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Wu Q, Li J, Zhu J, Sun X, He D, Li J, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Lai M. Gamma-glutamyl-leucine levels are causally associated with elevated cardio-metabolic risks. Front Nutr 2022; 9:936220. [PMID: 36505257 PMCID: PMC9729530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.936220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gamma-glutamyl dipeptides are bioactive peptides involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose regulation. Gamma-glutamyl-leucine (Gamma-Glu-Leu) has been extensively reported to be associated with the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. However, the causality remains to be uncovered. The aim of this study was to explore the causal-effect relationships between Gamma-Glu-Leu and metabolic risk. Materials and methods In this study, 1,289 subjects were included from a cross-sectional survey on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in eastern China. Serum Gamma-Glu-Leu levels were measured by untargeted metabolomics. Using linear regressions, a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Gamma-Glu-Leu was conducted to seek its instrumental single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to evaluate the causality between Gamma-Glu-Leu and the metabolic risk. Results Four SNPs are associated with serum Gamma-Glu-Leu levels, including rs12476238, rs56146133, rs2479714, and rs12229654. Out of them, rs12476238 exhibits the strongest association (Beta = -0.38, S.E. = 0.07 in discovery stage, Beta = -0.29, S.E. = 0.14 in validation stage, combined P-value = 1.04 × 10-8). Each of the four SNPs has a nominal association with at least one metabolic risk factor. Both rs12229654 and rs56146133 are associated with body mass index, waist circumference (WC), the ratio of WC to hip circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride (5 × 10-5 < P < 0.05). rs56146133 also has nominal associations with fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance index (5 × 10-5 < P < 0.05). Using the four SNPs serving as the instrumental SNPs of Gamma-Glu-Leu, the MR analyses revealed that higher Gamma-Glu-Leu levels are causally associated with elevated risks of multiple cardio-metabolic factors except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P > 0.05). Conclusion Four SNPs (rs12476238, rs56146133, rs2479714, and rs12229654) may regulate the levels of serum Gamma-Glu-Leu. Higher Gamma-Glu-Leu levels are causally linked to cardio-metabolic risks. Future prospective studies on Gamma-Glu-Leu are required to explain its role in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiankang Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxue Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,Affiliated Hangzhou Center of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Qing Chen,
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Yimin Zhu,
| | - Maode Lai
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,Maode Lai,
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Rodríguez-García M, Fernández-Varo G, Hidalgo S, Rodríguez G, Martínez I, Zeng M, Casals E, Morales-Ruiz M, Casals G. Validation of a Microwave-Assisted Derivatization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantification of 2-Hydroxybutyrate in Human Serum as an Early Marker of Diabetes Mellitus. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061889. [PMID: 35335253 PMCID: PMC8950062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Circulating levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB) are highly related to glycemic status in different metabolomic studies. According to recent evidence, 2HB is an early biomarker of the future development of dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus and may be causally related to the progression of normal subjects to impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance. In the present study, we developed and validated a simple, specific and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method specifically intended to quantify serum levels of 2HB. Liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was followed by 2 min of microwave-assisted derivatization. The method presented acceptable accuracy, precision and recovery, and the limit of quantification was 5 µM. Levels of 2HB were found to be stable in serum after three freeze-thaw cycles, and at ambient temperature and at a temperature of 4 °C for up to 24 h. Extracts derivatized under microwave irradiation were stable for up to 96 h. No differences were found in 2HB concentrations measured in serum or plasma EDTA samples. In summary, the method is useful for a rapid, precise and accurate quantification of 2HB in serum samples assessed for the evaluation of dysglycemia and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-García
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Varo
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Hidalgo
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Irene Martínez
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Muling Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China;
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (G.C.); Tel.: +34-93-227-5400-2667 (G.C.)
| | - Manuel Morales-Ruiz
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain
- Commission for the Biochemical Assessment of Hepatic Disease-SEQCML, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (G.F.-V.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (I.M.); (M.M.-R.)
- Commission for the Biochemical Assessment of Hepatic Disease-SEQCML, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (G.C.); Tel.: +34-93-227-5400-2667 (G.C.)
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