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Truzzi E, Marchetti L, Fratagnoli A, Rossi MC, Bertelli D. Novel application of 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the authentication of dark chocolate. Food Chem 2023; 404:134522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zupančič O, Spoerk M, Paudel A. Lipid-based solubilization technology via hot melt extrusion: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1013-1032. [PMID: 35943158 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD). The excipients of SEDDS enable permeation through the mucus and gastro-intestinal barrier, inhibiting efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) of drugs. Poor drug loading capacity and formulation instability are the main setbacks of traditional SEDDS. The use of polymeric precipitation inhibitors was shown to create supersaturable SEDDS with increased drug payload, and their solidification can help to overcome the instability challenge. As an alternative to several existing SEDDS solidification technologies, hot melt extrusion (HME) holds the potential for lean and continuous manufacturing of supersaturable solid-SEDDS. Despite being ubiquitously applied in solid lipid and polymeric processing, HME has not yet been widely considered for the preparation of SEDDS. AREAS COVERED The review begins with the rationale why SEDDS as the preferred lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) is suitable for the oral delivery of PWSD and discusses the common barriers to oral administration. The potential of LBDS to surmount them is discussed. SEDDS as the flagship of LBDS for PWSD is proposed with a special emphasis on solid-SEDDS. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of HME from the lipid-based excipient (LBE) processing and product performance standpoint are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION HME can be a continuous, solvent-free, cost-effective, and scalable technology for manufacturing solid supersaturable SEDDS. Several critical formulations and process parameters in successfully preparing SEDDS via HME are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ali S, Tiwari A, Yeoh T, Doshi P, Kelkar N, Shah JC, Seth JR. Crystallization and Rheology of Mono- and Diglycerides and Their Role in Stabilization of Emulsion Droplets in Model Topical Ointments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8502-8512. [PMID: 35797452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of commercial mono- and diglycerides (MDG) in paraffin oil is studied to develop an in-depth understanding of the polymorphic transitions useful for the physical stability of petroleum oil-based topical emulsions. Optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed the formation of plate-like and spherulite crystals at high and low temperatures, in sequence, while cooling a solution of MDG dissolved in oil. High-resolution NMR and X-ray scattering demonstrate that 1-monoglycerides (mixture of 1-glyceride monostearate and 1-glyceride monopalmitate) cocrystallize to an inverse-lamellar structure (Lα polymorph) that mainly forms plate-like crystals at a higher temperature. The Lα polymorph is seen to exist up to room temperature during the cooling process. At lower temperatures, 1,3-diglycerides (mixture of 1,3-glyceryl distearate and 1,3-glyceryl dipalmitate) crystallize into β-polymorphs that form spherulites. The spherulites tend to assemble into elongated strands via aggregation, leading to the formation of a percolating network structure. The sizes of both types of crystals decrease with an increasing cooling rate, leading to a higher mechanical modulus due to the increased network connectivity of spherulites. In an emulsion, monoglycerides in the form of Lα polymorphs having plate-like crystal morphology show a higher affinity to the polar liquid/oil interface, thereby providing better interfacial stability compared to the spherulitic β-polymorphs. However, diglycerides in the form of spherulites form bulk network structures which provide network stabilization to the suspended droplets. This work demonstrates that MDG, a commercially available ingredient that combines the differential functionality of monoglycerides and diglycerides, is an effective, bifunctional, emulsifying agent for petrolatum-based topical emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anju Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Pankaj Doshi
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Narayani Kelkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jaymin C Shah
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jyoti R Seth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Quantitative chemical profiling of cellulose acetate excipient via 13C-NMR spectroscopy in controlled release formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu QB, Lu JG, Jiang ZH, Zhang W, Li WJ, Qian ZM, Bai LP. In situ Chemical Profiling and Imaging of Cultured and Natural Cordyceps sinensis by TOF-SIMS. Front Chem 2022; 10:862007. [PMID: 35402389 PMCID: PMC8987775 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.862007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is a sensitive surface analytical technology, which can simultaneously acquire diverse chemical components and their precise locations on the surfaces of samples without any requirements for chemical damage pretreatments or additional matrices. Commonly, the quality control of TCMs (traditional Chinese medicines) is limited by the qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the specifically extractive constituents. In this study, a practical sample preparation strategy named two-layered media embedding sample preparation was developed to obtain ideal freezing sections of dried materials of Cordyceps sinensis. Meanwhile, the well-established sample preparation method was applied for in situ chemical profiling and imaging of natural (NCS) and cultured Cordyceps sinensis (CCS) by using TOF-SIMS. More than 200 components were tentatively identified and imaged in NCS and CCS at the same time. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed that most components have even distributions in caterpillars of Cordyceps sinensis, while TAGs, DAGs, MAGs, and FAs only have distributions outside caterpillars’ digestive chambers. This is the first time that components were in situ imaged for Cordyceps sinensis to exhibit the chemical distributions which have never been achieved by other analytical techniques so far. In addition, chemometrics was used to simplify and explain the massive TOF-SIMS mass data sets, which revealed the high chemical similarity between CCS and NCS. Furthermore, the relative quantification of TOF-SIMS data showed that CCS has comparable proportions of amino acids, nucleosides, monosaccharides, sphingolipids, sterols and other principles to NCS except for fatty acids, glycerides and glycerophospholipids. The higher amounts of TAGs and DAGs in CCS were confirmed by quantitative 1H-NMR, indicating reliable relative quantification of TOF-SIMS. In general, our research developed a novel approach of TOF-SIMS for in situ chemical analysis of TCMs, and its successful application in comparative study of CCS and NCS suggested that TOF-SIMS is an advanced and promising analytical technology for the research of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Bao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jing-Guang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Hong Jiang, ; Li-Ping Bai,
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- Dongguan HEC Cordyceps R and D Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | | | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Hong Jiang, ; Li-Ping Bai,
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Kushwah V, Gomes Lopes D, Saraf I, Koutsamanis I, Werner B, Zangger K, Roy MC, Bartlett JA, Frericks Schmidt H, Shamblin SL, Laggner P, Paudel A. Phase Behavior of Drug-Lipid-Surfactant Ternary Systems toward Understanding the Annealing-Induced Change. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:532-546. [PMID: 34958588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study systematically investigates the effect of annealing conditions and the Kolliphor P 407 content on the physicochemical and structural properties of Compritol (glyceryl behenate) and ternary systems prepared via melt cooling (Kolliphor P 407, Compritol, and a hydrophilic API) representing solid-lipid formulations. The physical properties of Compritol and the ternary systems with varying ratios of Compritol and Kolliphor P 407 were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and hot-stage microscopy (HSM), before and after annealing. The change in the chemical profiles of different Compritol components as a function of annealing was evaluated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. While no change in the polymorphic form of API and Kolliphor P 407 occurred during annealing, a systematic conversion of the α- to β-form was observed in the case of Compritol. Furthermore, the polymorphic transformation of Compritol was found to be dependent on the Kolliphor P 407 content. As per the Flory-Huggins mixing theory, higher miscibility was observed in the case of monobehenin-Kolliphor P 407, monobehenin-dibehenin, and dibehenin-tribehenin binary mixtures. The miscibility of Kolliphor P 407 with monobehenin and 1,2-dibehenin was confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. The observed higher miscibility of Kolliphor P 407 with monobehenin and 1,2-dibehenin is proposed as the trigger for the physical separation from the 1,3-diglyceride and triglycerides during melt solidification of the formulations. The phase separation is postulated as the mechanism underlying the formation of a stable β-polymorphic form (a native form of 1,3-diglyceride) of Compritol upon annealing. This finding is expected to have an important implication for developing stable solid-lipid-surfactant-based drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kushwah
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Diogo Gomes Lopes
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Werner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael C Roy
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy A Bartlett
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Frericks Schmidt
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sheri L Shamblin
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kushwah V, Saraf I, Yeoh T, Ardelean I, Weber H, Sarkar A, Chen R, Vogel T, Modhave D, Laggner P, Paudel A. Interplay of Aging and Lot-to-Lot Variability on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Excipients: A Case Study of Mono- and Diglycerides. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:862-877. [PMID: 33475378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the chemical composition governing the physical properties of mono- and diglycerides (MDGs) at the microstructural level, as a function of aging and lot-to-lot variability. The physical structure of the MDG plays a vital role in ameliorating the emulsion stability and is widely explored in diverse research horizons related to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In an effort to understand the mechanism of emulsion stabilization, physical properties were extensively evaluated in selective commercial lots to determine if there is a correlation between the chemical composition of MDG and physical properties. The solid state of the MDG samples with different aging profiles was characterized using X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and NMR relaxometry. Moreover, the kinetic aspect of solid-state transformation was also evaluated via treating MDG samples with a heat-cool cycle. The chemical composition of MDGs was quantified using a quantitative NMR (qNMR) method. Interestingly, the X-ray scattering results demonstrated a change in the MDG polymorphic form and an increase in the %β content as a function of aging. The increase in the %β content led to the formation of rigid crystal structures of MDG, as evident from the NMR relaxometry. Chemical quantification of isomeric composition revealed chemical composition change as a potentially critical factor responsible for the altered physical structures of MDG with respect to aging and lot-to-lot variability. The findings correlated the solid-state transformation with the change in the chemical composition of the MDG as a combined effect of aging and lot-to-lot variability. This work serves as a basis to better understand the interdependency of the physicochemical properties of MDG. Furthermore, the present work can also be used as guidance for setting up the specifications of MDG, as per the required polymorphic form for a multitude of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ioan Ardelean
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania
| | - Hansjoerg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9A, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Avik Sarkar
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raymond Chen
- Analytical R&D, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Trevor Vogel
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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