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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Madesh S, Sudhakaran G, Meenatchi R, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Interconnected environmental challenges: heavy metal-drug interactions and their impacts on ecosystems. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38658397 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2342956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Industrial expansion and inadequate environmental safety measures are major contributors to environmental contamination, with heavy metals (HMs) and pharmaceutical waste playing crucial roles. Their negative effects are most noticeable in aquatic species and vegetation, where they accumulate in tissues and cause harmful results. Interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical molecules result in the production of metal-drug complexes (MDCs), which have the potential to disturb diverse ecosystems and their interdependence. However, present studies frequently focus on individual pollutants and their effects on specific environmental parameters, leaving out the cumulative effects of pollutants and their processes across several environmental domains. To address this gap, this review emphasizes the environmental sources of HMs, elucidates their emission pathways during anthropogenic activities, investigates the interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical substances, and defines the mechanisms underlying the formation of MDCs across various ecosystems. Furthermore, this review underscores the simultaneous occurrence of HMs and pharmaceutical waste across diverse ecosystems, including the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, and their incorporation into biotic organisms across trophic levels. It is important to note that these complex compounds represent a higher risk than individual contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Nagieb HM, Abdelwahab NS, Abdelrahman MM, Zaazaa HE, Ghoniem NS. AQbD TLC-densitometric method approach along with green fingerprint and whiteness assessment for quantifying two combined antihypertensive agents and their impurities. BMC Chem 2024; 18:15. [PMID: 38254234 PMCID: PMC10801961 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Preserving the environment, reducing the amount of waste resulting from chemical trials, and reducing the amount of energy consumed have currently become a pivotal global trend. An analytical quality by design (AQbD) based eco-friendly TLC-densitometric method was implemented for quantifying two antihypertensive agents, captopril (CPL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ), along with their impurities; captopril disulphide (CDS), chlorothiazide (CTZ) and salamide (SMD). The analytical target profile (ATP) was first identified, followed by selecting the critical analytical attributes (CAAs), such as retardation factors and resolution between the separated peaks. Critical method parameters (CMPs) that may have a crucial influence on CAAs were identified and emanated through the quality risk assessment phase. A literature survey-based preliminary studies were performed, followed by optimization of the selected CMPs through a custom experimental design to attain the highest resolution with optimum retardation factors. Moreover, method robustness was also tested by testing the design space. Complete separation of the drugs and their impurities was achieved using ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (6: 0.6, v/v) as a developing system applied to a 12 cm length TLC plate at room temperature with UV scanning at 215 nm. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the ranges of (0.70-6.00), (0.10-2.00), (0.20-1.00), (0.07-1.50) and (0.05-1.00) µg/band corresponding to CPL, HCZ, CDS, CTZ, and SMD, respectively. Four different green metric tools were used to evaluate the greenness profile of the proposed method, and results showed that it is greener than the reported HPLC method. Method whiteness assessment was also conducted. Moreover, the method performance was evaluated following the ICH guidelines, and the outcomes fell within the acceptable limits. The developed method could be approved for routine assay of the cited components in their pharmaceutical formulations and bulk powder without interference from the reported impurities. The issue of concern is saving money, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Nagieb
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University [NUB], Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Nada S Abdelwahab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Maha M Abdelrahman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Hala E Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermine S Ghoniem
- Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Huwaimel B, Nafea Alharby T, Alanazi J, Alanazi M. Computational estimation of drug’s concentration distribution through a microporous membrane using artificial intelligence approach. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Garrepalli S, Gudipati R, Kapavarapu R, Ravindhranath K, Pal M. Synthesis and characterization of two known and one new impurities of dolutegravir: In silico evaluation of certain intermediates against SARS CoV-2 O-ribose methyltransferase (OMTase). J Mol Struct 2023; 1271:133992. [PMID: 36034527 PMCID: PMC9392419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides its use against HIV infection the marketed anti-retroviral drug dolutegravir attracted attention as a potential agent against COVID-19 in multiple AI (artificial intelligence) based studies. Due to our interest in accessing the impurities of this drug we report the synthesis and characterization of three impurities of dolutegravir one of which is new. The synthesis of O-methyl ent-dolutegravir was accomplished in three-steps the first one involved the construction of fused 1,3-oxazinane ring. The cleavage of -OEt ether moiety followed by methylation afforded the target compound. The second impurity i.e. N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-methoxy-3-oxobutanamide was synthesized via a multi-step method involving sequentially the keto group protection, ester hydrolysis, acid chloride formation followed by the reaction with amine and finally keto group deprotection. The synthesis of new or dimer impurity was carried out via another multi-step method similar to the previous one starting from ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate. The methodology involved preparation of ether derivative, keto group protection, ester hydrolysis, preparation of amide derivative via acid chloride formation in situ and then keto group deprotection for a longer duration. The last step afforded the target compound for which a plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed. All three impurities were prepared in gram scale (minimum 2 g and maximum 8 g). The in silico evaluation of three selected synthesized intermediates e.g. 7, 8 and 9 (structurally similar to dolutegravir) against SARS CoV-2 O-ribose methyltransferase (OMTase) (PDB: 3R24) indicated that compound 7 could be of interest as a possible inhibitor of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Garrepalli
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur District, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India,Synix Labs, 5-5-35/33/1, NCS complex, First floor, Prashanth nagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500072, India
| | - Ramesh Gudipati
- Synix Labs, 5-5-35/33/1, NCS complex, First floor, Prashanth nagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500072, India
| | | | - Kunta Ravindhranath
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur District, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India,Corresponding authors
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India,Corresponding authors
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Khan N, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Pharmaceutical based cosmetic serums. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2023; 48:167-210. [PMID: 37061274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth and demand for cosmeceuticals (cosmetic products that have medicinal or drug-like benefits) have been enhanced for the last few decades. Lately, the newly invented dosage form, i.e., the pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serum has been developed and widely employed in various non-invasive cosmetic procedures. Many pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums contain natural active components that claim to have a medical or drug-like effect on the skin, hair, and nails, including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, hydrating, moisturizing, repairing, brightening and lightening skin, anti-hair fall, anti-fungal, and nail growth effect, etc. In comparison with other pharmaceutical-related cosmetic products (creams, gels, foams, and lotions, etc.), pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums produce more rapid and incredible effects on the skin. This chapter provides detailed knowledge about the different marketed pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums and their several types such as facial serums, hair serums, nail serums, under the eye serum, lip serum, hand, and foot serum, respectively. Moreover, some valuable procedures have also been discussed which provide prolong effects with desired results in the minimum duration of time after the few sessions of the serum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Nguyen NT, Pacelli A, Nader M, Kossatz S. DNA Repair Enzyme Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1/2 (PARP1/2)-Targeted Nuclear Imaging and Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051129. [PMID: 35267438 PMCID: PMC8909184 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In parallel to the successful clinical implementation of PARP1/2 inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs, which interfere with the DNA repair machinery, these small molecule agents have also gained attention as vehicles for molecular imaging and radiotherapy. In this review article, we summarize the development and preclinical evaluation of radioactively-labelled PARP inhibitors for positron emission tomography (PET) for many applications, such as selecting patients for PARP inhibitor treatment, response prediction or monitoring, and diagnosis of tumors. We report on early clinical studies that show safety and feasibility of PARP-imaging in humans. In addition, we summarize the latest developments in the field of PARP-targeted radiotherapy, where PARP inhibitors are studied as vehicles to deposit highly cytotoxic radioisotopes in close proximity to the DNA of tumor cells. Lastly, we look at synthetic strategies for PARP-targeted imaging and therapy agents that are compatible with large scale production and clinical translation. Abstract Since it was discovered that many tumor types are vulnerable to inhibition of the DNA repair machinery, research towards efficient and selective inhibitors has accelerated. Amongst other enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1) was identified as a key player in this process, which resulted in the development of selective PARP inhibitors (PARPi) as anti-cancer drugs. Most small molecule PARPi’s exhibit high affinity for both PARP1 and PARP2. PARPi are under clinical investigation for mono- and combination therapy in several cancer types and five PARPi are now clinically approved. In parallel, radiolabeled PARPi have emerged for non-invasive imaging of PARP1 expression. PARP imaging agents have been suggested as companion diagnostics, patient selection, and treatment monitoring tools to improve the outcome of PARPi therapy, but also as stand-alone diagnostics. We give a comprehensive overview over the preclinical development of PARP imaging agents, which are mostly based on the PARPi olaparib, rucaparib, and recently also talazoparib. We also report on the current status of clinical translation, which involves a growing number of early phase trials. Additionally, this work provides an insight into promising approaches of PARP-targeted radiotherapy based on Auger and α-emitting isotopes. Furthermore, the review covers synthetic strategies for PARP-targeted imaging and therapy agents that are compatible with large scale production and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia T. Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nader
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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8
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ALSaeedy M, Al-Adhreai A, Öncü-Kaya EM, Şener E. An Overview of Advances in the Chromatography of Drugs Impurity Profiling. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1455-1471. [PMID: 35180027 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2032587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature survey published in several journals of pharmaceutical chemistry and of chromatography used to analyze impurities for most of the drugs that have been reviewed. This article covers the period from 2016 to 2020, in which almost of chromatographic techniques have been used for drug impurity analysis. These chromatography techniques are important in the analysis and description of drug impurities. Moreover, some recent developments in forced impurity profiling have been discussed, such as buffer solutions, mobile phase, columns, elution modes, and detectors are highlighted in drugs used for the study. This primarily focuses on thorough updating of different analytical methods which include hyphenated techniques for detecting and quantifying impurity and degradation levels in various pharmaceutical matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALSaeedy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Arwa Al-Adhreai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad, India
| | - Elif Mine Öncü-Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erol Şener
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Reddy RE, Hu W, Lowry BR, Fogle JL, Malick RE, Erexson G, Westerberg JM, Carragher AL, Robinson EE, Orihuela CA, Hillier MC, Davis SR, Kruk PE, Ide ND, Mlinar L, Mulhern MM, Engstrom KM, Chaaya E, McKee LA, Manning PE, Tirino P, Joudioux R, Cornelio L. Risk Assessment of the Leachables’ Profile for Small-Molecule Pharmaceutical Drug Substances. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarathnam E. Reddy
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Brian R. Lowry
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jace L. Fogle
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert E. Malick
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Greg Erexson
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John M. Westerberg
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Adelia L. Carragher
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emily E. Robinson
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Carlos A. Orihuela
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael C. Hillier
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven R. Davis
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Paul E. Kruk
- Operations Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nathan D. Ide
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Laurie Mlinar
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mathew M. Mulhern
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Engstrom
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Elie Chaaya
- Operations Manufacturing and Engineering, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Laura A. McKee
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Patrick E. Manning
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Pasquale Tirino
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie s.r.l., S.R. 148 Pontina Km 52 snc, Campoverde di Aprilia, Latino 04011, Italy
| | - Roberta Joudioux
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie s.r.l., S.R. 148 Pontina Km 52 snc, Campoverde di Aprilia, Latino 04011, Italy
| | - Lisa Cornelio
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, AbbVie s.r.l., S.R. 148 Pontina Km 52 snc, Campoverde di Aprilia, Latino 04011, Italy
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Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Zupkó I, Bérdi P, Żmudzki P, Piotrowska J, Pękala E, Berdys A, Muszyńska B, Opoka W. Photodegradation of Bexarotene and Its Implication for Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081220. [PMID: 34452181 PMCID: PMC8401567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutical dosage form is essential for the drug-development process and for safe and effective use of medicines. Photostability testing as an inherent part of stability studies provides valuable knowledge on degradation pathways and structures of products generated under UV irradiation. Photostability is particularly important for topically administered drugs, as they are more exposed to UV radiation. Bexarotene is a more recent third-generation retinoid approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency as a topically applied anticancer agent. The present study aimed to assess bexarotene photostability, including the presence of UV filters, which have been permitted to be used in cosmetic products in Europe and the USA. The bexarotene photostability testing was performed in ethanol solutions and in formulations applied on PMMA plates. The UPLC-MS/MS technique was used to determine the tested substance. The presence of photocatalysts such as TiO2 or ZnO, as well as the organic UV filters avobenzone, benzophenone-3, meradimate, and homosalate, could contribute to degradation of bexarotene under UV irradiation. Four photocatalytic degradation products of bexarotene were identified for the first time. The antiproliferative properties of the degradation products of bexarotene were assessed by MTT assay on a panel of human adherent cancer cells, and concentration-dependent growth inhibition was evidenced on all tested cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the formed products after 4 h of UV irradiation was significantly higher than that of the parent compound (p < 0.05). Furthermore non-cancerous murine fibroblasts exhibited marked concentration-dependent inhibition by bexarotene, while the degradation products elicited more pronounced antiproliferative action only at the highest applied concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (I.Z.); (P.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Bérdi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (I.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Piotrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Włodzimierz Opoka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
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12
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Noorbasha K, Shaik AR. Determination of residual solvents in paclitaxel by headspace gas chromatography. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine in Paclitaxel. A chromatographic separation was done on DB-624 column, 30 m length × 0.53 mm ID, and film thickness 3 μm, using a flame ionization detector (FID) with gradient column oven temperature program. The injection was carried out in split mode, with a split ratio of 5:1. A mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (contains 1% piperazine) and water in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v) was selected as a diluent to obtain good sensitivity along with the recovery.
Results
The developed gas chromatographic method offers symmetric peak shape, good resolution of more than 2.0 between the solvent peaks, and the relative standard deviation for replicate injections of all the solvents were found to be not more than 15.0% with reasonable retention time for all the solvents. The limit of detection for methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine was found to be 304.69 ppm, 497.98 ppm, 498.99 ppm, 504.49 ppm, 61.81 ppm, 30.07 ppm, 505 ppm, 73.05 ppm, and 2.09 ppm, respectively. Limit of quantitation of methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine was found to be 89.62 ppm, 146.47 ppm, 146.76 ppm, 148.38 ppm, 18.18 ppm, 8.84 ppm, 148.53 ppm, 21.49 ppm, and 0.62 ppm, respectively. Precision was found to be satisfactory. Linear in the range of LOQ to 150% level for all the solvents, and accuracy along with robustness, is performed, and acceptable results were obtained.
Conclusion
The proposed method was demonstrated to be simple, sensitive, specific, linear, precise, accurate, and robust, hence can be used to determine the residual organic solvents in Paclitaxel drug substance and drug product.
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13
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Lin Z, Ye YK, Ling M, Shackman JG, Ileka KM, Raglione TV. High-molecular weight impurity screening by size-exclusion chromatography on a reversed-phase column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113908. [PMID: 33497976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring polymerization events leading to the discovery of new high-molecular weight (MW) impurities is challenging during chemical syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Employing reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) stationary phases (SPs) in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) mode could be a potential solution given their high efficiency, sensitivity, and extensive solvent compatibility. However, there is a lack of generalized means for trace polymeric impurities across a wide range of physicochemical properties. Herein, we developed a SEC-based approach with a C18 SP for screening such high-MW impurities. Seven polymer standards presenting a variety of functional groups, consisting of hydrophobic, heterocyclic, ionic, and neutral hydrophilic moieties, were utilized as model impurities to establish the screening conditions. Nine mobile phases (tetrahydrofuran-based, buffered methanol, and buffered acetonitrile) were proposed to cover all model polymers and a majority of potential high-MW impurities in small molecule chemical syntheses. The established screening system demonstrated a linearity of 0.05-1.0 % w/w (R2>0.99) for the selected model impurities with proper elution conditions. Two real high-MW impurities, BMT-041910 (polymeric degradation) and poly(phenyl thiirane) (by-product polymerization), were identified from the proposed high-MW impurity screening. The successful conditions yielded a quantitative limit better than 0.1 % w/w in both cases. We believe the developed screening platform is applicable to the analysis of a wide variety of unknown high-MW impurities of low abundance potentially generated during drug substance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Yun K Ye
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Melissa Ling
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan G Shackman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Kevin M Ileka
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Thomas V Raglione
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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14
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Qiu D, Lian C, Mao J, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Dyedauxiliary Groups, an Emerging Approach in Organic Chemistry. The Case of Arylazo Sulfones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12813-12822. [PMID: 32956584 PMCID: PMC8011925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of research papers that report photocatalyst-free protocols is currently increasing. Among the different approaches proposed, the conversion of a strong C-X bond of a stable substrate into a photolabile reactive moiety has been recently proposed. In this Synopsis, we introduce the so-dubbed dyedauxiliary group strategy by focusing on arylazo sulfones that are bench stable and visible-light responsive derivatives of anilines that have been exploited as precursors of a wide range of intermediates, including carbon-centered radicals as well as aryl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Chang Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Jinshan Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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15
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Ferrazza Alves Giordani C, Campanharo S, Ribeiro Wingert N, Maronesi Bueno L, Wittckind Manoel J, Virginia Garcia C, Maria Volpato N, Dineck Iop G, de Azevedo Mello P, Marlon de Moraes Flores E, Eva Scherman Schapoval E, Steppe M. UPLC-ESI/Q-TOF MS/MS Method for Determination of Vildagliptin and its Organic Impurities. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:718-725. [PMID: 32705127 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Vildagliptin (VLG) corresponds to a drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This disease requires continuous treatment, and so the control of impurities present in it is important to assure the quality of this drug. Thus, it is necessary to use sensitive and selective detection techniques and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography is a better option compared with high-performance liquid chromatography because it enhances the separation efficiency with a shorter analysis time and an increased resolution. This research analysis was accomplished by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and the quantification was performed by using an extracted ion from the VLG drug and its main organic impurities of synthesis. During the validation process, following international standards, the method proved to be linear for the tree substances (R2 = 0.997-0.998) and the analysis of variance showed a non-significant linearity deviation (P > 0.05). Three critical factors were selected to evaluate method robustness with a full factorial experimental design, and the changes in the parameters were found to be not significant for the quantification of VLG and its impurities. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of impurities in VLG was precise, accurate and robust proving to be effective for analysis in the pharmaceutical industry and to improve the quality, safety and effectiveness of the new drug developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Campanharo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Nathalie Ribeiro Wingert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Lívia Maronesi Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Joanna Wittckind Manoel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Cássia Virginia Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | - Nadia Maria Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Steppe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
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16
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Heinsvig PJ, Nielsen LS, Lindholst C. Development of a method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for profiling of oil-based androgenic anabolic steroid products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460989. [PMID: 32151414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A GC-MS based analytical method was developed for the profiling of oil-based AAS products using 15 organic constituents as target compounds. A total of 219 compounds were identified in 109 seized AAS products, among them 15 target compounds were selected. The selection was based on each compound's occurrence, reproducibility, and variance between products. The 15 target compounds did not include the active steroid itself, but only compounds found in the carrier oil. The subsequent method validation included assessment of specificity, linearity, precision, robustness and sample stability. The method was finally applied for the classification of a set of 27 seizures of AAS products supplied by the police. The classification was based on the Pearson correlation coefficient using pre-treated peak area data from the 15 target compounds. A successful classification was obtained, with only a small overlap between linked and unlinked samples. A 1% false-positive rate could be obtained at a threshold of 0.625 in terms of the Pearson distance. The present study thus demonstrates that it is possible to profile and classify AAS products with regard to a common origin. As the profiling method is not specific with regards to the steroid content, it may potentially be used to profile and compare other kinds of oil-based liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Johansson Heinsvig
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Louise Stride Nielsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindholst
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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17
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Khandavilli UBR, Keshavarz L, Skořepová E, Steendam RRE, Frawley PJ. Organic Salts of Pharmaceutical Impurity p-Aminophenol. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081910. [PMID: 32326160 PMCID: PMC7221883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of impurities can drastically affect the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical entities. p-Aminophenol (PAP) is one of the main impurities of paracetamol (PA) that can potentially show toxic effects such as maternal toxicity and nephrotoxicity. The removal of PAP from PA is challenging and difficult to achieve through regular crystallization approaches. In this regard, we report four new salts of PAP with salicylic acid (SA), oxalic acid (OX), l-tartaric acid (TA), and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). All the PAP salts were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of minute amounts of PAP in paracetamol solids gives a dark color to the product that was difficult to remove through crystallization. In our study, we found that the addition of small quantities of the aforementioned acids helps to remove PAP from PA during the filtration and washings. This shows that salt formation could be used to efficiently remove challenging impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Rao Khandavilli
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
- PSC Biotech Limited, Blanchardstown, Dublin 15, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-61-202178
| | - Leila Keshavarz
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
| | - Eliška Skořepová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - René R. E. Steendam
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
| | - Patrick J. Frawley
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
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18
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Wadhwa A, Ali F, Parveen S, Kumar R, Singh GN. Synthesis, Analytical Characterization and Spectroscopic Investigation of Chloramphenicol Impurity A for the Quality Control of Chloramphenicol and its Formulation as Per International Compendium. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:382-388. [PMID: 32275490 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200410170237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of the present work is to synthesize chloramphenicol impurity A (CLRMIMP- A) in the purest form and its subsequent characterization by using a panel of sophisticated analytical techniques (LC-MS, DSC, TGA, NMR, FTIR, HPLC, and CHNS) to provide as a reference standard mentioned in most of the international compendiums, including IP, BP, USP, and EP. The present synthetic procedure has not been disclosed anywhere in the prior art. METHODS A simple, cheaper, and new synthesis method was described for the preparation of CLRM-IMP-A. It was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, NMR (1H and 13C), LC-MS, CHNS, and HPLC. RESULTS CLRM-IMP-A present in drugs and dosage form can alter the therapeutic effects and adverse reaction of a drug considerably, it is mandatory to have a precise method for the estimation of impurities to safeguard the public health. Under these circumstances, the presence of CLRM-IMP-A in chloramphenicol (CLRM) requires strict quality control to satisfy the specified regulatory limit. The synthetic impurity obtained was in the pure form to provide a certified reference standard or working standard to stakeholders with defined potency. CONCLUSION The present research describes a novel technique for the synthesis of pharmacopoeial impurity, which can help in checking/controlling the quality of the CLRM in the international markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Wadhwa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Faraat Ali
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Delhi-Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Robin Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Gyanendra N Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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19
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Sova M, Frlan R, Gobec S, Časar Z. Efficient and Straightforward Syntheses of Two United States Pharmacopeia Sitagliptin Impurities: 3-Desamino-2,3-dehydrositagliptin and 3-Desamino-3,4-dehydrositagliptin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5356-5364. [PMID: 32201825 PMCID: PMC7081400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various organic impurities (starting materials, reagents, intermediates, degradation products, by-products, and side products) could be present in active pharmaceutical ingredients affecting their qualities, safeties, and efficacies. Herein, we present the efficient syntheses of two United States Pharmacopeia impurities of an antidiabetic drug sitagliptin, a potent and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor: 3-desamino-2,3-dehydrositagliptin and 3-desamino-3,4-dehydrositagliptin. Our three-step synthetic approach is based on the efficient cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 1-bromo-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene and methyl 4-bromocrotonate in the first step, followed by hydrolysis of corresponding ester with 3 M HCl to (E)-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)but-2-enoic acid in high overall yield, whereas the reaction with 3 M NaOH resulted in the carbon-carbon double bond regio-isomerization and hydrolysis to give the (E)-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)but-3-enoic acid in 92% yield. Both acid derivatives were converted to title compounds via the amide bond formation with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine. Extensive screening of coupling/activation reagents, bases, and solvents reviled that the amide bond is formed the most efficiently using the (COCl)2/Et3N in THF or alternatively EDC/NMM/(DMAP or HOBt) in DMF obtaining the title compounds in 68-76% yields and providing the overall yields for the three-step process in the range of 57-64% on a gram scale. The presented study also demonstrates the importance of a proper selection of solvent, base, and coupling/activating reagent for amide bond formation using Michael acceptor-type allylbenzene derivatives as coupling partners to minimize the carbon-carbon double bond regio-isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Sova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Rok Frlan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, Ljubljana SI-1526, Slovenia
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20
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Gold nanoparticles/tetraaminophenyl porphyrin functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous determination of p-acetaminophen and p-aminophenol. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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21
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Giordani CFA, Campanharo S, Wingert NR, Bueno LM, Manoel JW, Costa B, Cattani S, Arbo MD, Garcia SC, Garcia CV, Volpato NM, Schapoval EES, Steppe M. In vitro toxic evaluation of two gliptins and their main impurities of synthesis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:82. [PMID: 31852534 PMCID: PMC6921383 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of impurities in some drugs may compromise the safety and efficacy of the patient’s treatment. Therefore, establishing of the biological safety of the impurities is essential. Diabetic patients are predisposed to tissue damage due to an increased oxidative stress process; and drug impurities may contribute to these toxic effects. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the toxicity, in 3 T3 cells, of the antidiabetic agents sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and their two main impurities of synthesis (S1 and S2; V1 and V2, respectively). Methods MTT reduction and neutral red uptake assays were performed in cytotoxicity tests. In addition, DNA damage (measured by comet assay), intracellular free radicals (by DCF), NO production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM) were evaluated. Results Cytotoxicity was observed for impurity V2. Free radicals generation was found at 1000 μM of sitagliptin and 10 μM of both vildagliptin impurities (V1 and V2). A decrease in NO production was observed for all vildagliptin concentrations. No alterations were observed in ΔψM or DNA damage at the tested concentrations. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the presence of impurities might increase the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of the pharmaceutical formulations at the concentrations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F A Giordani
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sarah Campanharo
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathalie R Wingert
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lívia M Bueno
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joanna W Manoel
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Barbara Costa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Shanda Cattani
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cássia Virginia Garcia
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nádia Maria Volpato
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Steppe
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Farmacêutico, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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22
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Analytical Quality by Design Approach for a Stability-Indicating Method to Determine Apixaban and Its Related Impurities. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Abdulla HO, Amin AA, Raviola C, Opatz T, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Smooth Metal-Free Photoinduced Preparation of Valuable 8-Arylxanthines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Havall Othman Abdulla
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
- Chemistry Department; College of Science; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Ahmed A. Amin
- Chemistry Department; College of Education; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; College of Education; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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24
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Rastogi S, Shukla S, Kalaivani M, Singh GN. Peptide-based therapeutics: quality specifications, regulatory considerations, and prospects. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:148-162. [PMID: 30296551 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exquisite selectivity, remarkable efficacy, and minimal toxicity are key attributes inherently assigned to peptides, resulting in increased research interest from the pharmaceutical industry in peptide-based therapeutics (PbTs). Pharmacopoeias develop authoritative standards for PbT by providing standard specifications and test methods. Nevertheless, a lack of harmonization in test procedures adopted for PbT in the latest editions of Pharmacopoeias has been observed. Adoption of a harmonized monograph could increase further the interest of the global pharmaceutical industry in PbTs. Here, we provide an overview of pharmacopoeial methodologies and specifications commonly observed in PbT monographs and highlight the main differences among the pharmacopoeias in terms of the active pharmaceutical ingredients that they focus on. We also address the prospects for PbTs to mature as a new therapeutic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rastogi
- Analytical Research & Development, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Shatrunajay Shukla
- Medical Devices & Materiovigilance, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India.
| | - M Kalaivani
- Biologics, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Gyanendra Nath Singh
- Analytical Research & Development, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Medical Devices & Materiovigilance, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Biologics, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
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Oviposition Deterrent Efficacy and Characteristics of a Botanical Natural Product, Ocimum gratissimum (L.) Oil-Alginate Beads, against Aedes aegypti (L.). ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:3127214. [PMID: 30154681 PMCID: PMC6093078 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the oviposition deterrent activity of Ocimum gratissimum (L.) essential oil (O. gratissimum oil) and its product, Ocimum gratissimum (L.)- alginate beads (beads), against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) mosquitoes. Chemical analysis of O. gratissimum oil obtained by hydrodistillation, using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy techniques, presented eugenol (67.38%) and Z-β-ocimene (14.95 %) as major constituents. Good characteristics of beads were obtained by the orifice-ionic gelation method with calcium chloride as hardening agent and Tween®20 as emulsifier. The beads exhibited a good spherical shape and good hardness and flexibility with an average size of 1.49 ± 1.36 mm. The oil content, the yield percentage, and the entrapping efficiency were also examined. The beads (formulation code, F2) could prolong the essential oil release until the 10th d. This beads provided a remarkably longer oviposition deterrence activity against gravid Ae. aegypti with high percentage for 27 d, whereas free O. gratissimum oil showed a short period of time (8 d) in this activity. The stability study showed the stability of oil content and its compositions in storage condition. These results are very affordable approaches to control the dengue fever.
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Identification of leachable impurities in an ophthalmic drug product originating from a polymer additive Irganox 1010 using mass spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bhargavi D, Rao BB, Kiran G, Gouthami T, Bakshi V. Method Development and Validation for Related Impurities of Efavirenz by RP-HPLC Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2017.1366870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desaraju Bhargavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Kakatiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 371, Telangana, India
| | - Bhukya Babu Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 009, Telangana, India
| | - Gangarapu Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 500 088, Telangana, India
| | - Thumma Gouthami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Kakatiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 371, Telangana, India
| | - Vasudha Bakshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 500 088, Telangana, India
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Czyzewski AM, Chen S, Bhamidi V, Yu S, Marsden I, Ding C, Becker C, Napier JJ. Use of a Polymer Additive To Enhance Impurity Rejection in the Crystallization of a Pharmaceutical Compound. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Czyzewski
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Shuang Chen
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Venkateswarlu Bhamidi
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Su Yu
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ian Marsden
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chen Ding
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Calvin Becker
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James J. Napier
- Process Research & Development, ‡Structural Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Dossena A, Sampaolesi S, Palmieri A, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible Light Promoted Metal- and Photocatalyst-Free Synthesis of Allylarenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10687-10692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dossena
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susanna Sampaolesi
- Green Chemistry Group, School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group, School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
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Identification and characterization of a new dapoxetine impurity by NMR: Transformation of N -oxide by Cope elimination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Ramachandra B. Development of Impurity Profiling Methods Using Modern Analytical Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:24-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1169913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Ayres ZJ, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Quantitative analysis of trace palladium contamination in solution using electrochemical X-ray fluorescence (EC-XRF). Analyst 2016; 141:3349-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical X-ray fluorescence for the quantitative analysis of trace level Pd in solution in the presence of excess electroactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Ayres
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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33
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Szekely G, Amores de Sousa MC, Gil M, Castelo Ferreira F, Heggie W. Genotoxic Impurities in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Sources, Regulations, and Mitigation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8182-229. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Szekely
- School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam C. Amores de Sousa
- Department
of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
(iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Gil
- Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, R&D, Sete Casas, 2674-506, Loures, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department
of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
(iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - William Heggie
- Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, R&D, Sete Casas, 2674-506, Loures, Portugal
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Schramek N, Wollein U, Eisenreich W. Pyrazolopyrimidines in ‘all-natural’ products for erectile dysfunction treatment: the unreliable quality of dietary supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:127-40. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.992980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bouder F. Regulating impurities in pharmaceutical products: a tolerability of risk approach? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:241-50. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Mikušová V, Lukačovičová O, Havránek E, Mikuš P. Radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis of selected elements in drug samples with 8-hydroxyquinoline preconcentration. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Xu Y, Wang L, Jiang W, Wang H, Yao J, Guo Q, Yuan L, Chen H. Silicon Nanowire Arrays - A New Catalyst for the Reduction of Nitrobenzene Derivatives. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Evaluation of impurities in simvastatin drug products with the use of FT-IR spectroscopy and selected chemometric techniques. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detector (DAD) at room temperature was used for obtaining impurity profiles of 20 drug products containing simvastatin as an active substance. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was carried out to obtain absorption spectra of samples. The partial least squares (PLS) model was built to predict the relative content of lovastatin, the main impurity of simvastatin, and sum of statin-like impurities. In order to build the PLS model, peak areas obtained from HPLC chromatograms were related to FT-IR spectra of drugs. The PLS model based on signal normal variate and orthogonal signal correction (SNV+OSC) transformed FT-IR spectra was able to predict the content of drug impurities in real samples with a good prediction ability (R2 > 0.95).
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Orisakwe OE, Roberts II, Bagbi BM. Elemental Impurities in Nigerian Pediatric Syrups: Mercury in Violation of Standard Guidelines. Am J Ther 2013; 23:e708-13. [PMID: 23676346 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e318281db61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the human exposure to elemental impurities like antimony, tin, and mercury pharmaceutical products in the African environment are scarce and limited. In this study, we determined the concentrations of these elemental impurities in 28 different brands of commonly used pediatric syrups, purchased randomly from patent medicine retail outlets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to compare the antimony, tin, and mercury levels in these pediatric syrups with the recommended limits of United States Pharmacopeia. Twenty-eight different pediatric syrups were randomly sampled and purchased using the market basket protocol from pharmacy shops in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria in December 2010. Syrups were ashed before digestion using concentrated aqua regia, HCl: HNO3 (3:1), and antimony, tin, and mercury were analyzed using Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Model 929. The ranges of heavy metal content in these pediatric syrups were 0.54-1.27, 0.86-2.56, and 0.97-5.13 μg/g for antimony, tin, and mercury, respectively. About 75% of the syrups exceeded the United States Pharmacopeia mercury limit of 1.5 μg/g. The estimated or calculated amounts of antimony, tin, and mercury in the 3 most likely administered syrups were 17.15, 64.20, and 34.60 μg of antimony, tin, and mercury, respectively. The daily intake or estimated amount from the ingestion of syrups excluding background exposure (μg metal·kg body weight·d) for a 15-kg child were 1.17, 2.31, and 4.28 for antimony, tin, and mercury, respectively. Mercury content in pediatric syrups may constitute a significant source of heavy metal exposure to children and may be of public health importance in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Doddaga S, Peddakonda R. Chloroquine-N-oxide, a major oxidative degradation product of chloroquine: identification, synthesis and characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:118-25. [PMID: 23644906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) (1) which has endured as one of the most powerful antimalarial drugs was subjected to oxidative stress conditions and the degradation profile was studied. The oxidative stress condition of CQ furnished one major degradation product along with other minor degradation products. The unknown major degradation product was identified in HPLC and pure impurity was isolated using column chromatography. The structure of this major product was elucidated using UV, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, 2D NMR (HSQC) and mass spectral data. Based on the results obtained from the different spectroscopic studies, it was confirmed that the N-oxide was formed at the tertiary amine nitrogen instead of the pyridine nitrogen. Subsequently, an efficient and simple synthetic approach was developed for the synthesis of chloroquine-N-oxide using a work-up procedure that does not require chromatography techniques for further purification. It was observed that the spectral data of the isolated degradation product coincided appropriately with the synthesized product spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Doddaga
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preformulation assists scientists in screening lead candidates based on their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. This data is useful for selection of new chemical entities (NCEs) for preclinical efficacy/toxicity studies which is a major section under investigational new drug application. A strong collaboration between discovery and formulation group is essential for selecting right NCEs in order to reduce attrition rate in the late stage development. AREAS COVERED This article describes the significance of preformulation research in drug discovery and development. Various crucial preformulation parameters with case studies have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization of NCEs is a decisive parameter during product development. Early prediction of these properties helps in selecting suitable physical form (salt, polymorph, etc.) of the candidate. Based on pharmacokinetic and efficacy/toxicity studies, suitable formulation for Phase I clinical studies can be developed. Overall these activities contribute in streamlining efficacy/toxicology evaluation, allowing pharmacologically effective and developable molecules to reach the clinic and eventually to the market. In this review, the magnitude of understanding preformulation properties of NCEs and their utility in product development has been elaborated with case studies.
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Vairale AS, Sivaswaroop P, Bandana S. Development and Validation of Stability-indicating HPLC Method for Betamethoasone Dipropionate and Related Substances in Topical Formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:107-15. [PMID: 23325990 PMCID: PMC3546326 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradient reversed phase HPLC method was developed and validated for analysis of betamethasone dipropionate, its related substances and degradation products, using Altima C(18) column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength of 240 nm. The mobile phase A is a mixture of water, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile in the ratio of 90:4:6 (v/v/v) while mobile phase B is a mixture of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, water and methanol in the ratio of 74:2:4:20 (v/v/v/v). The samples were analyzed using 20 μl injection volume and the column temperature was maintained at 50°. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.02 μg/ml and 0.07 μg/ml, respectively. The stability-indicating capability of method was established by forced degradation studies and method demonstrated successful separation of drug, its related substances and degradation products. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The developed method is linear in the range of 0.07 to 200% of specification limits established for all the known related substances; betamethasone17-propionate, betamethasone 21-propionate, betamethasone 17-propionate-21-acetate (RSD <5, 2, 1%, respectively, r(2)=09991-0.9999 for sample concentration of 100 μg/ml). The method is sensitive, specific, linear, accurate, precise and stability indicating for the quantitation of drug, its related substances and other degradation compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vairale
- Dermatology-Research and Development, IPDO, Innovation Plaza, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
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43
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Impact of Excipient Interactions on Solid Dosage Form Stability. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2660-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shiroma LY, Santhiago M, Gobbi AL, Kubota LT. Separation and electrochemical detection of paracetamol and 4-aminophenol in a paper-based microfluidic device. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 725:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Kahsay G, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for purity control of clopidogrel–acetylsalicylic acid in combined oral dosage forms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dash K, Venkateswarlu G, Thangavel S, Rao S, Chaurasia S. Ultraviolet photolysis assisted mineralization and determination of trace levels of Cr, Cd, Cu, Sn, and Pb in isosulfan blue by ICP-MS. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Verbeken M, Suleman S, Baert B, Vangheluwe E, Van Dorpe S, Burvenich C, Duchateau L, Jansen FH, De Spiegeleer B. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD/UV-ESI/MS impurity profiling of the anti-malarial drug lumefantrine. Malar J 2011; 10:51. [PMID: 21356068 PMCID: PMC3059303 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumefantrine (benflumetol) is a fluorene derivative belonging to the aryl amino alcohol class of anti-malarial drugs and is commercially available in fixed combination products with β-artemether. Impurity characterization of such drugs, which are widely consumed in tropical countries for malaria control programmes, is of paramount importance. However, until now, no exhaustive impurity profile of lumefantrine has been established, encompassing process-related and degradation impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). METHODS Using HPLC-DAD/UV-ESI/ion trap/MS, a comprehensive impurity profile was established based upon analysis of market samples as well as stress, accelerated and long-term stability results. In-silico toxicological predictions for these lumefantrine related impurities were made using Toxtree® and Derek®. RESULTS Several new impurities are identified, of which the desbenzylketo derivative (DBK) is proposed as a new specified degradant. DBK and the remaining unspecified lumefantrine related impurities are predicted, using Toxtree® and Derek®, to have a toxicity risk comparable to the toxicity risk of the API lumefantrine itself. CONCLUSIONS From unstressed, stressed and accelerated stability samples of lumefantrine API and FPPs, nine compounds were detected and characterized to be lumefantrine related impurities. One new lumefantrine related compound, DBK, was identified and characterized as a specified degradation impurity of lumefantrine in real market samples (FPPs). The in-silico toxicological investigation (Toxtree® and Derek®) indicated overall a toxicity risk for lumefantrine related impurities comparable to that of the API lumefantrine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Verbeken
- Drug Quality and Registration group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Vignaduzzo SE, Castellano PM, Kaufman TS. EXPERIMENTALLY DESIGNED, VALIDATED HPLC SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PRIDINOL AND DICLOFENAC IN THEIR COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS, WHICH ALLOWS LIMITING DICLOFENAC RELATED COMPOUND A. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.519239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E. Vignaduzzo
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario and Institute of Chemistry of Rosario , Rosario, Argentina
| | - Patricia M. Castellano
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario and Institute of Chemistry of Rosario , Rosario, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario and Institute of Chemistry of Rosario , Rosario, Argentina
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Rodriguez CA, Agudelo M, Zuluaga AF, Vesga O. In vitro and in vivo comparison of the anti-staphylococcal efficacy of generic products and the innovator of oxacillin. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:153. [PMID: 20525378 PMCID: PMC2897798 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxacillin continues to be an important agent in the treatment of staphylococcal infections; many generic products are available and the only requirement for their approval is demonstration of pharmaceutical equivalence. We tested the assumption that pharmaceutical equivalence predicts therapeutic equivalence by comparing 11 generics with the innovator product in terms of concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and antibacterial efficacy in the neutropenic mouse thigh infection model. METHODS The API in each product was measured by a validated microbiological assay and compared by slope (potency) and intercept (concentration) analysis of linear regressions. MIC and MBC were determined by broth microdilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. For in vivo efficacy, neutropenic ICR mice were inoculated with a clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The animals had 4.14 +/- 0.18 log10 CFU/thigh when treatment started. Groups of 10 mice per product received a total dose ranging from 2.93 to 750 mg/kg per day administered q1h. Sigmoidal dose-response curves were generated by nonlinear regression fitted to Hill equation to compute maximum effect (Emax), slope (N), and the effective dose reaching 50% of the Emax (ED50). Based on these results, bacteriostatic dose (BD) and dose needed to kill the first log of bacteria (1LKD) were also determined. RESULTS 4 generic products failed pharmaceutical equivalence due to significant differences in potency; however, all products were undistinguishable from the innovator in terms of MIC and MBC. Independently of their status with respect to pharmaceutical equivalence or in vitro activity, all generics failed therapeutic equivalence in vivo, displaying significantly lower Emax and requiring greater BD and 1LKD, or fitting to a non-sigmoidal model. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical or in vitro equivalence did not entail therapeutic equivalence for oxacillin generic products, indicating that criteria for approval deserve review to include evaluation of in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Antioquia Medical School, Calle 62 # 52-59, Lab, 630 Medellín, Colombia
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Tu Q, Wang T, Antonucci V. High-efficiency sample preparation with dimethylformamide for multi-element determination in pharmaceutical materials by ICP-AES. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:311-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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