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Camacho Vieira C, Peltonen L, Karttunen AP, Ribeiro AJ. Is it advantageous to use quality by design (QbD) to develop nanoparticle-based dosage forms for parenteral drug administration? Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124163. [PMID: 38670473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Parenteral administration is one of the most commonly used drug delivery routes for nanoparticle-based dosage forms, such as lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles. For the treatment of various diseases, parenteral administration include intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular route. In drug development phase, multiparameter strategy with a focus on drug physicochemical properties and the specificity of the administration route is required. Nanoparticle properties in terms of size and targeted delivery, among others, are able to surpass many drawbacks of conventional dosage forms, but these unique properties can be a bottleneck for approval by regulatory authorities. Quality by Design (QbD) approach has been widely utilized in development of parenteral nanoparticle-based dosage forms. It fosters knowledge of product and process quality by involving sound scientific data and risk assessment strategies. A full and comprehensive investigation into the state of implementation and applications of the QbD approach in these complex drug products can highlight the gaps and challenges. In this review, the analysis of critical attributes and Design of Experiment (DoE) approach in different nanoparticulate systems, together with the proper utilization of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) applications are described. The essential of QbD approach for the design and development of nanoparticle-based dosage forms for delivery via parenteral routes is discussed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Camacho Vieira
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Farmácia, 3000-148 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A P Karttunen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A J Ribeiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Farmácia, 3000-148 Coimbra, Portugal; i(3)S, IBMC, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Development of Liposomal Formulation for Controlled Delivery of Valacyclovir: an In Vitro Study. J Pharm Innov 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Ghosh S, Mishra P, Banerjee S, Maiti K, Khopade A, Misra A, Sawant K, Bhowmick S. Exploration of the cardinal formulation parameters influencing the encapsulation and physicochemical properties of co-loaded anticancer dual drug nanoliposomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zazo H, Colino CI, Gutiérrez-Millán C, Cordero AA, Bartneck M, Lanao JM. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System for Stavudine Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020406. [PMID: 35214138 PMCID: PMC8875329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modelling has gained attention for evaluating nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling provides a mechanistic approach for evaluating drug biodistribution. The aim of this work is to develop a specific PBPK model to simulate stavudine biodistribution after the administration of a 40 nm gold nanoparticle-based drug delivery system in rats. The model parameters used have been obtained from literature, in vitro and in vivo studies, and computer optimization. Based on these, the PBPK model was built, and the compartments included were considered as permeability rate-limited tissues. In comparison with stavudine solution, a higher biodistribution of stavudine into HIV reservoirs and the modification of pharmacokinetic parameters such as the mean residence time (MRT) have been observed. These changes are particularly noteworthy in the liver, which presents a higher partition coefficient (from 0.27 to 0.55) and higher MRT (from 1.28 to 5.67 h). Simulated stavudine concentrations successfully describe these changes in the in vivo study results. The average fold error of predicted concentrations after the administration of stavudine-gold nanoparticles was within the 0.5–2-fold error in all of the tissues. Thus, this PBPK model approach may help with the pre-clinical extrapolation to other administration routes or the species of stavudine gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinojal Zazo
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda Lcdo Méndez Nieto, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (H.Z.); (C.G.-M.); (A.A.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Clara I. Colino
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda Lcdo Méndez Nieto, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (H.Z.); (C.G.-M.); (A.A.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.I.C.); (J.M.L.); Tel.: +34-923-294-536 (C.I.C.)
| | - Carmen Gutiérrez-Millán
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda Lcdo Méndez Nieto, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (H.Z.); (C.G.-M.); (A.A.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andres A. Cordero
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda Lcdo Méndez Nieto, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (H.Z.); (C.G.-M.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - José M. Lanao
- Area of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda Lcdo Méndez Nieto, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (H.Z.); (C.G.-M.); (A.A.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.I.C.); (J.M.L.); Tel.: +34-923-294-536 (C.I.C.)
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5
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Patel V, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Optimization and efficacy study of synergistic vincristine coloaded liposomal doxorubicin against breast and lung cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2585-2607. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the efficacy of poly-ethylene glycol (PEG)ylated liposomes coloaded with doxorubicin and vincristine against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The combinatorial index of the drugs was established using the Chou-Talalay method in MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. The most effective ratio was co-encapsulated in factorial design optimized nanoliposomes which were characterized for similarity to clinical standard and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for therapeutic efficacy. Results & conclusion: The formulation exhibited more than 95% co-encapsulation, a size of 95.74 ± 2.65 nm and zeta potential of -9.17 ± 1.19 mV while having no significant differences in physicochemical and biochemical characteristics as compared with the clinical standard. Efficacy evaluation studies showed significantly improved cytotoxicity and tumor regression compared with liposomal doxorubicin indicating improvement in efficacy against TNBC and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Rohan Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
| | - Kuntal Maiti
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Shubhadeep Banerjee
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Formulation Research & Development Department, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat-390012, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat - 390001, India
- Pharmaceutical Research, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, VL Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 056, Maharashtra India
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6
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhatt H, Bobde YS, Patel V, Biswas S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Synergistic co-loading of vincristine improved chemotherapeutic potential of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin against triple negative breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 31:102320. [PMID: 33075540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current work aims to explore the biological characteristics of vincristine synergistic co-loading into pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in non-indicated modalities of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The combinatorial liposome prepared by active co-loading of the drugs against modified ammonium ion gradient exhibited 95% encapsulation of both drugs. The cellular uptake studies using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed significantly increased uptake of dual drug formulation as against liposomal doxorubicin. The co-loaded liposome formulation had significantly increased cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with subsequent apoptosis and reduced cell viability in both tumor cell lines than doxorubicin liposome. This carrier exhibited similar acute toxicity, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles with significant increase in tumor regression as compared to liposomal doxorubicin. These results indicate that co-encapsulation of vincristine into clinically used pegylated liposomal doxorubicin significantly improved in-vitro and in-vivo therapeutic efficacy against NSCLC and TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Formulation Development Department - Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohan Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Kuntal Maiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Formulation Development Department - Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubhadeep Banerjee
- Formulation Development Department - Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Yamini Shankar Bobde
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Formulation Development Department - Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Pharmaceutical Research, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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7
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Chakraborty S, Ehsan I, Mukherjee B, Mondal L, Roy S, Saha KD, Paul B, Debnath MC, Bera T. Therapeutic potential of andrographolide-loaded nanoparticles on a murine asthma model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 20:102006. [PMID: 31059793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids commonly prescribed in asthma show several side-effects. Relatively non-toxic andrographolide (AG) has an anti-asthmatic potential. But its poor bioavailability and short plasma half-life constrain its efficacy. To overcome them, we encapsulated AG in nanoparticle (AGNP) and evaluated AGNP for anti-asthmatic efficacy on murine asthma model by oral/pulmonary delivery. AGNP had 5.47% drug loading with a sustained drug release in vitro. Plasma and lung pharmacokinetic data showed predominantly improved AG-bioavailability upon AGNP administered orally/by pulmonary route. Cell numbers, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and serum IgE content were reduced significantly after administration of AGNP compared to free-AG treatment. AGNP-mediated suppression of NF-κβ was predominantly more compared to free-AG. Further, pulmonary route showed better therapeutic performance. In conclusion, AGNP effectively controlled mild and severe asthma and the pulmonary administration of AGNP was more efficacious than the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Ehsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Laboni Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Saheli Roy
- Cancer and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Brahamacharry Paul
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mita Chatterjee Debnath
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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8
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Chen H, Wang G, Sun L, Zhang H, Sun M, Sun J, Shang L, Luo C. Regulating the alky chain length of fatty acid-didanosine prodrugs and evaluating its role in albumin binding. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:21-31. [PMID: 28944416 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of prodrugs for efficient albumin binding shows distinct advantages in drug delivery in terms of drug availability, systemic circulation, and potential targeting effect. And fatty acids are good candidates due to their high affinity to albumin. However, how the alkyl chain length of fatty acids affects the binding dynamics between prodrugs and albumin, despite its importance, is still unclear. In the present study, three prodrugs of didanosine (DDI) and fatty acids were designed and synthesized to evaluate the effect of the alkyl chain length on prodrug-albumin binding process, including capric acid-didanosine (CA-DDI), myristic acid-didanosine (MA-DDI), and stearic acid-didanosine (SA-DDI). The binding dynamics between these prodrugs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by fluorometry, circular dichroism (CD), UV analysis, and molecular docking. It turned out that DDI itself showed poor binding affinity to BSA. In contrast, CA-DDI, MA-DDI, and SA-DDI demonstrated significantly improved binding affinity. Interestingly, the binding affinity between DDI prodrugs and BSA was correlated with the alkyl chain length of fatty acids, and the binding constant significantly increased with the extension of alkyl chain length (KCA-DDI = 5.86 × 103 M-1, KMA-DDI = 8.57 × 103 M-1, and KSA-DDI = 11.42 × 103 M-1 at 298 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanzhen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huicong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Preferential hepatic uptake of paclitaxel-loaded poly-(d-l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles — A possibility for hepatic drug targeting: Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:818-830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ghosh S, Mukherjee B, Chaudhuri S, Roy T, Mukherjee A, Sengupta S. Methotrexate Aspasomes Against Rheumatoid Arthritis: Optimized Hydrogel Loaded Liposomal Formulation with In Vivo Evaluation in Wistar Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1320-1336. [PMID: 29340978 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspasomes of methotrexate with antioxidant, ascorbyl palmitate, were developed and optimized using factorial design by varying parameters such as lipid molar ratio, drug to lipid molar ratio, and type of hydration buffer for transdermal delivery for disease modifying activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Aspasomes were characterized by drug-excipients interaction, particle size analysis, determination of zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and surface properties. The best formulation was loaded into hydrogel for evaluation of in vitro drug release and tested in vivo against adjuvant induced arthritis model in wistar rats, by assessing various physiological, biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters. Optimized aspasome formulation exhibited smooth surface with particle size 386.8 nm, high drug loading (19.41%), negative surface potential, and controlled drug release in vitro over 24 h with a steady permeation rate. Transdermal application of methotrexate-loaded aspasome hydrogel for 12 days reduced rat paw diameter (21.25%), SGOT (40.43%), SGPT (54.75%), TNFα (33.99%), IL β (34.79%), cartilage damage (84.41%), inflammation (82.37%), panus formation (84.38%), and bone resorption (80.52%) as compared to arthritic control rats. Free methotrexate-treated group showed intermediate effects. However, drug-free aspasome treatment did not show any effect. The experimental results indicate a positive outcome in development of drug-loaded therapeutically active carrier system which presents a non-invasive controlled release transdermal formulation with good drug loading, drug permeation rate, and having better disease modifications against RA than the free drug, thereby providing a more attractive therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid disease management.
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Paul P, Sengupta S, Mukherjee B, Shaw TK, Gaonkar RH, Debnath MC. Chitosan-coated nanoparticles enhanced lung pharmacokinetic profile of voriconazole upon pulmonary delivery in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:501-520. [PMID: 29383985 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapan K Shaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B. L. Saha Road, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Raghuvir H Gaonkar
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mita Chatterjee Debnath
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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