve intergroup relations. In two studies, responses to questionnaires indicated that the tendency to endorse multiculturalism more than colorblindness was greater among Blacks than Whites; Blacks consistently endorsed multiculturalism more than colorblindness and Whites endorsed colorblindness more than did Blacks. Both studies also revealed evidence of out-group homogeneity and ethnocentrism. Stronger endorsement of multiculturalism relative to colorblindness predicted stronger stereotypes among Blacks, whereas stronger endorsement of colorblindness relative to multiculturalism predicted stronger stereotypes among Whites. In Study 2, stronger endorsement of multiculturalism relative to colorblindness predicted less ethnocentrism; this relationship did not depend on ethnicity.
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44
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de Souza LEC, Pereira CR, Camino L, de Lima TJS, Torres ARR. The legitimizing role of accent on discrimination against immigrants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cicero Roberto Pereira
- Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
- Federal University of Paraíba; João Pessoa Brazil
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45
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Alexandre JD, Waldzus S, Wenzel M. Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims in asymmetric intergroup relations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:457-83. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Waldzus
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL); CIS; Lisboa Portugal
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46
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Montoya RM, Pittinsky TL. Bounded Rationality's Account for the Influence of Group Identification on Ingroup Favoritism: A Field Investigation Using Jewish and Arab Populations in Israel. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2016.1180295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Schachner MK, Noack P, Van de Vijver FJR, Eckstein K. Cultural Diversity Climate and Psychological Adjustment at School-Equality and Inclusion Versus Cultural Pluralism. Child Dev 2016; 87:1175-91. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Hahn A, Banchefsky S, Park B, Judd CM. Measuring intergroup ideologies: positive and negative aspects of emphasizing versus looking beyond group differences. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1646-64. [PMID: 26453053 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215607351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on interethnic relations has focused on two ideologies, asking whether it is best to de-emphasize social-category differences (colorblind) or emphasize and celebrate differences (multicultural). We argue each of these can manifest with negative outgroup evaluations: Assimilationism demands that subordinate groups adopt dominant group norms to minimize group distinctions; segregationism holds that groups should occupy separate spheres. Parallel versions can be identified for intergender relations. Scales to measure all four ideologies are developed both for ethnicity (Studies 1 and 2) and gender (Studies 3 and 4). Results demonstrate that the ideologies can be reliably measured, that the hypothesized four-factor models are superior to alternative models with fewer factors, and that the ideologies relate as predicted to the importance ascribed to group distinctions, subordinate group evaluations, and solution preferences for intergroup conflict scenarios. We argue that this fourfold model can help clarify theory and measurement, allowing a more nuanced assessment of ideological attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hahn
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
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Saleem M, Prot S, Cikara M, Lam BCP, Anderson CA, Jelic M. Cutting Gordian Knots: Reducing Prejudice Through Attachment Security. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1560-74. [PMID: 26338854 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215601829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The positive role of secure attachment in reducing intergroup biases has been suggested in prior studies. We extend this work by testing the effects of secure attachment primes on negative emotions and aggressive behaviors toward outgroup members across four experiments. Results from Studies 1A and 1B reveal that secure attachment prime, relative to neutral, can reduce negative outgroup emotions. In addition, Studies 1B and 3 results rule out positive mood increase as an alternative explanation for the observed effects. Results from Studies 2 and 3 reveal that secure attachment primes can reduce aggressive behavior toward an outgroup member. The effect of secure attachment primes on outgroup harm was found to be fully mediated by negative emotions in Studies 2 and 3. An interaction between secure attachment primes and ingroup identification in Study 2 indicated that the positive effects of secure attachment in reducing outgroup harm may be especially beneficial for highly identified ingroup members.
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Pedersen A, Paradies Y, Barndon A. The consequences of intergroup ideologies and prejudice control for discrimination and harmony. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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