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Atef B, Ishak RAH, Badawy SS, Osman R. Novel composite fatty acid vesicles-in-Pluronic lecithin organogels for enhanced magnolol delivery in skin cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114379. [PMID: 38908488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
A novel composite carrier composed of Pluronic lecithin organogels and fatty acid vesicles was used to enhance the stability and facilitate the topical delivery of a natural bioactive drug, magnolol (Mag), for treatment of skin cancer. Jojoba oil was incorporated in the organogel (OG) base to provide a synergistic effect in treatment of skin cancer. The organoleptic properties, rheological behavior, morphology, and drug content of the OG formulations were investigated with emphasis on the impact of vesicle loading on the OG characteristics. The effect of OG on Mag release and ex-vivo permeation studies were evaluated and compared to free Mag in OG. The biological anti-tumor activity of the OG formulae was assessed using a skin cancer model in mice. All OG formulations exhibited uniform drug distribution with drug content ranging from 92.22 ± 0.91 to 100.45 ± 0.77 %. Rheological studies confirmed the OG shear-thinning flow behavior. Ex-vivo permeation studies demonstrated that the permeation of Mag from all OG formulations surpassed that obtained with free Mag in the OG. The anti-tumor activity studies revealed the superior efficacy of 10-hydroxy-decanoic acid (HDA)-based vesicles incorporated in OG formulations in mitigating 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer, thereby offering a promising platform for the local delivery of Mag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant Atef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. Box 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. Box 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sabry S Badawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. Box 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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Raut S, Azheruddin M, Kumar R, Singh S, Giram PS, Datta D. Lecithin Organogel: A Promising Carrier for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9865-9885. [PMID: 38463343 PMCID: PMC10918684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, as it protects the body from the external environment. Nowadays, skin diseases and skin problems are more common, and millions of people are affected daily. Skin diseases are due to numerous infectious pathogens or inflammatory conditions. The increasing demand for theoretical research and practical applications has led to the rising prominence of gel as a semisolid material. To this end, organogels has been widely explored due to their unique composition, which includes organic solvents and mineral or vegetable oils, among others. Organogels can be described as semisolid systems wherein an organic liquid phase is confined within a three-dimensional framework consisting of self-assembled, cross-linked, or entangled gelator fibers. These gels have the ability to undergo significant expansion and retain substantial amounts of the liquid phase, reaching up to 99% swelling capacity. Furthermore, they respond to a range of physical and chemical stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, and mechanical deformation. Notably, due to their distinctive properties, they have aroused significant interest in a variety of practical applications. Organogels favor the significant encapsulation and enhanced permeation of hydrophobic molecules when compared with hydrogels. Accordingly, organogels are characterized into lecithin organogels, pluronic lecithin organogels, sorbitan monostearate-based organogels, and eudragit organogels, among others, based on the nature of their network and the solvent system. Lecithin organogels contain lecithin (natural and safe as a living cell component) as an organogelator. It acts as a good penetration enhancer. In this review, first we have summarized the fundamental concepts related to the elemental structure of organogels, including their various forms, distinctive features, methods of manufacture, and diverse applications. Nonetheless, this review also sheds light on the delivery of therapeutic molecules entrapped in the lecithin organogel system into deep tissue for the management of skin diseases and provides a synopsis of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Raut
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Mohammed Azheruddin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Prabhanjan S. Giram
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at
Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Deepanjan Datta
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Yadav A, Jhawat V, Singh RP, Chauhan S, Dutt R, Goyal R, Singh D. Technical Considerations, Applications, and Benefits of Organogels in Topical Drug Delivery Systems. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:12-20. [PMID: 38385494 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878277455240214110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Organogels represent semi-solid systems where an organic liquid phase is entrapped within a three-dimensional network formed by self-assembled, crosslinked, or entangled gelator fibers. These versatile materials find applications in a wide range of fields, including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biotechnology, and food technology. Notably, in pharmacology, they serve as valuable platforms for drug and vaccine delivery, facilitating the transport of active ingredients through various routes such as transdermal, oral, and parenteral. However, their previous utility as drug delivery systems was hindered by the toxicity associated with the organic solvents used. The pharmacokinetics of medications delivered via organogels are primarily influenced by the distinctive properties of these materials, specifically their "high permeability and poor aqueous solubility," which can impact the bioavailability of the drugs. Organogels can be employed topically or for the controlled release of medications through cutaneous administration and percutaneous absorption, expanding their scope of application beyond conventional drug delivery methods. Organogels hold significant promise as drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, non-irritating properties, and thermoremanent characteristics. They enable the formulation of diverse drug delivery systems by incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds within the gel matrix. This comprehensive review offers an overview of organogels, encompassing their nature, synthesis, characterization, and properties. Special attention is directed towards cutting-edge technologies employed in designing organogels as potential controlled delivery systems, with a focus on their emerging therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Jhawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sunita Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Dutt
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Memorial National College, Ambala Cantt, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Haryana State Board of Technical Education, Haryana, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University Institute of Pharmacy Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, India
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Nikam AN, Roy A, Raychaudhuri R, Navti PD, Soman S, Kulkarni S, Shirur KS, Pandey A, Mutalik S. Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:489-518. [PMID: 38757691 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279479231231092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Amrita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Prerana D Navti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krishnaraj Somayaji Shirur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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New Carbamates and Ureas: Comparative Ability to Gel Organic Solvents. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070440. [PMID: 35877525 PMCID: PMC9316452 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two series of novel amphiphilic compounds were synthesized based on carbamates and ureas structures, using a modification of the synthesis methods reported by bibliography. The compounds were tested for organic solvent removal in a model wastewater. The lipophilic group of all compounds was a hexadecyl chain, while the hydrophilic substituent was changed with the same modifications in both series. The structures were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, molecular dynamic simulation and HR-MS and their ability to gel organic solvents were compared. The SEM images showed the ureas had a greater ability to gel organic solvents than the carbamates and formed robust supramolecular networks, with surfaces of highly interwoven fibrillar spheres. The carbamates produced corrugated and smooth surfaces. The determination of the minimum gelation concentration demonstrated that a smaller quantity of the ureas (compared to the carbamates, measured as the weight percentage) was required to gel each solvent. This advantage of the ureas was attributed to their additional N-H bond, which is the only structural difference between the two types of compounds, and their structures were corroborated by molecular dynamic simulation. The formation of weak gels was demonstrated by rheological characterization, and they demonstrated to be good candidates for the removal organic solvents.
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Zhao R, Wu S, Liu S, Li B, Li Y. Structure and Rheological Properties of Glycerol Monolaurate-Induced Organogels: Influence of Hydrocolloids with Different Surface Charge. Molecules 2020; 25:E5117. [PMID: 33158027 PMCID: PMC7662997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogel (OG) is a class of semi-solid gel, entrapping organic solvent within a three-dimensional network, which is formed via the self-assembly of organogelators. In the present study, OG was produced by glycerol monolaurate (GML) as organogelator. The influence of hydrocolloids with different surface charges (chitosan (CS), konjac glucomannan (KGM) and sodium alginate (SA)) on the physiochemical properties of OG was investigated. Rheological studies demonstrated that OG and pure hydrocolloid solution showed shear-thinning behavior. After incorporation of the hydrocolloid, the initial viscosity of OG was lowered from ~100 Pa·s to <10 Pa·s, and then the viscosity increased to more than 100 Pa·s at a low shear rate of 0.1-0.2 s-1, which subsequently decreased with a higher shear rate. OGs in the presence of hydrocolloids still kept the thermo-sensitivity, while the melting point of the OG decreased with the incorporation of hydrocolloids. Hydrocolloid addition greatly shortened the gelling time of the OG from 21 min to less than 2 min. The presence of hydrocolloids increased the particle size of oil droplets in the molten OG. Some aggregation and coalescence of oil droplets occurred in the presence of positive-charged CS and negative-charged SA, respectively. After gelling, the gel structure converted into a biphasic-like network. Hydrocolloids improved the hardness, stickiness and the oil-holding stability of OGs by 18.8~33.9%. Overall, hydrocolloid incorporation could modulate the properties of OGs through their different surface charge properties. These novel OGs have potential as nutrient carriers or low-fat margarine alternatives and avoid the trans-fatty acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Shan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Shilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Functional Food Engineering &Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Functional Food Engineering &Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (S.W.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Functional Food Engineering &Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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7
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Algin Yapar E, Tuncay Tanriverdi S, Aybar Tural G, Gümüş ZP, Turunç E, Gokce EH. An examination of carbopol hydrogel/organogel bigels of thymoquinone prepared by microwave irradiation method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1639-1646. [PMID: 32935592 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nigella sativa L. is shown wide spread over the world and contains many useful phytochemicals. Much of the biological activity of the seeds has been shown due to the presence of thymoquinone (TQ). Its poor aqueous solubility of TQ hinders its delivery to target site. The aim of this work was to prepare TQ bigels composed of Carbopol 974 P NF (C974) in PEG 400 (organogel) or C974 in water (hydrogel) with microwave heating method. A novel technique, high speed homogenization followed by microwave heating, was used to prepare organogels. The pH, electrical conductivity, differential scanning calorimetry, rheological properties, and morphological structure of the formulations have been evaluated, and the effect of microwave on drug content and TQ antioxidant activity has been investigated. The bigels of TQ were successfully produced via high-speed homogenization followed by microwave-assisted heating for the first time in this study. Highly lipophilic TQ was successfully dissolved in organogel, and it was not affected from the microwaves. It can be stated that microwave heating is a promising method to obtain C974 organogels and thus bigels with appropriate above indicated investigated physicochemical characteristics. The time and energy consumption could be decreased with microwave-assisted heating, especially for gel preparation in the field of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Algin Yapar
- Department of Analysis and Control Laboratories, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Gulsen Aybar Tural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Zinar Pınar Gümüş
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Turunç
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Çiğli, Turkey
| | - Evren Homan Gokce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
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Martinez RM, Rosado C, Velasco MVR, Lannes SCS, Baby AR. Main features and applications of organogels in cosmetics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:109-117. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15 05508‐900 São Paulo SPBrazil
| | - C. Rosado
- CBIOS – Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies Campo Grande 376 1749 – 024 LisbonPortugal
| | - M. V. R. Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15 05508‐900 São Paulo SPBrazil
| | - S. C. S. Lannes
- Department of Pharmaceutical‐Biochemical Technology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 13 05508‐900 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - A. R. Baby
- Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15 05508‐900 São Paulo SPBrazil
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Esposito CL, Kirilov P, Roullin VG. Organogels, promising drug delivery systems: an update of state-of-the-art and recent applications. J Control Release 2018; 271:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tunesi M, Prina E, Munarin F, Rodilossi S, Albani D, Petrini P, Giordano C. Cross-linked poly(acrylic acids) microgels and agarose as semi-interpenetrating networks for resveratrol release. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:5328. [PMID: 25577210 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbomers, cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) microgels, have been widely used in pharmaceutical formulations as swollen hydrogels. Agarose, whose thermoreversibility may be exploited for drug loading, forms a gel with a mechanism involving coil-helix transition at about 36 °C. In this work carbomer microgels were combined with agarose networks in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network structure, aiming at obtaining suitable delivery systems for the loading and release of molecules with poor bioavailability but high therapeutic interest, like resveratrol. The rheological properties of the formulations and their in vitro cytocompatibility were studied and optimized acting on the neutralizing agent (triethylamine (N,N-diethylethanamine), triethanolamine (tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine) and sodium hydroxide) and amount of OH donors (1,2-propanediol and glycerol). As a preparation method, autoclaving was introduced to simultaneously obtain heating and sterilising. Among the different neutralizing agents, NaOH was chosen to avoid the use of amines, considering the final application. Without the addition of alcohols as typical OH donors to induce Carbomer gelification, gels with appropriate rheological properties and stability were produced. For this formulation, the release of resveratrol after 7 days was about 80 % of the loaded mass, suggesting it is an interesting approach to be exploited for the development of innovative resveratrol delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G.Natta" and Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy,
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