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Adamiak K, Gaida VA, Schäfer J, Bosse L, Diemer C, Reiter RJ, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Sionkowska A, Kleszczyński K. Melatonin/Sericin Wound Healing Patches: Implications for Melanoma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4858. [PMID: 38732075 PMCID: PMC11084828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin and sericin exhibit antioxidant properties and may be useful in topical wound healing patches by maintaining redox balance, cell integrity, and regulating the inflammatory response. In human skin, melatonin suppresses damage caused by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which involves numerous mechanisms associated with reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation and enhancing apoptosis. Sericin is a protein mainly composed of glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and threonine amino acids removed from the silkworm cocoon (particularly Bombyx mori and other species). It is of interest because of its biodegradability, anti-oxidative, and anti-bacterial properties. Sericin inhibits tyrosinase activity and promotes cell proliferation that can be supportive and useful in melanoma treatment. In recent years, wound healing patches containing sericin and melatonin individually have attracted significant attention by the scientific community. In this review, we summarize the state of innovation of such patches during 2021-2023. To date, melatonin/sericin-polymer patches for application in post-operational wound healing treatment has been only sparingly investigated and it is an imperative to consider these materials as a promising approach targeting for skin tissue engineering or regenerative dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Adamiak
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Vivian A. Gaida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Jasmin Schäfer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Lina Bosse
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Clara Diemer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.A.G.); (J.S.); (L.B.); (C.D.); (K.S.)
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Bian D, Pilehvar Y, Kousha S, Bi J. Bioactive Wound Healing 3D Structure Based on Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Naringin/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Nanocomplex. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10566-10576. [PMID: 38463294 PMCID: PMC10918653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The current assay aimed to fabricate and analyze a potent wound healing structure based on a naringin (Nar)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-loaded chitosan hydrogel. Using the simulation studies, we assessed the interactions among the Nar, β-CD, and the formation of the inclusion complex. Then, the formation of the hydrogel nanocomplex was simulated and evaluated using the in silico methods. The results showed that after optimization of the structures by DMol3 based on DFT-D, the total energies of Nar, GP, CD, and β-CD were calculated at -2100.159, -912.192, -3778.370, and -4273.078 Ha, respectively. The encapsulation energy of Nar on β-CD in the solvent phase was calculated at -93.626 kcal/mol, and the Nar structure was located inside β-CD in solution. The negative interaction energy value for the encapsulation of Nar on β-CD suggests the exothermic adsorption process and a stable structure between Nar and β-CD. Monte Carlo method was applied to obtain adsorption of CS/GP on Nar/β-CD. Its value of the obtained interaction energy was calculated at -1.423 × 103 kcal/mol. The characterization confirmed the formation of a Nar/β-CD inclusion complex. The Zeta potential of the pristine β-CD changed from -4.60 ± 1.1 to -17.60 ± 2.34 mV after interaction with Nar, and the heightened surface negativity can be attributed to the existence of electron-rich naringin molecules, as well as the orientation of the hydroxyl (OH) group of the β-CD toward the surface in an aqueous solution. The porosity of the fabricated hydrogels was in the range of 70-90% and during 14 days around 47.0 ± 3.1% of the pure hydrogel and around 56.4 ± 5.1 of hydrogel nanocomposite was degraded. The MTT assay showed that the hydrogels were biocompatible, and the wound contraction measurement (in an animal model) showed that the closure of the induced wound in the hydrogel nanocomposite treatment was faster than that of the control group (wound without treatment). The results of this study indicate that the developed bioactive wound healing 3D structure, which is composed of a chitosan hydrogel containing a Nar/β-CD inclusion nanocomplex, has potential as an effective material for wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Bian
- Department
of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 960 Hospital
of the People’s Liberation Army, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Younes Pilehvar
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research
Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 571478334, Iran
| | - Sanaz Kousha
- Department
of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Jianhai Bi
- Department
of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Shandong
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
- Medical
Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
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Saad M, El-Samad LM, Gomaa RA, Augustyniak M, Hassan MA. A comprehensive review of recent advances in silk sericin: Extraction approaches, structure, biochemical characterization, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126067. [PMID: 37524279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Silks are natural polymers that have been widely used for centuries. Silk consists of a filament core protein, termed fibroin, and a glue-like coating substance formed of sericin (SER) proteins. This protein is extracted from the silkworm cocoons (particularly Bombyx mori) and is mainly composed of amino acids like glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and threonine. Silk SER can be obtained using numerous methods, including enzymatic extraction, high-temperature, autoclaving, ethanol precipitation, cross-linking, and utilizing acidic, alkali, or neutral aqueous solutions. Given the versatility and outstanding properties of SER, it is widely fabricated to produce sponges, films, and hydrogels for further use in diverse biomedical applications. Hence, many authors reported that SER benefits cell proliferation, tissue engineering, and skin tissue restoration thanks to its moisturizing features, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and mitogenic effect on mammalian cells. Remarkably, SER is used in drug delivery depending on its chemical reactivity and pH-responsiveness. These unique features of SER enhance the bioactivity of drugs, facilitating the fabrication of biomedical materials at nano- and microscales, hydrogels, and conjugated molecules. This review thoroughly outlines the extraction techniques, biological properties, and respective biomedical applications of SER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Saad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamia M El-Samad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Gomaa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Sun R, Liu C, Liu J, Yin S, Song R, Ma J, Cao G, Lu Y, Zhang G, Wu Z, Chen A, Wang Y. Integrated network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the mechanisms underlying naringenin treatment of chronic wounds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:132. [PMID: 36599852 PMCID: PMC9811895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringenin is a citrus flavonoid with various biological functions and a potential therapeutic agent for skin diseases, such as UV radiation and atopic dermatitis. The present study investigates the therapeutic effect and pharmacological mechanism of naringenin on chronic wounds. Using network pharmacology, we identified 163 potential targets and 12 key targets of naringenin. Oxidative stress was confirmed to be the main biological process modulated by naringenin. The transcription factor p65 (RELA), alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) were identified as common targets of multiple pathways involved in treating chronic wounds. Molecular docking verified that these four targets stably bound naringenin. Naringenin promoted wound healing in mice in vivo by inhibiting wound inflammation. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that a low naringenin concentration did not significantly affect normal skin cell viability and cell apoptosis; a high naringenin concentration was cytotoxic and reduced cell survival by promoting apoptosis. Meanwhile, comprehensive network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that naringenin could treat chronic wounds by alleviating oxidative stress and reducing the inflammatory response. The underlying mechanism of naringenin in chronic wound therapy involved modulating the RELA, AKT1 and MAPK1/3 signalling pathways to inhibit ROS production and inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Yin
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Song
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Ma
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqi Cao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongpan Lu
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aoyu Chen
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibing Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China ,grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China ,Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, Jinan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
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Gagliardi A, Ambrosio N, Voci S, Salvatici MC, Fresta M, Cosco D. Easy preparation, characterization and cytotoxic investigation of 5-Fluorouracil-loaded zein/sericin nanoblends. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Sharma S, Hafeez A, Usmani SA. Nanoformulation approaches of naringenin- an updated review on leveraging pharmaceutical and preclinical attributes from the bioactive. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions in Skin Drug Delivery. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040158. [PMID: 35447718 PMCID: PMC9028917 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions and nanoemulsions are lipid-based pharmaceutical systems with a high potential to increase the permeation of drugs through the skin. Although being isotropic dispersions of two nonmiscible liquids (oil and water), significant differences are encountered between microemulsions and nanoemulsions. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable o/w emulsions of mean droplet size approximately 100–400 nm, whereas nanoemulsions are thermodynamically unstable o/w emulsions of mean droplet size approximately 1 to 100 nm. Their inner oil phase allows the solubilization of lipophilic drugs, achieving high encapsulation rates, which are instrumental for drug delivery. In this review, the importance of these systems, the key differences regarding their composition and production processes are discussed. While most of the micro/nanoemulsions on the market are held by the cosmetic industry to enhance the activity of drugs used in skincare products, the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations designed for the topical, dermal and transdermal administration of therapeutic drugs is being considered. The delivery of poorly water-soluble molecules through the skin has shown some advantages over the oral route, since drugs escape from first-pass metabolism; particularly for the treatment of cutaneous diseases, topical delivery should be the preferential route in order to reduce the number of drugs used and potential side-effects, while directing the drugs to the site of action. Thus, nanoemulsions and microemulsions represent versatile options for the delivery of drugs through lipophilic barriers, and many synthetic and natural compounds have been formulated using these delivery systems, aiming to improve stability, delivery and bioactivity. Detailed information is provided concerning the most relevant recent scientific publications reporting the potential of these delivery systems to increase the skin permeability of drugs with anti-inflammatory, sun-protection, anticarcinogenic and/or wound-healing activities. The main marketed skincare products using emulsion-based systems are also presented and discussed.
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Rivera-Yañez CR, Ruiz-Hurtado PA, Mendoza-Ramos MI, Reyes-Reali J, García-Romo GS, Pozo-Molina G, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Nieto-Yañez O, Méndez-Cruz AR, Méndez-Catalá CF, Rivera-Yañez N. Flavonoids Present in Propolis in the Battle against Photoaging and Psoriasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122014. [PMID: 34943117 PMCID: PMC8698766 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the main external organ. It protects against different types of potentially harmful agents, such as pathogens, or physical factors, such as radiation. Skin disorders are very diverse, and some of them lack adequate and accessible treatment. The photoaging of the skin is a problem of great relevance since it is related to the development of cancer, while psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes scaly skin lesions and deterioration of the lifestyle of people affected. These diseases affect the patient's health and quality of life, so alternatives have been sought that improve the treatment for these diseases. This review focuses on describing the properties and benefits of flavonoids from propolis against these diseases. The information collected shows that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids play a crucial role in the control and regulation of the cellular and biochemical alterations caused by these diseases; moreover, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, and isoflavones contained in different worldwide propolis samples are the types of flavonoids usually evaluated in both diseases. Therefore, the research carried out in the area of dermatology with bioactive compounds of different origins is of great relevance to developing preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rebeca Rivera-Yañez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
| | - Porfirio Alonso Ruiz-Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, IPN, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Gustavo A. Madero 07738, Mexico;
| | - María Isabel Mendoza-Ramos
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Julia Reyes-Reali
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Gina Stella García-Romo
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
| | - Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.F.M.-C.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
| | - Nelly Rivera-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (J.R.-R.); (G.S.G.-R.); (G.P.-M.); (O.N.-Y.); (A.R.M.-C.)
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.F.M.-C.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
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