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Alharbi WS, Alshehri AA, Ahmed TA, Shadab M, Almehmady AM, Alshabibi MA, Altamimi RM, El-Say KM. Enhancing the Antiproliferative Activity of Perillyl Alcohol against Glioblastoma Cell Lines through Synergistic Formulation with Natural Oils. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1075-1084. [PMID: 38532602 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128293758240318080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its volatility, photostability, and gastrointestinal toxicity, Perillyl Alcohol (POH), a monoterpenoid component of various plant species, is a chemotherapeutic drug with insufficient efficacy. Many naturally occurring bioactive compounds have well-known antiproliferative properties, including sefsol, jojoba, tea tree, and moringa oils. OBJECTIVE This study sought to develop an oil-based Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) using tween 80 as the surfactant and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) or Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 as the cosurfactant; the oils were used in a range of 10-20% to boost POH's anticancer efficacy. METHODS The formulations' size, charge, and impact on the viability of glioma cell lines, ANGM-CSS and A172, were evaluated. RESULTS The developed SNEDDS formulations ranged from 3 nm to 362 nm in size, with electronegative surface charges between 5.05 and 17.0 mV and polydispersity indices between 0.3 and 1.0. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the antiproliferative effect of POH-loaded Nanoemulsion (NE) could be used as a possible anticancer therapy for glioblastoma in vitro, particularly when paired with the tested natural oils. Before asserting that this delivery technique is appropriate for glioblastoma therapy, additional in vitro and in vivo investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alshehri
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Shadab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A Alshabibi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M Altamimi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Mohanty D, Gilani SJ, Zafar A, Imam SS, Kumar LA, Ahmed MM, Jahangir MA, Bakshi V, Ahmad W, Eltayib EM. Formulation and Optimization of Alogliptin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: In Vitro to In Vivo Assessment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144470. [PMID: 35889343 PMCID: PMC9318982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nano-drug delivery system has gained greater acceptability for poorly soluble drugs. Alogliptin (ALG) is a FDA-approved oral anti-hyperglycemic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4. The present study is designed to prepare polymeric ALG nanoparticles (NPs) for the management of diabetes. ALG-NPs were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method and further optimized by Box−Behnken experimental design (BBD). The formulation was optimized by varying the independent variables Eudragit RSPO (A), Tween 20 (B), and sonication time (C), and the effects on the hydrodynamic diameter (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) were evaluated. The optimized ALG-NPs were further evaluated for in vitro release, intestinal permeation, and pharmacokinetic and anti-diabetic activity. The prepared ALG-NPs show a hydrodynamic diameter of between 272.34 nm and 482.87 nm, and an entrapment efficiency of between 64.43 and 95.21%. The in vitro release data of ALG-NPs reveals a prolonged release pattern (84.52 ± 4.1%) in 24 h. The permeation study results show a 2.35-fold higher permeation flux than pure ALG. ALG-NPs exhibit a significantly (p < 0.05) higher pharmacokinetic profile than pure ALG. They also significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the blood sugar levels as compared to pure ALG. The findings of the study support the application of ALG-entrapped Eudragit RSPO nanoparticles as an alternative carrier for the improvement of therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyalochan Mohanty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, India;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (A.Z.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (A.Z.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (A.Z.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Ladi Alik Kumar
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Khurda 752050, India;
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Vasudha Bakshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, India;
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eyman Mohamed Eltayib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
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Kakad SP, Gangurde TD, Kshirsagar SJ, Mundhe VG. Nose to brain delivery of nanosuspensions with first line antiviral agents is alternative treatment option to Neuro-AIDS treatment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09925. [PMID: 35879999 PMCID: PMC9307459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal drug delivery is one of the uprising areas of the research in targeting drug to the brain. Nose to brain drug delivery follows the olfactory pathway and purportedly known to be more efficient to deliver neuro-therapeutics to the brain by circumventing the BBB and thereby increasing bioavailability of drugs in the brain. The advantage of this method is non-invasiveness, rapid onset of action and helps to achieve site specific delivery. In this research work nanosuspension were prepared using combination of antiretroviral agents for Neuro-AIDS treatment. Nanosuspensions were prepared by high-speed homogenization, wet milling and high-pressure homogenization techniques. Formulations were analysed by SEM, FTIR, and DSC. Morphology and stability analysis was done by analysing zeta potential, particle size, and PDI. Ex-vivo diffusion study and histopathological analysis was performed using goat nasal mucosa. High pressure homogenization was found to be best technique for formulation of nanosuspension. Antiviral drugs could be delivered successfully by optimizing nasal dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita P Kakad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Trupti D Gangurde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay J Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali G Mundhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
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Mariadoss AVA, Sivakumar AS, Lee CH, Kim SJ. Diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot ulcer: Etiology, biochemical and molecular based treatment strategies via gene and nanotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113134. [PMID: 35617802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic and pathophysiological disorders manifested with high glucose levels in the blood due to the inability of β-pancreatic cells to secrete an adequate amount of insulin or insensitivity of insulin towards receptor to oxidize blood glucose. Nevertheless, the preceding definition is only applicable to people who do not have inherited or metabolic disorders. Suppose a person who has been diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2DM sustains an injury and the treatment of the damage is complicated and prolonged. In that case, the injury is referred to as a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). In the presence of many proliferating macrophages in the injury site for an extended period causes the damage to worsen and become a diabetic wound. In this review, the scientific information and therapeutic management of DM/DFU with nanomedicine, and other related data were collected (Web of Science and PubMed) from January 2000 to January 2022. Most of the articles revealed that standard drugs are usually prescribed along with hypoglycaemic medications. Conversely, such drugs stabilize the glucose transporters and homeostasis for a limited period, resulting in side effects such as kidney damage/failure, absorption/gastrointestinal problems, and hypoglycemic issues. In this paper, we review the current basic and clinical evidence about the potential of medicinal plants, gene therapy, chemical/green synthesized nanoparticles to improving the metabolic profile, and facilitating the DM and DFU associated complications. Preclinical studies also reported lower plasma glucose with molecular targets in DM and DFU. Research is underway to explore chemical/green synthesized nanoparticle-based medications to avoid such side effects. Hence, the present review is intended to address the current challenges, recently recognized factors responsible for DM and DFU, their pathophysiology, insulin receptors associated with DM, medications in trend, and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Allur Subramaniyan Sivakumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.
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Zein-Stabilized Nanospheres as Nanocarriers for Boosting the Aphrodisiac Activity of Icariin: Response Surface Optimization and In Vivo Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061279. [PMID: 35745852 PMCID: PMC9227839 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA), a main active compound of the Epimedium genus, is used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, ICA displays reduced oral absorption, and therefore, low bioavailability hindered its clinical application. Implementing nanotechnology in the field of formulation has been a focus to improve the efficacy of ICA. In this regard, polymeric nanoparticles find a potential application as drug delivery systems. A nanosphere formula was designed, aiming to improve the drug’s efficacy. The proposed ICA nanosphere formula (tocozeinolate) was optimized using D-optimal response surface design. The concentrations of ICA (X1), D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS, X2), zein (X3), and sodium deoxycholate (SDC, X4) expressed as percentages were investigated as quantitative independent variables. As per the experimental design, 23 formulations were developed, which were investigated for particle size (PS, nm), zeta potential (ZP, mV), and entrapment efficiency (EE, %) as response parameters. Numerical optimization and desirability approach were employed to predict the optimized variable levels that, upon combination, could result in minimized size and maximized zeta potential and ICA entrapment. The optimized ICA–tocozeinolate nanospheres showed a particle size of 224.45 nm, zeta potential of 0.961 mV, and drug entrapment of 65.29% that coincide well with the predicted values. The optimized ICA–tocozeinolate nanospheres were evaluated for sexual behavior in Wistar male rats compared to raw ICA at equivalent doses (20 mg/kg). In vivo assessment results showed significant sexual behavior enhancement by the optimized formulation, as evidenced by decreased average time of both mount latency (ML) and ejaculation latency (EL) to almost half those of raw ICA. Additionally, intromission latency (IL) time was reduced by 41% compared to the raw ICA. These results highlighted the potential of the proposed ICA–tocozeinolate nanospheres as a promising platform for improving the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents.
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Kaur J, Anwer MK, Sartaj A, Panda BP, Ali A, Zafar A, Kumar V, Gilani SJ, Kala C, Taleuzzaman M. ZnO Nanoparticles of Rubia cordifolia Extract Formulation Developed and Optimized with QbD Application, Considering Ex Vivo Skin Permeation, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041450. [PMID: 35209242 PMCID: PMC8878222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current research is to develop ZnO-Manjistha extract (ZnO-MJE) nanoparticles (NPs) and to investigate their transdermal delivery as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The optimized formulation was further evaluated based on different parameters. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were prepared by mixing 10 mM ZnSO4·7H2O and 0.8% w/v NaOH in distilled water. To the above, a solution of 10 mL MJE (10 mg) in 50 mL of zinc sulfate was added. Box-Behnken design (Design-Expert software 12.0.1.0) was used for the optimization of ZnO-MJE-NP formulations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were evaluated for their physicochemical characterization, in vitro release activity, ex vivo permeation across rat skin, antimicrobial activity using sterilized agar media, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH free radical method. The optimized ZnO-MJE-NP formulation (F13) showed a particle size of 257.1 ± 0.76 nm, PDI value of 0.289 ± 0.003, and entrapment efficiency of 79 ± 0.33%. Drug release kinetic models showed that the formulation followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a drug release of 34.50 ± 2.56 at pH 7.4 in 24 h. In ex vivo studies ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt permeation was 63.26%. The antibacterial activity was found to be enhanced in ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt and antioxidant activity was found to be highest (93.14 ± 4.05%) at 100 µg/mL concentrations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt formulation showed prolonged release of the MJE and intensified permeation. Moreover, the formulation was found to show significantly (p < 0.05) better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as compared to conventional suspension formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Sartaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Abuzer Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif-21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al-Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, Delhi-NCR, Meerut Road (NH-58), Ghaziabad 201206, India;
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Chandra Kala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Village Bujhawar, Tehsil Luni, Jodhpur 342802, India;
| | - Mohamad Taleuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Maulana Azad University, Village Bujhawar, Tehsil Luni, Jodhpur 342802, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-725-1892-850
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Koca M, Sevinç Özakar R, Ozakar E, Sade R, Pirimoğlu B, Şimsek Özek N, Aysin F. Preparation and Characterization of Nanosuspensions of Triiodoaniline Derivative New Contrast Agent, and Investigation into Its Cytotoxicity and Contrast Properties. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123824. [PMID: 35765507 PMCID: PMC9191222 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-based contrast agents have limitations such as rapid clearance, potential renal toxicity, non-specific blood pool distribution, headache, and adverse events. Nowadays, it is quite common to work with nanosized systems in order to eliminate the side effects of contrast agents. This study aims to synthesize a new iodinated contrast agent, prepare its nanosuspension by using the nanoprecipitation method, investigate its cytotoxicity, and compare its contrast properties with iohexol and iopromide through in-vitro experiments. The values of nanosuspension particle size and zeta potential have been found to be ~ 400 nm and ~ (-) 15 mV, respectively. In-vitro cellular viability findings indicated that the nanosuspension has lower cytotoxicity than the iohexol and iopromide. In the computed tomography (CT) imaging study of contrast features of nanosuspensions and two commercial agents, which involved 86 CT examinations using 31 parameters and two different devices, it was found that iodine had a stronger presence in its nanosuspension form than in iohexol and iopromide, which were the other two commercial contrast agents, when used in equal amounts. Thus in the case of nanosuspensions contrast brightness was achieved by using less iodine, while the same brightness could be obtained with higher doses of iohexol and iopromide. CT imaging therefore be done without much chemical use, which indicates that it may witness fewer side effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Sevinç Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Emrah Ozakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Sade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Berhan Pirimoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nihal Şimsek Özek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Zafar F, Jahan N, Ali S, Jamil S, Hussain R, Aslam S. Enhancing pharmaceutical potential and oral bioavailability of Allium cepa nanosuspension in male albino rats using response surface methodology. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.331792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Öztürk AA, Namlı İ, Güleç K, Görgülü Ş. Design of Lamivudine Loaded Nanoparticles for Oral Application by Nano Spray Drying Method: A New Approach to use an Antiretroviral Drug for Lung Cancer Treatment. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:1064-1079. [PMID: 32209039 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200325155020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To prepare lamivudine (LAM)-loaded-nanoparticles (NPs) that can be used in lung cancer treatment. To change the antiviral indication of LAM to anticancer. BACKGROUND The development of anticancer drugs is a difficult process. One approach to accelerate the availability of drugs is to reclassify drugs approved for other conditions as anticancer. The most common route of administration of anticancer drugs is intravenous injection. Oral administration of anticancer drugs may considerably change current treatment modalities of chemotherapy and improve the life quality of cancer patients. There is also a potentially significant economic advantage. OBJECTIVE To characterize the LAM-loaded-NPs and examine the anticancer activity. METHODS LAM-loaded-NPs were prepared using Nano Spray-Dryer. Properties of NPs were elucidated by particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), SEM, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), dissolution, release kinetics, DSC and FT-IR. Then, the anticancer activity of all NPs was examined. RESULTS The PS values of the LAM-loaded-NPs were between 373 and 486 nm. All NPs prepared have spherical structure and positive ZP. EE% was in a range of 61-79%. NPs showed prolonged release and the release kinetics fitted to the Weibull model. NPs structures were clarified by DSC and FT-IR analysis. The results showed that the properties of NPs were directly related to the drug:polymer ratio of feed solution. NPs have potential anticancer properties against A549 cell line at low concentrations and non-toxic to CCD 19-Lu cell line. CONCLUSION NPs have potential anticancer properties against human lung adenocarcinoma cells and may induce cell death effectively and be a potent modality to treat this type of cancer. These experiments also indicate that our formulations are non-toxic to normal cells. It is clear that this study would bring a new perspective to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alper Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - İrem Namlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Kadri Güleç
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Şennur Görgülü
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
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Surfactant-Free Glibenclamide Nanoparticles: Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Interactions with Biological Barriers. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1081-1092. [PMID: 34002324 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to formulate and characterize surfactant-free glibenclamide nanoparticles using Eudragit RLPO and polyethylene glycol as sole stabilizer. METHODS Glibenclamide nanoparticles were obtained by nanoprecipitation and evaluated in terms of drug content, encapsulation efficiency, apparent saturation solubility, drug release profile, solid state and storage stability. The influence of different stirring speed on the particle size, size distribution and zeta potential of the nanoparticles was investigated. The nanoparticle biocompatibility and permeability were analyzed in vitro on Caco-2 cell line (clone HTB-37) and its interaction with mucin was also investigated. RESULTS It was found that increasing the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol from 400 to 6000 decreased drug encapsulation, whereas the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the drug increased. Particle size of the nanoformulations, with and without polyethylene glycol, were between 140 and 460 nm. Stability studies confirmed that glibenclamide nanoparticles were stable, in terms of particle size, after 120 days at 4°C. In vitro studies indicated minimal interactions of glibenclamide nanoparticles and mucin glycoproteins suggesting favorable properties to address the intestinal mucus barrier. Cell viability studies confirmed the safety profile of these nanoparticles and showed an increased permeation through epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Taking into consideration these findings, polyethylene glycol is a useful polymer for stabilizing these surfactant-free glibenclamide nanoparticles and represent a promising alternative to improve the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes.
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Bose S, Sharma P, Mishra V, Patial S, Saraogi GK, Tambuwala MM, Dua K. Comparative in vitro evaluation of glimepiride containing nanosuspension drug delivery system developed by different techniques. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ahmed S, Kassem MA, Sayed S. Bilosomes as Promising Nanovesicular Carriers for Improved Transdermal Delivery: Construction, in vitro Optimization, ex vivo Permeation and in vivo Evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9783-9798. [PMID: 33324052 PMCID: PMC7733410 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s278688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this research was to enhance the transdermal delivery of lornoxicam (LX), using nanovesicular carriers composed of the bile salt sodium deoxycholate (SDC), soybean phosphatidyl choline (SPC) and a permeation enhancer limonene. Methods Thin-film hydration was the technique employed for the fabrication using a Box–Behnken design with three central points. The investigated factors were SPC molar concentration, SDC amount in mg and limonene percentage (%). The studied responses were percent entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and in vitro drug release (after 2, 10 h). In order to obtain the optimum formula, numerical optimization by Design-Expert® software was used. Electing the optimized bilosomal formula was based on boosting %EE, ZP (as absolute value) and in vitro drug release, taking in consideration diminishing PS and PDI. Further assessment of the selected formula was achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), stability testing, ex vivo skin permeation and deposition. The in vivo pharmacodynamics activities of the optimized formula were examined on male rats and mice and compared to that of the oral market product. Results The optimized bilosomal formula demonstrated to be nonirritant, with noticeably enhanced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Superior in vivo permeation was proved by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Conclusion The outcomes demonstrated that bilosomes could improve transdermal delivery of lornoxicam. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/G8p7XhM43Og
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aly Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sinar Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Aslam S, Jahan N, Rehman KU, Asi MR. Development of sodium lauryl sulphate stabilized nanosuspension of Coriandrum sativum to enhance its oral bioavailability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Pandey NK, Singh SK, Gulati M, Kumar B, Kapoor B, Ghosh D, Kumar R, Khursheed R, Awasthi A, Kuppusamy G, Wadhwa S, Satija S, Dureja H, Jain SK, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Mehta M, Dua K. Overcoming the dissolution rate, gastrointestinal permeability and oral bioavailability of glimepiride and simvastatin co-delivered in the form of nanosuspension and solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system: A comparative study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Shankar Raman S, Narayanan VHB, Durai R. Lamotrigine Nanoparticle Laden Polymer Composite Oral Dissolving Films for Improving Therapeutic Potential of the Hydrophobic Antiepileptic Molecule. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 19:2-16. [PMID: 33216611 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamotrigine is used for neurological disorders and antiepileptic therapy at frequent dosing due to its poor solubility. The present work aims to study the influence of combining the Lamotrigine nanoparticles and polymer composite oral dissolving film to improve the solubility and dissolution kinetics of the drug. The Lamotrigine-Eudragit E100 nanoparticles were synthesized through solvent evaporation followed by precipitation process, which were laden in oral dissolving films through solvent casting technique. The optimized nanoparticles were assessed for particle size, colloidal stability, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity. The optimized polymeric nanoparticles of Lamotrigine: Eudragit E100 (1:0.5) exhibited monodispersed particles with 103 nm average size, +7.96 mV zeta potential, and 82.96% ± 1.2% entrapment efficiency. The composite oral matrix films blended with polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (0.5:0.5 ratio) incorporated with the polymeric nanoparticles demonstrated >64% drug release within 2 h. The nanoparticles and its composite films exhibited 9- and 11-fold higher drug release than pure drug, respectively. The analytical characterization studies proved the formation of nanoparticles with mild drug-polymer interactions and optimum stability, which resulted in enhanced solubility and dissolution of drug. The nanoparticles displayed lesser cytotoxicity to the normal (Vero) cells at concentration of 10-50 μg/mL compared to pure drug. The optimized polymeric nanoparticle loaded oral films could be suitable for in vivo administration of Lamotrigine at low doses to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramyadevi Durai
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
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16
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Type II diabetes mellitus: a review on recent drug based therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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17
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Santos RA, Rae M, Dartora VFMC, Matos JKR, Camarini R, Lopes LB. Bioresponsive nanostructured systems for sustained naltrexone release and treatment of alcohol use disorder: Development and biological evaluation. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119474. [PMID: 32473371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, microemulsions capable of transforming into nanostructured hexagonal phase gels in vivo upon uptake of biological fluids for naltrexone prolonged release were investigated as a strategy for management of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Microemulsions were prepared using monoolein, tricaprylin, water and propylene glycol; after preliminary characterization, one formulation was selected, which contained 55% of monoolein-tricaprylin (M-55). This microemulsion displayed size below 200 nm and Newtonian rheological behavior. Liquid crystalline gels formed in vitro upon 8 h of contact with water following a second order kinetics. After 120 h, <50% of naltrexone was released in vitro independently on drug loading (5 or 10%). In vivo, gels formed within 24 h of M-55 subcutaneous administration, and persisted locally for over 30 days providing slow release of the fluorescent marker Alexa fluor compared to a solution. Using the conditioned place preference paradigm, a test used to measure drug's rewarding effects, a single dose of M-55 containing 5% naltrexone reduced the time spent in the ethanol-paired compartment by 1.8-fold compared to saline; this effect was similar to that obtained with daily naltrexone injections, demonstrating the formulation efficacy and its ability to reduce dosing frequency. A more robust effect was observed following administration of M-55 containing 10% of naltrexone, which was compatible with aversion. These results support M-55 as a platform for sustained release of drugs that can be further explored for management of AUD to reduce dosing frequency and aid treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério A Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F M C Dartora
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jenyffer K R Matos
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Alhakamy NA, Ahmed OAA, Kurakula M, Caruso G, Caraci F, Asfour HZ, Alfarsi A, Eid BG, Mohamed AI, Alruwaili NK, Abdulaal WH, Fahmy UA, Alhadrami HA, Eldakhakhny BM, Abdel-Naim AB. Chitosan-Based Microparticles Enhance Ellagic Acid's Colon Targeting and Proapoptotic Activity. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E652. [PMID: 32660035 PMCID: PMC7407221 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at improving the targeting and cytotoxic effect of ellagic acid (EA) on colon cancer cells. EA was encapsulated in chitosan (CHIT) polymers then coated by eudragit S100 (ES100) microparticles. The release of EA double-coated microparticles (MPs) was tested at simulative pH values. Maximum release was observed at 24 h and pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity of EA MPs on HCT 116 colon cancer cells was synergistically improved as compared with raw EA. Cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry suggested enhanced G2-M phase colon cancer cell accumulation. In addition, a significantly higher cell fraction was observed in the pre-G phase, which highlighted the enhancement of the proapoptotic activity of EA formulated in the double-coat mixture. Annexin-V staining was used for substantiation of the observed cell-death-inducing activity. Cell fractions were significantly increased in early, late, and total cell death. This was backed by high elevation in cellular content of caspase 3. Effectiveness of the double-coated EA to target colonic tissues was confirmed using real-time iohexol dye X-ray radiography. In conclusion, CHIT loaded with EA and coated with ES100 formula exhibits improved colon targeting as well as enhanced cytotoxic and proapoptotic activity against HCT 116 colon cancer when compared with the administration of raw EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (A.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (A.A.); (U.A.F.)
| | - Mallesh Kurakula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero, 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero, 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Anas Alfarsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (A.A.); (U.A.F.)
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amir I. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Military Medical Academy, Cairo 11757, Egypt;
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Skaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (A.A.); (U.A.F.)
| | - Hani A. Alhadrami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Special Infectious Agent Unit (Biosafety Level 3), King Fahd Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah M. Eldakhakhny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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19
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Sarkar S, Tran N, Soni SK, Conn CE, Drummond CJ. Size-Dependent Encapsulation and Release of dsDNA from Cationic Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Cubic Phases. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4401-4413. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Sarkar
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Nhiem Tran
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Soni
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Charlotte E. Conn
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Calum J. Drummond
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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20
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Leão AD, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Soares-Sobrinho JL. One-pot synthesis of the organomodified layered double hydroxides - glibenclamide biocompatible nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111055. [PMID: 32403034 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, synthesis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) organomodified LDH Zn2Al carrying glibenclamide (GLIB) was performed in one step and in one-pot to obtain nanoparticles (NP). XRD data showed GLIB adsolubilization (d = 14.03 Å) and NP coating with Eudragit L100®. In addition, thermal and XRD data showed exfoliated/intercalated nanocomposite for NP S5 (LDH associated with SDS and Eudragit L100®). LDH organophilization and GLIB intercalation reduced surface area (SBET 23.58 m2/g) and NP size (469 nm). In addition, the change in zeta potential (-35.5 ζ) relative to pristine LDH (SBET 41.34 m2/g, 688.8 nm and +14 ζ) indicated that LDH functionalization seems an appropriate approach to produce NP with greater colloidal stability and enhanced functionality. The zinc release data from the LDH matrix (2.96 % ±0.002 ppm) showed the effectiveness of the coating in acid medium (pH 1.2) and the release data from GLIB showed the kinetics of release of zero order with release in simulated intestinal medium (pH 7.4) of 88 % and 73 % (24 h) for uncoated and coated NP, respectively. All NP were considered biocompatible in the WST-1 assay on BALB 3T3 fibroblast strains making these NP promising therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Damasceno Leão
- Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University city, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Liu J, Tu L, Cheng M, Feng J, Jin Y. Mechanisms for oral absorption enhancement of drugs by nanocrystals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Insight into the Formation of Glimepiride Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010053. [PMID: 31936609 PMCID: PMC7022670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystal formation for the dissolution enhancement of glimepiride was attempted by wet media milling. Different stabilizers were tested and the obtained nanosuspensions were solidified by spray drying in presence of mannitol, and characterized regarding their redispersibility by dynamic light scattering, physicochemical properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microcopy (SEM), as well as dissolution rate. Lattice energy frameworks combined with topology analysis were used in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of particle fracture. It was found that nanosuspensions with narrow size distribution can be obtained in presence of poloxamer 188, HPC-SL and Pharmacoat® 603 stabilizers, with poloxamer giving poor redispersibility due to melting and sticking of nanocrystals during spray drying. DSC and FT-IR studies showed that glimepiride does not undergo polymorphic transformations during processing, and that the milling process induces changes in the hydrogen bonding patterns of glimepiride crystals. Lattice energy framework and topology analysis revealed the existence of a possible slip plane on the (101) surface, which was experimentally verified by PXRD analysis. Dissolution testing proved the superior performance of nanocrystals, and emphasized the important influence of the stabilizer on the dissolution rate of the nanocrystals.
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Formulation of sustained-release microspheres of cefixime with enhanced oral bioavailability and antibacterial potential. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:769-782. [PMID: 31747861 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present work focused on the development of sustained-release microsphere formulation of cefixime to provide reduction in dosing frequency, improved antibacterial activity and patient compliance. Methodology & results: Microspheres were prepared by modified emulsion solvent evaporation method and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Optimized formulation (FK-07) was found to have entrapment efficiency of 81.12 ± 0.93% and particle size of 166.82 ± 0.86 μm. FK-07 sustained release up to 24 h as demonstrated by in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. FK-07 showed approximately twofold increase in bioavailability and twofold decrease in MIC90 value against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi in comparison to marketed formulation. Conclusion: Sustaining the release of cefixime using microspheres enhanced its bioavailability, antibacterial efficacy and will help in reducing its dosing frequency.
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24
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Souto EB, Souto SB, Campos JR, Severino P, Pashirova TN, Zakharova LY, Silva AM, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Izzo AA, Santini A. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4209. [PMID: 31756981 PMCID: PMC6930606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic disease, is characterized by changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels, being the subcutaneous injection of insulin the first line treatment. This administration route is however associated with limited patient's compliance, due to the risk of pain, discomfort and local infection. Nanoparticles have been proposed as insulin carriers to make possible the administration of the peptide via friendlier pathways without the need of injection, i.e., via oral or nasal routes. Nanoparticles stand for particles in the nanometer range that can be obtained from different materials (e.g., polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, lipid) and are commonly used with the aim to improve the physicochemical stability of the loaded drug and thereby its bioavailability. This review discusses the use of different types of nanoparticles (e.g., polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and also drug nanosuspensions) for improved delivery of different oral hypoglycemic agents in comparison to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joana R. Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Patricia Severino
- Tiradentes Institute, University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju-SE 49010-390, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Lucia Y. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Technological University, ul. Karla Marksa 68, Kazan 420015, Russia
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Mehta CH, Narayan R, Aithal G, Pandiyan S, Bhat P, Dengale S, Shah A, Nayak UY, Garg S. Molecular simulation driven experiment for formulation of fixed dose combination of Darunavir and Ritonavir as anti-HIV nanosuspension. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Rahim H, Sadiq A, Khan S, Amin F, Ullah R, Shahat AA, Mahmood HM. Fabrication and characterization of glimepiride nanosuspension by ultrasonication-assisted precipitation for improvement of oral bioavailability and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6287-6296. [PMID: 31496686 PMCID: PMC6689535 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s210548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, oral bioavailability, and α-glucosidase inhibition of glimepiride (Glm) by fabricating its nanosuspension using a precipitation-ultrasonication approach. Methods Glm nanosuspensions were fabricated using optimized processing conditions. Characterization of Glm was performed using Malvern Zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction. Minimum particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) values were found to be 152.4±2.42 nm and 0.23±0.01, respectively, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: 6 cPs, 1% w/v, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 1% w/v, and sodium lauryl sulfate 0.12% w/v, keeping ultrasonication power input at 400 W, with 15 minutes' processing at 3-second pauses. In vivo oral bioavailability was assessed using rabbits as a model. Results The saturation solubility of the Glm nanosuspensions was substantially enhanced 3.14-fold and 5.77-fold compared to unprocessed drug in stabilizer solution and unprocessed active pharmaceutical ingredient. Also, the dissolution rate of the nanosuspensions ws substantially boosted when compared to the marketed formulation and unprocessed drug candidate. The results showed that >85% of Glm nanosuspensions dissolved in the first 10 minutes compared to 10.17% of unprocessed Glm), 42.19% of microsuspensions, and 19.94% of marketed tablets. In-vivo studies conducted in animals, i.e. rabbits, demonstrated that maximum concentration and AUC0-24 with oral dosing were twofold (5 mg/kg) and 1.74-fold (2.5 mg/kg) and 1.80-fold (5 mg/kg) and 1.63-fold (2.5 mg/kg), respectively, and compared with the unprocessed drug formulation. In-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition results showed that fabricated nanosuspensions had a pronounced effect compared to unprocessed drug. Conclusion The optimized batch fabricated by ultrasonication-assisted precipitation can be useful in boosting oral bioavailability, which may be accredited to enhanced solubility and dissolution rate of Glm, ultimately resulting in its faster rate of absorption due to nanonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Rahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18800, Pakistan.,Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Fazli Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaaty A Shahat
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Phytochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hafiz Majid Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Silva ON, Pinto MF, Viana JF, Freitas CG, Fensterseifer IC, Craik DJ, Franco OL. Evaluation of the in vitro Antitumor Activity of Nanostructured Cyclotides in Polymers of Eudragit® L 100-55 and RS 30 D. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180801115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity and given the limitations
of many current cancer drugs, there is great need to discover and develop novel treatments. An
alternative to the conventional drug discovery path is to exploit new classes of natural compounds
such as cyclotides. This peptide family is characterized by linked C- and N-termini and a structural
fold called the cyclic cystine knot (CCK). The CCK fold is responsible for the exceptional enzymatic,
chemical and thermal stability of cyclotides.
Methods:
In the present study, an alternative to traditional cancer treatments, involving new nanomaterials
and nanocarriers allowing efficient cyclotide delivery, is proposed. Using the polymers
Eudragit® L 100-55 and RS 30 D, the cyclotides kalata B2 and parigidin-br1 (PBR1) were nanocapsulated,
and nanoparticles 91 nm and 188 nm in diameter, respectively, were produced.
Results:
An encapsulation rate of up to 95% was observed. In vitro bioassays showed that the
nanostructured cyclotides were partially able to control the development of the colorectal adenocarcinoma
cell line CACO2 and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
Conclusion:
Data reported herein indicate that nanoformulated cyclotides exhibit antitumor activity
and sustained drug release. Thus, the system using Eudragit® nanocapsules seems to be efficient for
cyclotide encapsulation and probably could be used to target specific tumors in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar N. Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, Programa de Pós-graduacao em Biotecnologia, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michelle F.S. Pinto
- Faculdade Anhanguera de Ciencias e Tecnologia de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Camila G. Freitas
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquimicas. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Genomicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Isabel C.M. Fensterseifer
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquimicas. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Genomicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquimicas. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Genomicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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A promising nystatin nanocapsular hydrogel as an antifungal polymeric carrier for the treatment of topical candidiasis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Uppal S, Italiya KS, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Nanoparticulate-based drug delivery systems for small molecule anti-diabetic drugs: An emerging paradigm for effective therapy. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:20-42. [PMID: 30268916 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems in diabetes has facilitated improved delivery of small molecule drugs which could dramatically improve the quality of life for diabetics. Conventional dosage forms of the anti-diabetic drugs exhibit variable/less bioavailability and short half-life, demanding frequent dosing and causing increased side-effects resulting in ineffectiveness of therapy and non-compliance with the patients. Considering the chronic nature of diabetes, nanotechnology-based approaches are more promising in terms of providing site-specific delivery of drugs with higher bioavailability and reduced dosage regimen. Nanomedicines act at the cellular and molecular levels to enhance the uptake of the drug into the cells or block the efflux mechanisms thus retaining the drug inside the cell for a longer duration of time. Many studies have hinted at the possibility of administering peptide drugs like glucagon like peptides orally by encapsulation into nanoparticles. Nanoparticles also allow further modifications including their encapsulation into microparticles, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PEGylation- or functionalization with ligands for active targeting. Nevertheless, such remarkable benefits are fraught with their long-term safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, limitations of scale-up and ineffective patent protection which have hindered their commercialization. This review summarizes the latest advances in the area of nanoformulations as applied to the delivery of anti-diabetics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The present work describes the latest advancements in the area of nanoformulations for anti-diabetic therapy along with highlighting the advantages that these nanoformulations offer at molecular level for diabetes. Although several potent orally active anti-hyperglycemic agents are available, the current challenges in efficient management of diabetes include optimization of the present therapies to ensure an optimum and stable level of glucose, and also to reduce the occurrence of long term complications associated with diabetes. Nanoformulations because of their high surface area to volume ratio provide improved efficacy, targeting their delivery to the desired site of action tends to minimize adverse effects and administration of peptide drugs by oral route is also possible by encapsulating them in nanoparticles. As we reflect on the success and failures of latest research on nanoformulations for the treatment of diabetes, it is important not to dwell on lack of FDA approvals but rather define future directions that guarantee more effective anti-diabetic treatment. In proposed review we have explored the latest advancement in anti-diabetic nanotechnology based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Uppal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Kishan S Italiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Yadav SK, Khan G, Bansal M, Thokala S, Bonde GV, Upadhyay M, Mishra B. Multiparticulate based thermosensitive intra-pocket forming implants for better treatment of bacterial infections in periodontitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:394-408. [PMID: 29746970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Considering alarming projections in the prevalence of periodontitis, following study was undertaken to develop chitosan-vanillin crosslinked microspheres loaded in-situ gel (MLIG) implants containing ornidazole and doxycycline hyclate for the treatment of pocket infections. Firstly, microspheres were formulated and optimized using response surface methodology for particle size <50 μm, entrapment efficiency >80%, in-vitro drug release (T80%) >7 days and acceptable mucoadhesion. Further, MLIG were optimized for gelation temperature of 34-37 °C and viscosity <1000 cps respectively. FTIR, DSC and XRD graphs disclosed compatibility and alterations in crystallinity of drugs. In-vitro dissolution study demonstrated non-Fickian type of drug release mechanism for twelve days. Stability studies ascertained MLIG implants were sterilizable and stable for about 11.29 months on refrigeration. The formulations exhibited significant (p < 0.001) antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis, and were found biocompatible and biodegradable during preclinical studies. Ligature-induced periodontal rat model, corroborated significant growth (p < 0.05) of gingival tissue after two weeks. Clinical trials revealed, intra-pocket administration of MLIG along with SRP provided significant reduction in clinical parameters as compared to SRP alone. Conclusively, antimicrobials incorporated thermosensitive, biodegradable, mucoadhesive and syringeable MLIG implants appeared as better option for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Kumari Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmacy, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gayasuddin Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Bansal
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sathish Thokala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gunjan Vasant Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mansi Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology (formerly Department of Pharmaceutics), Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bansal M, Mittal N, Yadav SK, Khan G, Gupta P, Mishra B, Nath G. Periodontal thermoresponsive, mucoadhesive dual antimicrobial loaded in-situ gel for the treatment of periodontal disease: Preparation, in-vitro characterization and antimicrobial study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 8:126-133. [PMID: 29892535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to formulate and characterize in-situ gel containing levofloxacin and metronidazole to release drugs in controlled manner for treatment of periodontitis. Material and Methods Medicated in-situ gel with levofloxacin (10% w/v), metronidazole (25% w/v) and vehicle in-situ gel without drugs having poloxamer 407 (20% w/v) and chitosan (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0% 2.5% w/v) were prepared and characterized for physicochemical, mechanical properties, stability and in-vitro drug release. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetery studies were done. Optimized formulation was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and in-vitro antimicrobial activity against 5 bacterial strains. Results The results revealed that drugs and polymers were compatible to formulate. All formulations were light yellow, clear and syringeable except formulation having 2.5% w/v chitosan. pH was in the range of 6.20 to 6.74. 1.0% w/v and 1.5% w/v chitosan formulations showed gelation temperature 37 ± 0.32 °C and 34 ± 0.21 °C. Further, mucoadhesive strength indicated mucoadhesivity of gel. In-vitro release study of 1.5% w/v chitosan formulation showed initial burst where about 55-60% MZ and 60-70% LVF got released within 6-7 hrs followed by sustained release upto 48 hrs. SEM images of 1.5% w/v chitosan optimized medicated in-situ and vehicle in-situ gel appeared similar indicating homogeneous mixing of polymers with drugs. In-vitro antimicrobial study showed that medicated in-situ gel was more effective than vehicle. Conclusions In conclusion, optimized 1.5% w/v chitosan in-situ gel was thermoresponsive, mucoadhesive, syringeable, and released drugs in slow and controlled manner with effectiveness against broad range of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bansal
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Neelam Mittal
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sarita Kumari Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gayasuddin Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Jahangir MA, Khan R, Sarim Imam S. Formulation of sitagliptin-loaded oral polymeric nano scaffold: process parameters evaluation and enhanced anti-diabetic performance. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:66-78. [PMID: 29226729 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1411933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study to formulate and statistically optimize sitagliptin-loaded eudragit nanoparticles (SIT-NPs) and evaluate the in-vitro pharmaceutical quality and in-vivo anti-diabetic assessment. METHOD SIT-NPs were prepared by using combination method of solvent evaporation and nano-precipitation techniques. The influence of different independent variables as eudragit RL100 concentration (%), tween 80 concentration (%) and sonication time (min) were evaluated on dependent variables like particle size (nm), drug loading (%) and in-vitro drug release (%). Further, the optimized formulation was evaluated for surface morphology, CLSM, ex-vivo permeation study and in-vivo anti-diabetic activity and stability study. RESULTS The developed SIT-NPs formulations showed particle size range (135.86-193.45 nm), drug loading (6.36-8.76%) and prolonged drug release over 24 h. The prepared SIT-NPs were found to be nearly spherical with smooth surface. The comparative in-vitro release study and CLSM study results revealed that SIT-NPopt showed significantly (p < .05) enhanced release and permeation as compared to SIT free solution (SIT-Fs). The in-vivo anti-diabetic assessment revealed that SIT-NPopt able to reduce the blood sugar level (BSL) for a prolonged period of time. Further, the stability study data showed the formulations were found stable at both temperature and having the shelf life of 488 d. CONCLUSIONS This research has shown that SIT-NPs based on experimental design offers a new and better approach to delivering SIT, thus encouraging further development of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- b Department of Pharmacology , Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy , Dehradun , India
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Glocal University , Saharanpur , India
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Asfour MH, Mohsen AM. Formulation and evaluation of pH-sensitive rutin nanospheres against colon carcinoma using HCT-116 cell line. J Adv Res 2017; 9:17-26. [PMID: 30034879 PMCID: PMC6052648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to target rutin, in a more solubilized form, to the colon aiming at treatment of colon carcinoma. pH sensitive nanospheres were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique employing Eudragit S100. Different drug: polymer ratios as well as different concentrations of the stabilizer Poloxamer-188 were used. The developed rutin nanospheres exhibited entrapment efficiency ranging from 94.19% to 98.1%, with a zeta potential values <−20 mV. They were spherical in shape and their sizes were in the nanometric dimensions. The in vitro release study of nanospheres formulations revealed enhancement of aqueous solubility of rutin and indicated drug targeting to the colon. The selected formulations were stable after storage for 6 months at ambient room and refrigeration temperatures. In vitro cytotoxic study was conducted on human colon cancer (HCT-116) as well as normal human fibroblasts (BHK) cell lines, employing Sulphorhodamine-B assay. Rutin nanospheres showed significantly (P = .001) higher area under inhibition percentage curve, when compared to free drug, revealing more than 2-fold increase in rutin cytotoxic activity. These results reveal that Eudragit S100 nanospheres could be a potential drug delivery system to the colon with enhanced solubility and hence improved the cytotoxic activity of rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H Asfour
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Amira M Mohsen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Mohsen AM, AbouSamra MM, ElShebiney SA. Enhanced oral bioavailability and sustained delivery of glimepiride via niosomal encapsulation:in-vitrocharacterization andin-vivoevaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1254-1264. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1310224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mohamed Mohsen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Shaimaa Ahmed ElShebiney
- Narcotics, Poisons and Ergogenics Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Analysis and optimization of drug solubility to improve pharmacokinetics. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-016-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Salatin S, Barar J, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K, Kiafar F, Jelvehgari M. Development of a nanoprecipitation method for the entrapment of a very water soluble drug into Eudragit RL nanoparticles. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:1-14. [PMID: 28255308 PMCID: PMC5333474 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.199041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT), one of the potential cholinesterase inhibitors, has received great attention as a new drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the bioavailability of RHT from the conventional pharmaceutical forms is low because of the presence of the blood brain barrier. The main aim of the present study was to prepare positively charged Eudragit RL 100 nanoparticles as a model scaffold for providing a sustained release profile for RHT. The formulations were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro release properties of lyophilized nanoparticles were also examined. The resulting formulations were found to be in the size range of 118 nm to 154 nm and zeta potential was positive (+22.5 to 30 mV). Nanoparticles showed the entrapment efficiency from 38.40 ± 8.94 to 62.00 ± 2.78%. An increase in the mean particle size and the entrapment efficiency was observed with an increase in the amount of polymer. The FTIR, XRD, and DSC results ruled out any chemical interaction between the drug and Eudragit RL100 polymer. RHT nanoparticles containing low ratio of polymer to drug (4:1) presented a faster drug release and on the contrary, nanoparticles containing high ratio of polymer to drug (10:1) were able to give a more sustained release of the drug. The study revealed that RHT nanoparticles were capable of releasing the drug in a prolonged period of time and increasing the drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Farhad Kiafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran; Zahravi pharmaceutical company, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mitra Jelvehgari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
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Haj-Ahmad RR, Mamayusupov M, Elkordy EA, Elkordy AA. Influences of copolymers (Copovidone, Eudragit RL PO and Kollicoat MAE 30 DP) on stability and bioactivity of spray-dried and freeze-dried lysozyme. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:2086-2096. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rochdi Haj-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Sunderland, UK
| | - Mahmud Mamayusupov
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman Ali Elkordy
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Sunderland, UK
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Ahmed TA, El-Say KM. Transdermal film-loaded finasteride microplates to enhance drug skin permeation: Two-step optimization study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Soltani S, Zakeri-Milani P, Barzegar-Jalali M, Jelvehgari M. Design of eudragit RL nanoparticles by nanoemulsion method as carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery of ketotifen fumarate. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:550-60. [PMID: 27403262 PMCID: PMC4923476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ketotifen fumarate (KF) is a selective and noncompetitive histamine antagonist (H1-receptor) that is used topically in the treatment of allergic conditions of rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The aim of this study was to formulate and improve an ophthalmic delivery system of KF. Ocular nanoparticles were prepared with the objective of reducing the frequency of administration and obtaining controlled release to improve the anti-inflammatory drug delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, ocular KF loaded Eudragit RL 100 nanoparticles were prepared using O/W solvent diffusion method. The nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro release and permeation studies were also carried out on nanoparticles. RESULTS An average size range of 182 to 314.30 nm in diameter was obtained and encapsulation efficiency up to 95.0% was observed for all the formulations. Drug release for all formulations after 24 hr was between 65.51% and 88.82% indicating effective controlled release property of KF. The mechanism of drug release for best formulation was found to be fickian diffusion mechanism. KF nanoparticles containing high polymer concentration (1:15) presented a faster drug release and a higher drug penetration; on the contrary, nanoparticles containing low polymer concentration (1:7.5) were able to give a more sustained release of the drug and thus a slower KF permeation through the cornea. CONCLUSION The study revealed that KF NPs were capable of releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time and increasing the ocular bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saieede Soltani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Jelvehgari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding author: Mitra Jelvehgari. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel: +98-41-3339-2585; ; ;
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Gagliardi M, Bertero A, Bardi G, Bifone A. A poly(ether-ester) copolymer for the preparation of nanocarriers with improved degradation and drug delivery kinetics. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:488-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yin T, Dong L, Cui B, Wang L, Yin L, Zhou J, Huo M. A toxic organic solvent-free technology for the preparation of PEGylated paclitaxel nanosuspension based on human serum albumin for effective cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:7397-412. [PMID: 26715846 PMCID: PMC4686322 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s92697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, paclitaxel (PTX) is one of most commonly prescribed therapies against a wide range of solid neoplasms. Despite its success, the clinical applicability of PTX (Taxol®) is severely hampered by systemic toxicities induced by Cremophor EL. While attempts to bypass the need for Cremophor EL have been developed through platforms such as Abraxane™, nab™ relies heavily on the use of organic solvents, namely, chloroform. The toxicity introduced by residual chloroform poses a potential risk to patient health. To mitigate the toxicities of toxic organic solvent-based manufacture methods, we have designed a method for the formulation of PTX nanosuspensions (PTX-PEG [polyethylene glycol]-HSA [human serum albumin]) that eliminates the dependence on toxic organic solvents. Coined the solid-dispersion technology, this technique permits the dispersion of PTX into PEG skeleton without the use of organic solvents or Cremophor EL as a solubilizer. Once the PTX-PEG dispersion is complete, the dispersion can be formulated with HSA into nanosuspensions suitable for intravenous administration. Additionally, the incorporation of PEG permits the prolonged circulation through the steric stabilization effect. Finally, HSA-mediated targeting permits active receptor-mediated endocytosis for enhanced tumor uptake and reduced side effects. By eliminating the need for both Cremophor EL and organic solvents while simultaneously increasing antitumor efficacy, this method provides a superior alternative to currently accepted methods for PTX delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Kumar N, Chaurasia S, Patel RR, Khan G, Kumar V, Mishra B. Atorvastatin calcium encapsulated eudragit nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability, safety and efficacy profile. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 22:156-167. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sundeep Chaurasia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi R. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gayasuddin Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sawant KK, Patel MH, Patel K. Cefdinir nanosuspension for improved oral bioavailability by media milling technique: formulation, characterization and in vitro-in vivo evaluations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:758-68. [PMID: 26548349 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cefdinir (Cef) is an orally active Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV drug with incomplete absorption and low bioavailability (16-21%). The aim of this investigation was to develop nanosuspensions (NS) of Cef to improve its oral bioavailability. Cef NS were prepared by the media milling technique using zirconium oxide beads as the milling media. Cef NS were characterized by particle size, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction pattern and evaluated for saturation solubility, in vitro release studies, ex vivo permeability studies and in vivo bioavailability studies. The particle size and zeta potential were found to be 224.2 ± 2.7 nm and -15.7 ± 1.9 mV, respectively. Saturation solubility of NS was found to be 1985.3 ± 10.2 µg/ml which was 5.64 times higher than pure drug (352.2 ± 6.5 µg/ml). The DSC thermograms and XRD patterns indicated that there was no interaction between drug and excipients and that the crystallinity of Cef remained unchanged after media milling process. Results of in vitro release studies and ex vivo permeation studies showed improved drug release of 88.2 1 ± 2.90 and 83.11 ± 2.14%, respectively, from NS after 24 h as compared to drug release of 54.09 ± 2.54 and 48.2 1 ± 1.27%, respectively, from the marketed suspension (Adcef). In vivo studies in rats demonstrated a 3-fold increase in oral bioavailability from the NS in comparison to marketed suspension. The results of this investigation conclusively show that the developed nanosuspension of Cef exhibited improved solubility, dissolution and permeation which led to a significant enhancement in its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika K Sawant
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Mitali H Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Krishna Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
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Mishra B, Singh AK, Yadav SK. Study of comparative aspects of gastroretentive delivery of cefixime trihydrate from microspheres and microsphere based tablets. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Agrawal AG, Kumar A, Gide PS. Self emulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced solubility and dissolution of glipizide. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 126:553-60. [PMID: 25576032 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop self emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) of glipizide and to convert it into solid SEDDS (S-SEDDS) using Syloid(®) 244 FP as adsorbent. Solubility study, ternary phase diagram, robustness to dilution, thermodynamic stability study and globule size analysis were adopted to optimize liquid SEDDS. S-SEDDS were evaluated for various studies including in vivo study. The optimized liquid SEDDS formulation consisted of phosphatidylcholine, Tween 80 and Transcutol P as oil, surfactant and cosolvent. In vivo study demonstrated that blood glucose levels were efficiently controlled with S-SEDDS compared with pure drug. The results of this study suggest the potential use of developed S-SEDDS formulation for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug glipizide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj G Agrawal
- Cachet Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd, An ALKEM Group, Baddi, Solan 173205, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Cachet Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd, An ALKEM Group, Baddi, Solan 173205, India
| | - Paraag S Gide
- Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, Ulhasnagar, Thane 421003, India
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Sarnes A, Østergaard J, Jensen SS, Aaltonen J, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Dissolution study of nanocrystal powders of a poorly soluble drug by UV imaging and channel flow methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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