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Li R, Xu D, Su Y, Qiu L, Zhao W, Cui H. Fast adaptive focusing confocal Raman microscopy for large-area two-dimensional materials. Talanta 2024; 276:126301. [PMID: 38781915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Large-area two-dimensional (2D) materials possess significant potential in the development of next generation semiconductor due to their unique physicochemical properties. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRM), a typical 2D material characterization method, has a limited effective measurement area owing to the restricted focus depth of the system and the less-than-ideal level of the substrate. We propose fast adaptive focusing confocal Raman microscopy (FAFCRM) to realize real-time focusing detection for large-area 2D materials. By observing spot changes on the charge coupled device (CCD) caused by placing an aperture in front of the CCD, the methodology gives a focusing resolution up to 100 nm per 60 μm without axial scanning. A graphene was measured over 25.6 mm × 25.6 mm area on focus through all the scanning. The research results provide new perspectives for non-destructive characterization of 2D materials at the inch level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Demin Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunhao Su
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lirong Qiu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiqian Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Cui
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zeng Q, Gao X, Wang L, Fang G, Qian J, Liu H, Li Z, Li W. Impact of Raman mapping area and intra-tablet homogeneity on the accuracy of sustained-release tablet dissolution prediction. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:161-170. [PMID: 37488047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study investigated the minimum required Raman mapping area for predicting sustained-release tablet dissolution profiles based on intra-tablet homogeneity. The aim was to minimize scanning time while achieving reliable dissolution profile predictions. To construct the sample set, we controlled the blending time to introduce variability in the homogeneity of the tablets. The dissolution prediction models were established using the partial least squares regression under different Raman mapping area. The accuracies of the prediction results were evaluated according to the difference factor f1 and Intersection-Union two one-sided t-tests (IU TOST) methods, and the implications conveyed by the results were discussed. The results showed that the homogeneity of sustained-release tablet affects the minimum required mapping area, and the tablets with higher homogeneity show higher prediction accuracy when using the same mapping area to model the dissolution profiles of tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Guangpu Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jiahe Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- Sichuan Haitai Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Co., Ltd, Guangan, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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3
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Zeng Q, Wang L, Wu S, Fang G, Zhao M, Li Z, Li W. Research progress on the application of spectral imaging technology in pharmaceutical tablet analysis. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122100. [PMID: 35961418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tablet as a traditional dosage form in pharmacy has the advantages of accurate dosage, ideal dissolution and bioavailability, convenient to carry and transport. The most concerned tablet quality attributes include active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) contents and polymorphic forms, components distribution, hardness, density, coating state, dissolution behavior, etc., which greatly affect the bioavailability and consistency of tablet final products. In the pharmaceutical industry, there are usually industry standard methods to analyze the tablet quality attributes. However, these methods are generally time-consuming and laborious, and lack a comprehensive understanding of the properties of tablets, such as spatial information. In recent years, spectral imaging technology makes up for the shortcomings of traditional tablet analysis methods because it provides non-contact and rich information in time and space. As a promising technology to replace the traditional tablet analysis methods, it has attracted more and more attention. The present paper briefly describes a series of spectral imaging techniques and their applications in tablet analysis. Finally, the possible application prospect of this technology and the deficiencies that need to be improved were also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Sijun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guangpu Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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4
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Mikolaszek B, Jamrógiewicz M, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Sznitowska M. Microscopic and Spectroscopic Imaging and Thermal Analysis of Acrylates, Silicones and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Adhesive Transdermal Patches. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142888. [PMID: 35890664 PMCID: PMC9322838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal or transdermal patches are increasingly becoming a noteworthy alternative as carriers for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which makes their detailed physicochemical evaluation essential for pharmaceutical development. This paper demonstrates mid-infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy with complementary microscopic methods (SEM, optical and confocal Raman microscopy) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as tools for the identification of the state of model API (testosterone TST, cytisine CYT or indomethacin IND) in selected adhesive matrices. Among the employed spectroscopic techniques, FTIR and Raman may be used not only as standard methods for API identification in the matrix, but also as a means of distinguishing commercially available polymeric materials of a similar chemical structures. A novel approach for the preparation of adhesive polymers for the FTIR analysis was introduced. In silicone matrices, all three APIs were suspended, whereas in the case of the acrylic PSA, Raman microscopy confirmed that only IND was dissolved in all three acrylic matrices, and the dissolved fraction of the CYT differed depending on the matrix type. Moreover, the recrystallization of TST was observed in one of the acrylates. Interestingly, a DSC analysis of the acrylic patches did not confirm the presence of the API even if the microscopic images showed suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mikolaszek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marzena Jamrógiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (K.M.-P.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (K.M.-P.)
| | - Małgorzata Sznitowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1080; Fax: +48-58-349-1090
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5
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Benefits of Fractal Approaches in Solid Dosage Form Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:156. [PMID: 31493266 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical formulations are complex systems consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and a number of excipients selected to provide the intended performance of the product. The understanding of materials' properties and technological processes is a requirement for building quality into pharmaceutical products. Such understanding is gained mostly from empirical correlations of material and process factors with quality attributes of the final product. However, it seems also important to gain knowledge based on mechanistic considerations. Promising is here to study morphological and/or topological characteristics of particles and their aggregates. These geometric aspects must be taken into account to better understand how product attributes emerge from raw materials, which includes, for example, mechanical tablet properties, disintegration or dissolution behavior. Regulatory agencies worldwide are promoting the use of physical models in pharmaceutics to design quality into a final product. This review deals with pharmaceutical applications of theoretical models, focusing on percolation theory, fractal, and multifractal geometry. The use of these so-called fractal approaches improves the understanding of different aspects in the development of solid dosage forms, for example by identifying critical drug and excipient concentrations, as well as to study effects of heterogeneity on dosage form performance. The aim is to link micro- and macrostructure to the emerging quality attributes of the pharmaceutical solid dosage forms as a strategy to enhance mechanistic understanding and to advance pharmaceutical development and manufacturing processes.
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Helešicová T, Pekárek T, Matějka P. The influence of different acquisition settings and the focus adjustment on Raman spectral maps of pharmaceutical tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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8
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Mujica Ascencio S, Choe C, Meinke MC, Müller RH, Maksimov GV, Wigger-Alberti W, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Confocal Raman microscopy and multivariate statistical analysis for determination of different penetration abilities of caffeine and propylene glycol applied simultaneously in a mixture on porcine skin ex vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 104:51-8. [PMID: 27108784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol is one of the known substances added in cosmetic formulations as a penetration enhancer. Recently, nanocrystals have been employed also to increase the skin penetration of active components. Caffeine is a component with many applications and its penetration into the epidermis is controversially discussed in the literature. In the present study, the penetration ability of two components - caffeine nanocrystals and propylene glycol, applied topically on porcine ear skin in the form of a gel, was investigated ex vivo using two confocal Raman microscopes operated at different excitation wavelengths (785nm and 633nm). Several depth profiles were acquired in the fingerprint region and different spectral ranges, i.e., 526-600cm(-1) and 810-880cm(-1) were chosen for independent analysis of caffeine and propylene glycol penetration into the skin, respectively. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with Student's t-test were employed to calculate the maximum penetration depths of each substance (caffeine and propylene glycol). The results show that propylene glycol penetrates significantly deeper than caffeine (20.7-22.0μm versus 12.3-13.0μm) without any penetration enhancement effect on caffeine. The results confirm that different substances, even if applied onto the skin as a mixture, can penetrate differently. The penetration depths of caffeine and propylene glycol obtained using two different confocal Raman microscopes are comparable showing that both types of microscopes are well suited for such investigations and that multivariate statistical PCA-LDA methods combined with Student's t-test are very useful for analyzing the penetration of different substances into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Mujica Ascencio
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (CIITEC) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Cerrada de Cecati S/N, Col. Santa Catarina Azcapotzalco, México D.F. CP: 02250, Mexico
| | - ChunSik Choe
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Kim Il Sung University, Ryongnam-Dong, Taesong District, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer H Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - George V Maksimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Juergen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Large area sub-micron chemical imaging of magnesium in sea urchin teeth. J Struct Biol 2015; 189:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Beber T, Andrade D, Kann B, Fontana M, Coradini K, Windbergs M, Beck R. Submicron polymeric particles prepared by vibrational spray-drying: Semisolid formulation and skin penetration/permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:602-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Planz V, Franzen L, Windbergs M. Novel in vitro approaches for the simulation and analysis of human skin wounds. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:91-6. [PMID: 25341368 DOI: 10.1159/000364810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increasing incidence of chronic wounds and severe wound infections, effective drug delivery to wounded skin is of high importance. The rational development of novel therapeutic systems requires appropriate in vitro testing methodologies. In this context, suitable and reliable in vitro models simulating human wounds and advanced analytical techniques for precise wound characterization are urgently needed. In this study, we introduce a novel in vitro model based on excised human skin. In contrast to the established wound models, our novel approach has a coffin-shaped, linear, rectangular geometry with defined wound edges exhibiting consistent appearance along the entire wound bed. In addition, we introduce optical profilometry as a novel technique for nondestructive wound analysis. We successfully demonstrate the applicability of this optical imaging method based on white light reflection for three-dimensional visualization of different wound models. Furthermore, we create virtual noninvasive cross sections of these wounds to assess wound geometry in direct comparison to conventional histological analysis. Imaging analysis of our novel coffin-shaped model resulted in reproducible virtual sections along the entire wound bed. Our findings indicate the potential of our novel in vitro model for improved simulation of human wounds. Further, we successfully overcome the limitations of conventional histological analysis by the employment of optical profilometry for nondestructive three-dimensional wound characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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12
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Gantzsch SP, Kann B, Ofer-Glaessgen M, Loos P, Berchtold H, Balbach S, Eichinger T, Lehr CM, Schaefer UF, Windbergs M. Characterization and evaluation of a modified PVPA barrier in comparison to Caco-2 cell monolayers for combined dissolution and permeation testing. J Control Release 2014; 175:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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