Recent Advances of Multifunctional PLGA Nanocarriers in the Management of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Clinical Advances in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Focus on Poly (L-lactide-coglycolide) Nanoparticles

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer and is associated with high probability of metastasis and poor prognosis. Chemotherapeutics and surgery remain the most common options for TNBC patients; however, chemotherapeutic resistance and relapse of tumors limit the progression free survival and patient life span. This review provides an overview of recent chemotherapeutics that are in clinical trial, and the combination of drugs that are being investigated to overcome the drug resistance and to improve patient survival in different molecular subtypes of TNBCs. Nanotherapeutics have emerged as a promising platform for TNBC treatment and aim to improve the selectivity and solubility of drugs, reduce systemic side effects, and overcome multi-drug resistance. The study explores the role of nanoparticles for TNBC treatment and summarizes the types of nanoparticles that are in clinical trials. Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is the most studied polymeric carrier for drug delivery and for TNBC treatment in research and in clinics. This review is about providing recent advancements in PLGA nanotherapeutic formulations and their application to help treat TNBC. Some background on current chemotherapies and pathway inhibitors is provided so that the readers are aware of what is currently considered for TNBC. Some of the pathway inhibitors may also be of importance for nanotherapeutics development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview summarizes the progress on chemotherapeutics and nanoparticle delivery for treatment of TNBC and specifically highlights the lead compounds that are in clinical trials.

Tailoring micellar nanocarriers for pemetrexed in breast cancer: design, fabrication and in vitro evaluation

Aim: To investigate the pemetrexed encapsulated polymeric mixed micelles (PMMs) against breast cancer treatment. Methods: We meticulously optimized the formulation and conducted extensive characterizations, including photon correlation spectroscopy for micellization, advanced analytical techniques and in vitro cell line assessments. Results: The PMM exhibited favorable characteristics, with a spherical morphology, hydrodynamic particle size of 19.58 ± 0.89 nm, polydispersity index of 0.245 ± 0.1, and a surface charge of -9.70 ± 0.61 mV. Encapsulation efficiency and drug payload reached 96.16 ± 0.37% and 4.5 ± 0.32%, respectively. Cytotoxicity analysis indicated superior efficacy of the PMM over the drug solution. Conclusion: The PMM formulation exhibited controlled release of the drug, and demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells, highlighting its therapeutic promise.

Exploring contemporary breakthroughs in utilizing vesicular nanocarriers for breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease with various morphological features, clinicopathological conditions and responses to different therapeutic options, which is responsible for high mortality and morbidity in women. The heterogeneity of BC necessitates new strategies for diagnosis and treatment, which is possible only by cautious harmonization of the advanced nanomaterials. Recent developments in vesicular nanocarrier therapy indicate a paradigm shift in breast cancer treatment by providing an integrated approach to address current issues. This review provides a detailed classification of various nanovesicles in the treatment of BC with a special emphasis on recent advances, challenges in translating nanomaterials and future potentials.

Targeted delivery and apoptosis induction of CDK-4/6 inhibitor loaded folic acid decorated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles in breast cancer cells

Targeted drug delivery is an advanced approach for active targeting of tumor that can enhance the concentration of the drug at the site of action and reduce the off-target toxicity and non-specific effects of the drug. Folate receptors (FR) are membrane-bound surface proteins, over-expressed in numerous solid tumors, folate and folate conjugates bind to FR with higher affinity. In the present investigation, we fabricated Folic acid (FA) decorated Palbociclib loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (FA-PLPHNPs) using quality by design (QbD) approach and evaluated its anti-cancer activity in folate receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines. 1HNMR, ATR-FTIR spectroscopic techniques confirmed the formation of DSPE-PEG-FA ligand. The optimized FA-PLPHNPs formulation exhibited 143.36 ± 5.24 nm, 0.172 ± 0.004, -16.84 ± 0.27 mV, and 93.12 ± 0.43 % of particle size, PDI, zeta potential and % entrapment efficiency, respectively. The FA-PLPHNPs exhibited an approximately 9, 11-fold reduction in IC50 values than free Palbociclib in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at 48 h. The role of FA in targeting breast cancer was studied by means of a receptor-blocking assay, and concluded that FA-PLPHNPs were internalized into MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. FA-PLPHNPs showed higher anti-cancer efficiency and caused enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis (Acridine orange/ ethidium bromide dual staining and Annexin V/PI staining), reduced cell migration, and colony formation. Thus, the fabricated Palbociclib-loaded FA-conjugated lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles could act as a potential nanocarrier for the treatment of breast cancer.