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Thakur A, Tan Z, Kameyama T, El-Khateeb E, Nagpal S, Malone S, Jamwal R, Nwabufo CK. Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:434-458. [PMID: 34310243 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1959606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, rapid, and effective bioanalytical method is essential for the determination of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic parameters that inform the safety and efficacy profile of investigational drugs. The overall goal of bioanalytical method development is to elucidate the procedure and operating conditions under which a method can sufficiently extract, qualify, and/or quantify the analyte(s) of interest and/or their metabolites for the intended purpose. Given the difference in the physicochemical properties of small and large molecule drugs, different strategies need to be adopted for the development of an effective and efficient bioanalytical method. Herein, we provide an overview of different sample preparation strategies, analytical platforms, as well as procedures for achieving high throughput for bioanalysis of small and large molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Tan
- Department of Early Clinical Development, dMed-Clinipace, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eman El-Khateeb
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rohitash Jamwal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Frutiger A, Fattinger C, Vörös J. Ultra-Stable Molecular Sensors by Sub-Micron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction-Part I. The Concept of a Spatial Affinity Lock-in Amplifier. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:E469. [PMID: 33440783 PMCID: PMC7827303 DOI: 10.3390/s21020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance, are sensitive and well-established for the characterization of molecular interactions. Yet, these sensors require stabilization and constant conditions even with the use of reference channels. In this paper, we use tools from signal processing to show why these sensors are so cross-sensitive and how to overcome their drawbacks. In particular, we conceptualize the spatial affinity lock-in as a universal design principle for sensitive molecular sensors even in the complete absence of stabilization. The spatial affinity lock-in is analogous to the well-established time-domain lock-in. Instead of a time-domain signal, it modulates the binding signal at a high spatial frequency to separate it from the low spatial frequency environmental noise in Fourier space. In addition, direct sampling of the locked-in sensor's response in Fourier space enabled by diffraction has advantages over sampling in real space as done by surface plasmon resonance sensors using the distributed reference principle. This paper and part II hint at the potential of spatially locked-in diffractometric biosensors to surpass state-of-the-art temperature-stabilized refractometric biosensors. Even simple, miniaturized and non-stabilized sensors might achieve the performance of bulky lab instruments. This may enable new applications in label-free analysis of molecular binding and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Christof Fattinger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
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Frutiger A, Gatterdam K, Blickenstorfer Y, Reichmuth AM, Fattinger C, Vörös J. Ultra Stable Molecular Sensors by Submicron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction-Part II. Experimental Demonstration. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 21:E9. [PMID: 33375003 PMCID: PMC7792590 DOI: 10.3390/s21010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensors are an invaluable tool for molecular interaction analysis. Over the past 30 years, refractometric biosensors and, in particular, surface plasmon resonance have matured to the de facto standard of this field despite a significant cross reactivity to environmental and experimental noise sources. In this paper, we demonstrate that sensors that apply the spatial affinity lock-in principle (part I) and perform readout by diffraction overcome the drawbacks of established refractometric biosensors. We show this with a direct comparison of the cover refractive index jump sensitivity as well as the surface mass resolution of an unstabilized diffractometric biosensor with a state-of-the-art Biacore 8k. A combined refractometric diffractometric biosensor demonstrates that a refractometric sensor requires a much higher measurement precision than the diffractometric to achieve the same resolution. In a conceptual and quantitative discussion, we elucidate the physical reasons behind and define the figure of merit of diffractometric biosensors. Because low-precision unstabilized diffractometric devices achieve the same resolution as bulky stabilized refractometric sensors, we believe that label-free optical sensors might soon move beyond the drug discovery lab as miniaturized, mass-produced environmental/medical sensors. In fact, combined with the right surface chemistry and recognition element, they might even bring the senses of smell/taste to our smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (Y.B.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Karl Gatterdam
- Institute of Structural Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Yves Blickenstorfer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (Y.B.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Andreas Michael Reichmuth
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (Y.B.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Christof Fattinger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.F.); (Y.B.); (A.M.R.)
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Generic MS-based method for the bioanalysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in nonclinical studies. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:231-243. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A generic bioanalytical method was developed to quantify therapeutic IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in mouse sera by combining an easy sample preparation method with LC/MS using selected reaction monitoring. Materials & methods: Rituximab and trastuzumab were used as model mAbs. A synthetic stable isotope-labeled peptide or a stable isotope-labeled mAb was used as an internal standard. The method feasibility was evaluated by a collaborative study involving six laboratories. Results: The calibration curve ranged from 1.0 to 1000.0 μg/ml (correlation coefficient >0.99). The validation parameters including selectivity, linearity of calibration curve, accuracy and precision met the predefined acceptance criteria. Conclusion: Our method is a useful bioanalytical method for the quantification of therapeutic IgG mAbs in nonclinical animal studies.
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Critical reagent screening and characterization: benefits and approaches for protein biomarker assays by hybrid LC–MS. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:785-795. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, hybrid ligand-binding assays (LBAs)/LC–MS assays have been increasingly used for quantitation of protein biomarkers in biological matrices. However, unlike in LBAs where the importance of critical reagent screening and characterization is well understood and widely reported, benefits of well-characterized hybrid LC–MS assay reagents are frequently underestimated. Two groups of analyte-specific reagents, binding reagents and assay calibrators, are considered the critical reagents for biomarker assays. In this article, we summarize the similarities and differences of critical reagents used in LBAs and hybrid LC–MS assays, overview the benefits and approaches of critical reagent screening, characterization, antibody conjugation and discuss bioanalytical considerations in hybrid LC–MS assay development for robust measurements of protein biomarkers in biological matrices.
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Surface plasmon resonance as a tool for ligand-binding assay reagent characterization in bioanalysis of biotherapeutics. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:559-576. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-binding assay (LBA) performance depends on quality reagents. Strategic reagent screening and characterization is critical to LBA development, optimization and validation. Application of advanced technologies expedites the reagent screening and assay development process. By evaluating surface plasmon resonance technology that offers high-throughput kinetic information, this article aims to provide perspectives on applying the surface plasmon resonance technology to strategic LBA critical reagent screening and characterization supported by a number of case studies from multiple biotherapeutic programs.
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Jiang W, Zeng L, Liu L, Song S, Kuang H. Immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of phenylethanolamine A. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1364709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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