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Malheiro V, Duarte J, Veiga F, Mascarenhas-Melo F. Exploiting Pharma 4.0 Technologies in the Non-Biological Complex Drugs Manufacturing: Innovations and Implications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2545. [PMID: 38004525 PMCID: PMC10674941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has entered an era of transformation with the emergence of Pharma 4.0, which leverages cutting-edge technologies in manufacturing processes. These hold tremendous potential for enhancing the overall efficiency, safety, and quality of non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs), a category of pharmaceutical products that pose unique challenges due to their intricate composition and complex manufacturing requirements. This review attempts to provide insight into the application of select Pharma 4.0 technologies, namely machine learning, in silico modeling, and 3D printing, in the manufacturing process of NBCDs. Specifically, it reviews the impact of these tools on NBCDs such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, glatiramer acetate, iron carbohydrate complexes, and nanocrystals. It also addresses regulatory challenges associated with the implementation of these technologies and presents potential future perspectives, highlighting the incorporation of digital twins in this field of research as it seems to be a very promising approach, namely for the optimization of NBCDs manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Malheiro
- Drug Development and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Joana Duarte
- Drug Development and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Drug Development and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.D.); (F.V.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Drug Development and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.D.); (F.V.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Rua da Cadeia, 6300-307 Guarda, Portugal
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2
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Dabke A, Ghosh S, Dabke P, Sawant K, Khopade A. Revisiting the in-vitro and in-vivo considerations for in-silico modelling of complex injectable drug products. J Control Release 2023; 360:185-211. [PMID: 37353161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex injectable drug products (CIDPs) have often been developed to modulate the pharmacokinetics along with efficacy for therapeutic agents used for remediation of chronic disorders. The effective development of CIDPs has exhibited complex kinetics associated with multiphasic drug release from the prepared formulations. Consequently, predictability of pharmacokinetic modelling for such CIDPs has been difficult and there is need for advanced complex computational models for the establishment of accurate prediction models for in-vitro-in-vivo correlation (IVIVC). The computational modelling aims at supplementing the existing knowledge with mathematical equations to develop formulation strategies for generation of predictable and discriminatory IVIVC. Such an approach would help in reduction of the burden of effect of hidden factors on preclinical to clinical translations. Computational tools like physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling have combined physicochemical and physiological properties along with IVIVC characteristics of clinically used formulations. Such techniques have helped in prediction and understanding of variability in pharmacodynamic parameters of potential generic products to clinically used formulations like Doxil®, Ambisome®, Abraxane® in healthy and diseased population using mathematical equations. The current review highlights the important formulation characteristics, in-vitro, preclinical in-vivo aspects which need to be considered while developing a stimulatory predictive PBPK model in establishment of an IVIVC and in-vitro-in-vivo relationship (IVIVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Biopharmaceutics, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Pallavi Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India.
| | - Ajay Khopade
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India.
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3
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Rodríguez-Gómez FD, Penon O, Monferrer D, Rivera-Gil P. Classification system for nanotechnology-enabled health products with both scientific and regulatory application. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1212949. [PMID: 37601794 PMCID: PMC10433195 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1212949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of specific regulatory guidelines for nanotechnology-enabled health products (NHPs) is hampering development and patient access to these innovative technologies. Namely, there is an urgent need for harmonized regulatory definitions and classification systems that allow establishing a standardized framework for NHPs regulatory assessment. In this work, a novel classification system for NHPs is proposed. This classification can be applied for sorting nano-based innovations and regulatory guidelines according to the type of NHPs they address. Said methodology combines scientific and regulatory principles and it is based on the following criteria: principal mode of action, chemical composition, medical purpose and nanomanufacturing approach. This classification system could serve as a useful tool to sensor the state of the art of NHPs which is particularly useful for regulators to support strategy development of regulatory guidelines. Additionally, this tool would also allow manufacturers of NHPs to align their development plans with their applicable guidelines and standards and thus fulfill regulators expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Asphalion SL, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Biomedical Materials and Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Biomedicine Research Park (PRBB) Doctor Aiguader, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Rivera-Gil
- Integrative Biomedical Materials and Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Biomedicine Research Park (PRBB) Doctor Aiguader, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Mansour A, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Ghoniem MG, Adam FA, El-Sherbiny IM. Fortified anti-proliferative activity of niclosamide for breast cancer treatment: In-vitro and in-vivo assessment. Life Sci 2023; 316:121379. [PMID: 36623765 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents one of the top lethal cancer types among the females worldwide. Several factors manipulate the clinical outcome of the treatment as the stage of the cancer upon detection, genetic and hormonal factors, drug resistance and metastasis. Accordingly, drug's repositioning, enhancing the bioavailability and encapsulation into nanoparticles (NPs) are among the predilected pathways for enhanced therapeutic outcome. Niclosamide (NIC) is an anthelmintic drug and has been repositioned as anticancer agent after revealing its anti-neoplastic activity. Piperine (PIP) was used as food spice until its anticancer activity was discovered. However, their hydrophobicity constrains their therapeutic efficiency. The cytotoxicity of both drugs in the free form was tested on MCF-7 cells, and the results indicated a NIC cytotoxicity enhancement by PIP. Then, NIC and PIP were encapsulated successfully into F127-NPs with entrapment efficiency of 97 % and 82 %, respectively. Particle size, zeta potential, TEM and FTIR confirmed the micellization process and drug encapsulation. The developed NIC-NPs and PIP-NPs exerted potent anticancer effect as compared to the free forms. Accordingly, the mixture; NIC-NPs/PIP-NPs was tested and its cytotoxicity exceeded the individually encapsulated drugs. Flowcytometry assessment was performed and demonstrated an induced cell death through the apoptotic stage. Additionally, in-vivo therapeutic efficiency of NIC-NPs/PIP-NPs was assessed through Ehrlich ascites tumor and the nanocombination therapy exerted superior additive anticancer effect when compared to NIC-NPs which is attributed to the PIP-NPs induced bioavailability. The study can be considered the first one investigating the PIP role in bioenhancing the anti-proliferative activity of NIC to combat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mansour
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Monira G Ghoniem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
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5
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Yilmaz H, Ahmed S, Rodriguez JD, Willett DR. Scanning Electron-Raman Cryomicroscopy for Characterization of Nanoparticle-Albumin Drug Products. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2633-2638. [PMID: 36693238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have expanded the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients by improving efficacy, decreasing toxicity, and facilitating targeted delivery. To systematically achieve this goal, nanomaterial-containing drugs need to be manufactured with precision in attributes such as size, morphology, surface chemistry, and composition. Their physicochemical characterization is essential as their attributes govern pharmacokinetics yet can be challenging due to the nature of many nanomaterial-based formulations unless advanced sample fixation and in vitro characterization methods are utilized. Here, different cryogenic and other fixation strategies were assessed, and a novel physicochemical characterization method was developed using scanning electron Raman cryo-microscopy (SERCM). A complex nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) formulation was chosen as a model drug. Plunge freezing (PF), high pressure freezing (HPF), freeze substitution (FS), and membrane filtration were compared for their influence on size and morphology measurements, and formulation-based variations were quantified. SERCM was introduced as a multiattribute physicochemical characterization platform, and the composition of nanoparticles was confirmed as albumin-paclitaxel complexes. By coupling image-based quantitative analysis with chemical analysis, SERCM has the potential to pave the way for the development of comprehensive tools for assessing injectable and ophthalmic nanomaterial-containing drugs in their native-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzeyfe Yilmaz
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Snober Ahmed
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel R Willett
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis 63110, Missouri, United States
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6
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Zagalo DM, Simões S, Sousa J. Regulatory Science Approach in Pharmaceutical Development of Follow-On Versions of Non-Biological Complex Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2687-2713. [PMID: 35901943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of Nanotechnology have been a driving force throughout the development and approval of Non-Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs). However, the fast-growing expansion of NBCDs and the emergence of their follow-on versions have brought with them several scientific, technological, and regulatory challenges. The definition of NBCDs is still not officially recognized by the regulatory authorities, and there is no dedicated regulatory pathway addressing the particular features of NBCDs and their follow-on versions. The lack of clear and consistent regulatory guidance documents in this field, as well as, the inconsistency across different regulatory agencies, impact negatively on the acceptance and enormous potential of these drug products. Patient access to high-quality NBCDs follow-on versions may be compromised by regulatory uncertainty resulting from the use of different regulatory approaches across the globe, as well as within the same class of products. Accordingly, there is a real need to develop a specific regulatory pathway compliant with the complexity of NBCDs and their follow-on versions or, alternatively, make better use of available regulatory pathways. The main goal of the review is to deeply investigate and provide a critical overview of the regulatory landscape of NBCDs and follow-on versions currently adopted by the regulatory authorities. The dissemination of knowledge and discussion in this field can contribute to clarifying regulations, policies, and regulatory approaches to complex generics, thereby filling regulatory and scientific gaps in the establishment of therapeutic equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Zagalo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal..
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Takechi-Haraya Y, Ohgita T, Demizu Y, Saito H, Izutsu KI, Sakai-Kato K. Current Status and Challenges of Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Size and Surface Modification of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:150. [PMID: 35596094 PMCID: PMC9122548 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the current status and difficulties of the analytical methods used to evaluate size and surface modifications of nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical products (NPs) such as liposomal drugs and new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We identified the challenges in the development of methods for (1) measurement of a wide range of solid-state NPs, (2) evaluation of the sizes of polydisperse NPs, and (3) measurement of non-spherical NPs. Although a few methods have been established to analyze surface modifications of NPs, the feasibility of their application to NPs is unknown. The present review also examined the trends in standardization required to validate the size and surface measurements of NPs. It was determined that there is a lack of available reference materials and it is difficult to select appropriate ones for modified NP surface characterization. Research and development are in progress on innovative surface-modified NP-based cancer and gene therapies targeting cells, tissues, and organs. Next-generation nanomedicine should compile studies on the practice and standardization of the measurement methods for NPs to design surface modifications and ensure the quality of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takechi-Haraya
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Izutsu
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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8
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Gupta R, Chen Y, Xie H. In vitro dissolution considerations associated with nano drug delivery systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1732. [PMID: 34132050 PMCID: PMC8526385 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer promising solution for the translation of future nanomedicines. As bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes can be improved by altering the drug release from these NDDS, it becomes essential to thoroughly understand their drug release kinetics. Moreover, U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires critical evaluation of potential safety, efficacy, and public health impacts of nanomaterials. Spiraling up market share of NDDS has also stimulated the pharmaceutical industry to develop their cost-effective generic versions after the expiry of patent and associated exclusivity. However, unlike the conventional dosage forms, the in vivo disposition of NDDS is highly intricate and different from their in vitro behavior. Significant challenges exist in the establishment of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) due to incomplete understanding of nanoparticles' in vivo biofate and its impact on in vitro experimental protocols. A rational design of dissolution may serve as quality and quantity control tool and help develop a meaningful IVIVC for favorable economic implications. Clinically relevant drug product specifications (critical quality attributes) can be identified by establishing a link between in vitro performance and in vivo exposure. In vitro dissolution may also play a pivotal role to understand the dissolution-mediated clearance and safety of NDDS. Prevalent in vitro dissolution methods for NDDS and their limitations are discussed in this review, among which USP 4 is gaining more interest recently. Researchers are working diligently to develop biorelevant in vitro release assays to ensure optimal therapeutic performance of generic versions of these NDDS. This article focuses on these studies and presents important considerations for the future development of clinically relevant in vitro release methods. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA 77004
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA 77004
| | - Huan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA 77004
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Kim Y, Park EJ, Kim TW, Na DH. Recent Progress in Drug Release Testing Methods of Biopolymeric Particulate System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1313. [PMID: 34452274 PMCID: PMC8399039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymeric microparticles have been widely used for long-term release formulations of short half-life chemicals or synthetic peptides. Characterization of the drug release from microparticles is important to ensure product quality and desired pharmacological effect. However, there is no official method for long-term release parenteral dosage forms. Much work has been done to develop methods for in vitro drug release testing, generally grouped into three major categories: sample and separate, dialysis membrane, and continuous flow (flow-through cell) methods. In vitro drug release testing also plays an important role in providing insight into the in vivo performance of a product. In vitro release test with in vivo relevance can reduce the cost of conducting in vivo studies and accelerate drug product development. Therefore, investigation of the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is increasingly becoming an essential part of particulate formulation development. This review summarizes the principles of the in vitro release testing methods of biopolymeric particulate system with the recent research articles and discusses their characteristics including IVIVC, accelerated release testing methods, and stability of encapsulated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.K.); (T.W.K.)
- G2GBIO, Inc., Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | | | - Tae Wan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.K.); (T.W.K.)
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.K.); (T.W.K.)
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Brandis JEP, Kihn KC, Taraban MB, Schnorr J, Confer AM, Batelu S, Sun D, Rodriguez JD, Jiang W, Goldberg DP, Langguth P, Stemmler TL, Yu YB, Kane MA, Polli JE, Michel SLJ. Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Iron Nanoparticle Drug Products: Brand and Generic Sodium Ferric Gluconate. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1544-1557. [PMID: 33621099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex iron nanoparticle-based drugs are one of the oldest and most frequently administered classes of nanomedicines. In the US, there are seven FDA-approved iron nanoparticle reference drug products, of which one also has an approved generic drug product (i.e., sodium ferric gluconate (SFG)). These products are indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and are administered intravenously. On the molecular level, iron nanomedicines are colloids composed of an iron oxide core with a carbohydrate coating. This formulation makes nanomedicines more complex than conventional small molecule drugs. As such, these products are often referred to as nonbiological complex drugs (e.g., by the nonbiological complex drugs (NBCD) working group) or complex drug products (e.g., by the FDA). Herein, we report a comprehensive study of the physiochemical properties of the iron nanoparticle product SFG. SFG is the single drug for which both an innovator (Ferrlecit) and generic product are available in the US, allowing for comparative studies to be performed. Measurements focused on the iron core of SFG included optical spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorbance spectroscopy (XAS). The analysis revealed similar ferric-iron-oxide structures. Measurements focused on the carbohydrate shell comprised of the gluconate ligands included forced acid degradation, dynamic light scattering (DLS), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Such analysis revealed differences in composition for the innovator versus the generic SFG. These studies have the potential to contribute to future quality assessment of iron complex products and will inform on a pharmacokinetic study of two therapeutically equivalent iron gluconate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E P Brandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Kyle C Kihn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Marc B Taraban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Julia Schnorr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alex M Confer
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sharon Batelu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 20903, United States
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Yihua Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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11
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Characterization and Applications of Colloidal Systems as Versatile Drug Delivery Carriers for Parenteral Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020108. [PMID: 33573103 PMCID: PMC7911661 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing a suitable formulation for parenteral administration is already a difficult task; this, coupled with poor water-soluble new chemical entity (NCE), complicates this situation even further. There are several methodologies available to enhance water solubility, but this alone does not entail successful formulation. Making a micro/nano emulsion with a suitable surfactant not only increases the drug solubility but also the cell membrane permeability. Thus, not only biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS)-II (low solubility compounds) but also BCS-III (low permeability) and BCS-IV drugs (low solubility and low permeability) can be further exploited. Those drug candidates otherwise will not move further in NCE evaluation or clinical trials. This succinct review article delves into various aspects of biphasic micro/nano emulsion systems for parenteral drug delivery including the structure of the biphasic colloidal systems, characterization parameters, stability issues, regulatory considerations, and applications in life sciences.
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12
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Silver Nanoparticles Agglomerate Intracellularly Depending on the Stabilizing Agent: Implications for Nanomedicine Efficacy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101953. [PMID: 33007984 PMCID: PMC7601179 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles are utilized as drug delivery carriers in modern medicine due to their high surface area and tailorable surface functionality. After in vivo administration, nanoparticles distribute and interact with biomolecules, such as polar proteins in serum, lipid membranes in cells, and high ionic conditions during digestion. Electrostatic forces and steric hindrances in a nanoparticle population are disturbed and particles agglomerate in biological fluids. Little is known about the stability of nanoparticles in relation to particle surface charge. Here, we compared three different surface-stabilized silver nanoparticles (50 nm) for intracellular agglomeration in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Nanoparticles stabilized with branched polyethyleneimine conferred a positive surface charge, particles stabilized with lipoic acid conferred a negative surface charge, and particles stabilized with polyethylene glycol conferred a neutral surface charge. Particles were incubated in fetal bovine serum, simulated lung surfactant fluid, and simulated stomach digestion fluid. Each nanoparticle system was characterized via microscopic (transmission electron, fluorescence, and enhanced darkfield) and spectroscopic (hyperspectral, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet-visible absorption) techniques. Results showed that nanoparticle transformation included cellular internalization, agglomeration, and degradation and that these changes were dependent upon surface charge and incubation matrix. Hyperspectral analyses showed that positively charged silver nanoparticles red-shifted in spectral analysis after transformations, whereas negatively charged silver nanoparticles blue-shifted. Neutrally charged silver nanoparticles did not demonstrate significant spectral shifts. Spectral shifting indicates de-stabilization in particle suspension, which directly affects agglomeration intracellularly. These characteristics are translatable to critical quality attributes and can be exploited when developing nano-carriers for nanomedicine.
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Macdougall IC, Comin-Colet J, Breymann C, Spahn DR, Koutroubakis IE. Iron Sucrose: A Wealth of Experience in Treating Iron Deficiency. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1960-2002. [PMID: 32297281 PMCID: PMC7467495 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a wide range of conditions. In many patient populations, this can be treated effectively with oral iron supplementation; but in patients who are unable to take or who do not respond to oral iron therapy, intravenous iron administration is recommended. Furthermore, in certain conditions, such as end-stage kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and inflammatory bowel disease, intravenous iron administration has become first-line treatment. One of the first available intravenous iron preparations is iron sucrose (Venofer®), a nanomedicine that has been used clinically since 1949. Treatment with iron sucrose is particularly beneficial owing to its ability to rapidly increase hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels, with an acceptable safety profile. Recently, important new data relating to the use of iron sucrose, including the findings from the landmark PIVOTAL trial in patients with end-stage kidney disease, have been reported. Several years ago, a number of iron sucrose similars became available, although there have been concerns about the clinical appropriateness of substituting the original iron sucrose with an iron sucrose similar because of differences in efficacy and safety. This is a result of the complex and unique physicochemical properties of nanomedicines such as iron sucrose, which make copying the molecule difficult and problematic. In this review, we summarize the evidence accumulated during 70 years of clinical experience with iron sucrose in terms of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Comin-Colet
- Department of Cardiology, Bellvitge University Hospital and IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Donat R Spahn
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Colaço M, Marques AP, Jesus S, Duarte A, Borges O. Safe-by-Design of Glucan Nanoparticles: Size Matters When Assessing the Immunotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:915-932. [PMID: 32138518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucan (from Alcaligenes faecalis) is a polymer composed of β-1,3-linked glucose residues, and it has been addressed in different medical fields, namely in nanotechnology, as a vaccine or a drug delivery system. However, due to their small size, nanomaterials may present new risks and uncertainties. Thus, this work aims to describe the production of glucan nanoparticles (NPs) with two different sizes, and to evaluate the influence of the NPs size on immunotoxicity. Results showed that, immediately after production, glucan NPs presented average sizes of 129.7 ± 2.5 and 355.4 ± 41.0 nm. Glucan NPs of 130 nm presented greater ability to decrease human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophage viability and to induce reactive oxygen species production than glucan NPs of 355 nm. Both NP sizes caused hemolysis and induced a higher metabolic activity in lymphocytes, although the concentration required to observe such effect was lower for the 130 nm glucan NPs. Regarding pro-inflammatory cytokines, only the larger glucan NPs (355 nm) were able to induce the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, probably due to their recognition by dectin-1. This higher immunomodulatory effect of the larger NPs was also observed in its ability to stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β. On the contrary, a small amount of Glu 130 NPs inhibited NO production. In conclusion, on the safe-by-design of glucan NPs, the size of the particles should be an important critical quality attribute to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of the nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alana Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Di Francesco T, Delafontaine L, Philipp E, Lechat E, Borchard G. Iron polymaltose complexes: Could we spot physicochemical differences in medicines sharing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient? Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Sarwal A, Singh G, Singh K, Garg S. Recent Interventions for Nanotechnology Based Drug Products: Insights into the Regulatory Aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5219-5228. [PMID: 30652639 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190117094250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology has been one of the most prominent forefront grounds in several traditional research areas of science and technology, and development of medicines at nanoscale can be reflected by the tremendous surge in market interest. Present outlook: Its applications include various research areas of medicine, drug delivery technology, diagnostic devices, tissue engineering and gene therapy. Along with immense advances, this technology comes with major limitations including potential immune reactivity and complex characterization of these products. Regulatory challenges: The lack of a proper regulatory perspective due to infidelities in scientific findings have led to further uncertainties and vagueness of the nanoscale domain, particularly its safety implications. Guideline scenario: Early development pathways and regulations should be a top-notch priority to help researchers fail faster and more economically. This would facilitate the peaking utility of these materials in medicine without compromising public health and environmental integrity. This review attempts to emphasize the regulatory rationales of key considerations in nanotechnology along with a portray of the present scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab, University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab, University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kirti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab, University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia, Australia
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17
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Barbosa EJ, Löbenberg R, de Araujo GLB, Bou-Chacra NA. Niclosamide repositioning for treating cancer: Challenges and nano-based drug delivery opportunities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:58-69. [PMID: 31078739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug repositioning may be defined as a process when new biological effects for known drugs are identified, leading to recommendations for new therapeutic applications. Niclosamide, present in the Model List of Essential Medicines, from the World Health Organization, has been used since the 1960s for tapeworm infection. Several preclinical studies have been shown its impressive anticancer effects, which led to clinical trials for colon and prostate cancer. Despite high expectations, proof of efficacy and safety are still required, which are associated with diverse biopharmaceutical challenges, such as the physicochemical properties of the drug and its oral absorption, and their relationship with clinical outcomes. Nanostructured systems are innovative drug delivery strategies, which may provide interesting pharmaceutical advantages for this candidate. The aim of this review is to discuss challenges involving niclosamide repositioning for cancer diseases, and the opportunities of therapeutic benefits from nanosctrutured system formulations containing this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Schoubben A, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S. Meeting the unmet: from traditional to cutting-edge techniques for poly lactide and poly lactide-co-glycolide microparticle manufacturing. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Au JLS, Abbiati RA, Wientjes MG, Lu Z. Target Site Delivery and Residence of Nanomedicines: Application of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:157-169. [PMID: 30846487 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP), an emerging field that entails using modeling and computation to interpret, interrogate, and integrate drug effects spanning from the molecule to the whole organism to forecast treatment outcomes, is expected to enhance the efficiency of drug development. Since late 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has advocated the use of an analogous approach of model-informed drug development. This review focuses on issues pertaining to nanosized medicines (NP) and the potential utility of QSP to determine NP delivery and residence at extracellular or intracellular targets in vivo. The kinetic processes governing NP disposition and transport, interactions with biologic matrix components, binding and internalization in cells, and intracellular trafficking are determined, sometimes jointly, by NP properties (e.g., dimension, materials, surface charge and modifications, shape, and geometry) and target tissue properties (e.g., perfusion status, vessel pore size and wall thickness, vessel and cell density, composition of extracellular matrix, and void volume fraction). These various determinants, together with the heterogeneous tissue structures and microenvironment factors in solid tumors, lead to environment-, spatial-, and time-dependent changes in NP concentrations that are difficult to predict. Adding to the complexity is the recent discovery that NP surface-coating protein corona, whose composition depends on NP properties and which undergoes continuous evolution with time and local protein environments, is yet another unpredictable variable. Examples are provided to demonstrate the potential utility of QSP-based multiscale modeling to capture the physicochemical and biologic processes in equations to enable computational studies of the key kinetic processes in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L-S Au
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A.); Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (J.L.-S.A.)
| | - Roberto A Abbiati
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A.); Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (J.L.-S.A.)
| | - M Guillaume Wientjes
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A.); Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (J.L.-S.A.)
| | - Ze Lu
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.L.-S.A., R.A.A.); Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California (J.L.-S.A., M.G.W., Z.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (J.L.-S.A.)
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20
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Nanomedicines in clinical practice: Are colloidal iron sucrose ready-to-use intravenous solutions interchangeable? Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Neu HM, Alexishin SA, Brandis JEP, Williams AMC, Li W, Sun D, Zheng N, Jiang W, Zimrin A, Fink JC, Polli JE, Kane MA, Michel SLJ. Snapshots of Iron Speciation: Tracking the Fate of Iron Nanoparticle Drugs via a Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Approach. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1272-1281. [PMID: 30676753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are nanoparticle-based therapeutic or diagnostic agents designed for targeted delivery or enhanced stability. Nanotechnology has been successfully employed to develop various drug formulations with improved pharmacokinetic characteristics, and current research efforts are focused on the development of new innovator and generic nanomedicines. Nanomedicines, which are often denoted as complex or nonbiological complex drugs, have inherently different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties than conventional small molecule drugs. The tools necessary to fully evaluate nanomedicines in clinical settings are limited, which can hamper their development. One of the most successful families of nanomedicines are iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles, which are administered intravenously (IV) to treat iron-deficiency anemia. In the U.S., the FDA has approved six distinct iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles but only one generic version (sodium ferric gluconate for Ferrlecit). There is significant interest in approving additional generic iron-carbohydrate drugs; however, the lack of a direct method to monitor the fate of the iron nanoparticles in clinical samples has impeded this approval. Herein we report a novel liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) method that allows for the direct quantification of the iron-carbohydrate drugs in clinical samples, while simultaneously measuring the speciation of the iron released from the nanoparticles in biological samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that iron nanoparticles have been observed in clinical samples, opening the door for direct pharmacokinetic studies of this family of drugs. This method has potential applications not only for iron-nanoparticle drugs but also for any nanomedicine with an inorganic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Neu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Sergei A Alexishin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Joel E P Brandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Anne M C Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Nan Zheng
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Ann Zimrin
- Oncology Program , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C Fink
- Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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22
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Au JLS, Lu Z, Abbiati RA, Wientjes MG. Systemic Bioequivalence Is Unlikely to Equal Target Site Bioequivalence for Nanotechnology Oncologic Products. AAPS J 2019; 21:24. [PMID: 30710324 PMCID: PMC6432930 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approval of generic drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires the product to be pharmaceutically equivalent to the reference listed drug (RLD) and demonstrate bioequivalence (BE) in effectiveness when administered to patients under the conditions in the RLD product labeling. Effectiveness is determined by drug exposure at the target sites. However, since such measurement is usually unavailable, systemic exposure is assumed to equal target site exposure and systemic BE to equal target site BE. This assumption, while it often applies to small molecule drug products that are readily dissolved in biological fluids and systemically absorbed, is unlikely to apply to nanotechnology products (NP) that exist as heterogeneous systems and are subjected to dimension- and material-dependent changes. This commentary provides an overview of the intersecting and spatial-dependent processes and variables governing the delivery and residence of oncologic NP in solid tumors. In order to provide a quantitative perspective of the collective effects of these processes, we used quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) multi-scale modeling to capture the physicochemical and biological events on several scales (whole-body, organ/suborgan, cell/subcellular, spatial locations, time). QSP is an emerging field that entails using modeling and computation to facilitate drug development; an analogous approach (i.e., model-informed drug development) is advocated by to FDA. The QSP model-based simulations illustrated that small changes in NP attributes (e.g., size variations during manufacturing, interactions with proteins in biological milieu) could lead to disproportionately large differences in target site exposure, rending systemic BE unlikely to equal target site BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L-S Au
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, 1815 Aston Avenue, suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA.
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ze Lu
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, 1815 Aston Avenue, suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Roberto A Abbiati
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, 1815 Aston Avenue, suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA
| | - M Guillaume Wientjes
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, 1815 Aston Avenue, suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
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Martin-Malo A, Borchard G, Flühmann B, Mori C, Silverberg D, Jankowska EA. Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6:241-253. [PMID: 30694615 PMCID: PMC6437426 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia and is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, can be corrected with intravenous (i.v.) iron therapy. In heart failure patients, iron status screening, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency with ferric carboxymaltose are recommended by the 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines, based on results of two randomized controlled trials in CHF patients with iron deficiency. All i.v. iron complexes consist of a polynuclear Fe(III)‐oxyhydroxide/oxide core that is stabilized with a compound‐specific carbohydrate, which strongly influences their physico‐chemical properties (e.g. molecular weight distribution, complex stability, and labile iron content). Thus, the carbohydrate determines the metabolic fate of the complex, affecting its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and interactions with the innate immune system. Accordingly, i.v. iron products belong to the new class of non‐biological complex drugs for which regulatory authorities recognized the need for more detailed characterization by orthogonal methods, particularly when assessing generic/follow‐on products. Evaluation of published clinical and non‐clinical studies with different i.v. iron products in this review suggests that study results obtained with one i.v. iron product should not be assumed to be equivalent to other i.v. iron products that lack comparable study data in CHF. Without head‐to‐head clinical studies proving the therapeutic equivalence of other i.v. iron products with ferric carboxymaltose, in the highly vulnerable population of heart failure patients, extrapolation of results and substitution with a different i.v. iron product is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martin-Malo
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ewa A Jankowska
- Centre for Heart Diseases - Clinical Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
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Tang J, Srinivasan S, Yuan W, Ming R, Liu Y, Dai Z, Noble CO, Hayes ME, Zheng N, Jiang W, Szoka FC, Schwendeman A. Development of a flow-through USP 4 apparatus drug release assay for the evaluation of amphotericin B liposome. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Regulatory Considerations for Cancer Drug Products Containing Nanomaterials. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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26
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Qi F, Wu J, Li H, Ma G. Recent research and development of PLGA/PLA microspheres/nanoparticles: A review in scientific and industrial aspects. Front Chem Sci Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Di Francesco T, Borchard G. A robust and easily reproducible protocol for the determination of size and size distribution of iron sucrose using dynamic light scattering. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Di Francesco T, Philipp E, Borchard G. Iron sucrose: assessing the similarity between the originator drug and its intended copies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1407:63-74. [PMID: 29168243 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron sucrose (IS) is a complex nanocolloidal intravenous suspension used in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Follow-on IS products (iron sucrose similars (ISSs)) have obtained marketing authorization by the generic pathway, implying that identical copies of IS may be manufactured. However, recent prospective and retrospective clinical studies showed discrepancies in clinical outcomes, which might be related to differences in physicochemical properties. The aim of this work is to measure and compare the physicochemical properties of IS and three ISSs available in the market using innovative analytical procedures. The comprehensive elucidation of size, size distribution, morphology, and stability of these complex drugs revealed very significant differences between the products. This study serves to provide the basis to define critical quality attributes that may be linked to differences in clinical outcome and thus may contribute to an adequate regulatory approach for IS and its follow-on products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Francesco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Erik Philipp
- Vifor (International) AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Pai AB. Complexity of intravenous iron nanoparticle formulations: implications for bioequivalence evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1407:17-25. [PMID: 29027212 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous iron formulations are a class of complex drugs that are commonly used to treat a wide variety of disease states associated with iron deficiency and anemia. Venofer® (iron-sucrose) is one of the most frequently used formulations, with more than 90% of dialysis patients in the United States receiving this formulation. Emerging data from global markets outside the United States, where many iron-sucrose similars or copies are available, have shown that these formulations may have safety and efficacy profiles that differ from the reference listed drug. This may be attributable to uncharacterized differences in physicochemical characteristics and/or differences in labile iron release. As bioequivalence evaluation guidance evolves, clinicians should be educated on these potential clinical issues before a switch to the generic formulation is made in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Barton Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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30
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Chountoulesi M, Naziris N, Pippa N, Demetzos C. The significance of drug-to-lipid ratio to the development of optimized liposomal formulation. J Liposome Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2017.1343836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Naziris
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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31
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Tagami T, Ozeki T. Recent Trends in Clinical Trials Related to Carrier-Based Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2219-2226. [PMID: 28259767 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials related to carrier-based drugs have recently attracted attention because carrier-based drugs hold promise for high efficiency drug delivery and for reducing drug-related side effects. In this commentary, we introduce recent clinical trials involving the use of various carriers, including liposomes, nano and micro particles, micelles, emulsions, and polymeric carriers. Liposomal drug carriers are currently the most intensively tested carriers in clinical trials, but other carriers such as polymeric carriers, albumin-based carriers, and metal nanocarriers have also recently been studied in clinical trials. Each carrier has specific properties, advantages, and disadvantages. The recent clinical trials introduced herein provide information critical to understanding current trends in carrier-based drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Tagami
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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