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Yankowski C, Kurup D, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. Effects of adjuvants in a rabies-vectored Ebola virus vaccine on protection from surrogate challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:10. [PMID: 36754965 PMCID: PMC9906604 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is the primary contributor to the global threat of filovirus severe hemorrhagic fever, and Ebola virus disease has a case fatality rate of 50-90%. An inactivated, bivalent filovirus/rabies virus vaccine, FILORAB1, consists of recombinant rabies virus virions expressing the Ebola virus glycoprotein. FILORAB1 is immunogenic and protective from Ebola virus challenge in mice and non-human primates, and protection is enhanced when formulated with toll-like receptor 4 agonist Glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) in a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (SE). Through an adjuvant comparison in mice, we demonstrate that GLA-SE improves FILORAB1 efficacy by activating the innate immune system and shaping a Th1-biased adaptive immune response. GLA-SE adjuvanted mice and those adjuvanted with the SE component are better protected from surrogate challenge, while Th2 alum adjuvanted mice are not. Additionally, the immune response to FILORAB1 is long-lasting, as exhibited by highly-maintained serum antibody titers and long-lived cells in the spleen and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Yankowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Sanyal G. Development of functionally relevant potency assays for monovalent and multivalent vaccines delivered by evolving technologies. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:50. [PMID: 35513416 PMCID: PMC9072649 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A potency or potency-indicating assay is a regulatory requirement for the release of every lot of a vaccine. Potency is a critical quality attribute that is also monitored as a stability indicator of a vaccine product. In essence, a potency measurement is a test of the functional integrity of the antigen and is intended to ensure that the antigen retains immunocompetence, i.e., the ability to stimulate the desired immune response, in its final formulation. Despite its central importance, there is incomplete clarity about the definition and expectation of a potency assay. This article provides a perspective on the purpose, value, and challenges associated with potency testing for vaccines produced by new technologies. The focus is on messenger RNA vaccines in the light of experience gained with recombinant protein-based vaccines, which offer the opportunity to directly correlate in vitro antigenicity with in vivo immunogenicity. The challenges with developing immunologically relevant in vitro assays are discussed especially for multivalent vaccine products, the importance of which has been reinforced by the ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Immunoassay-based release of multivalent vaccine products, such as those containing multiple antigens from different variants or serotypes of the same virus, require antibodies that are selective for each antigen and do not significantly cross-react with the others. In the absence of such exclusively specific antibodies, alternative functional assays with demonstrable correlation to immunogenicity may be acceptable. Initiatives for geographically distributed vaccine technology facilities should include establishing these assay capabilities to enable rapid delivery of vaccines globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sanyal
- Vaccine Analytics, LLC, Kendall Park, NJ, USA. .,Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Gu H, Huang X, Chen Q, Sun Y, Lv R. A feasibility study for rapid evaluation of emulsion oxidation using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120337. [PMID: 34530201 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method based on three-dimensional synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy was developed for emulsion oxidation evaluation. This method was selected because of its high sensitivity to dissolved organic matter typically occurring in the lipid oxidation. Spectral signal and chemical reference measurements were recorded for each emulsion sample as input and output data for the model construction. Characteristic values were extracted from the spectral data by the application of parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was then used to construct a regression model for the rapid determination of emulsion oxidation. The correlation coefficient of the calibration and prediction sets were used as the performance parameters for the PLSR models as follows: R = 0.929, 0.973 for emulsion samples stored at 25℃; R = 0.897, 0.903 for emulsion samples stored at 70℃. The overall results demonstrated that the fluorescence spectroscopy, coupled with PARAFAC and PLSR algorithms, could be successfully used as a rapid method for the emulsion oxidation evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Gu
- School of Bio and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China.
| | - Xingyi Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Bio and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanhui Sun
- School of Bio and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Riqin Lv
- School of Bio and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
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4
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Huang A, Pressnall MM, Lu R, Huayamares SG, Griffin JD, Groer C, DeKosky BJ, Forrest ML, Berkland CJ. Human intratumoral therapy: Linking drug properties and tumor transport of drugs in clinical trials. J Control Release 2020; 326:203-221. [PMID: 32673633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies aim to kill tumor cells directly or engage the immune system to fight malignancy. Checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cell-based immunotherapies, cytokines, and adjuvants have been applied to prompt the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. However, systemic exposure of cancer therapies can induce unwanted adverse events. Intratumoral administration of potent therapies utilizes small amounts of drugs, in an effort to minimize systemic exposure and off-target toxicities. Here, we discuss the properties of the tumor microenvironment and transport considerations for intratumoral drug delivery. Specifically, we consider various tumor tissue factors and physicochemical factors that can affect tumor retention after intratumoral injection. We also review approved and clinical-stage intratumoral therapies and consider how the molecular and biophysical properties (e.g. size and charge) of these therapies influences intratumoral transport (e.g. tumor retention and cellular uptake). Finally, we offer a critical review and highlight several emerging approaches to promote tumor retention and limit systemic exposure of potent intratumoral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ruolin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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5
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Wei Y, Xiong J, Larson NR, Iyer V, Sanyal G, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Effect of 2 Emulsion-Based Adjuvants on the Structure and Thermal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2325-2334. [PMID: 29883666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2 squalene-based emulsion adjuvant systems (MedImmune emulsion 0 [ME.0] and Stable Emulsion [SE]) on the structure and stability of the recombinant protein antigen alpha-toxin (AT), a potential vaccine candidate for Staphylococcus aureus infection, were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and both steady-state and time-resolved intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A component study, performed to identify the effects of the individual emulsion's components, showed negligible interactions between AT and ME.0. DSC analysis showed the ME.0 emulsion thermally destabilized AT, probably because of changes in the buffer composition of AT upon mixing. The SE emulsion caused increased alpha-helix and decreased beta-sheet content in AT, and a significant blue shift in the fluorescence spectra relative to that of AT in solution. DSC analysis showed SE exerted a dramatic thermal stabilization effect on AT, probably attributable to an interaction between AT and SE. Size exclusion chromatography showed a complete loss in the recovery of AT when mixed with SE, but not ME.0, indicating a high degree of interaction with SE. This work successfully characterized the biophysical properties of AT in the presence of 2 emulsion adjuvants including a component study to rationalize how emulsion components affect protein antigen stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Wei
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vidyashankara Iyer
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Medimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Gautam Sanyal
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Medimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Villafana T, Falloon J, Griffin MP, Zhu Q, Esser MT. Passive and active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus for the young and old. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1-13. [PMID: 28525961 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide and also causes significant disease in the elderly. Despite 60 years of RSV research and vaccine development, there is only one approved medicine to prevent RSV infections. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the RSV fusion (F) protein, is indicated for preterm infants and children at high-risk for RSV infections. It is an active time in RSV vaccine and mAb development with 14 vaccines and 2 mAbs currently being tested in clinical trials as of 13 February 2017. Active vaccination of women in the third trimester or passive immunization of infants with a mAb are particularly attractive approaches as the most severe disease occurs within the first 6 months of life. Areas covered: Here, we review current approaches for preventing RSV in the young and old, describe proposed clinical endpoints for studies in pediatric and adult clinical trials and highlight results from recent and ongoing clinical studies. Expert commentary: With 16 candidates in clinical development, approval of the first RSV vaccine or mAb for the prevention of RSV in all infants or the elderly is likely to occur in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qing Zhu
- a MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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