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Li X, Xiong H, Mou X, Huang C, Thomas ER, Yu W, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Androgen receptor cofactors: A potential role in understanding prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116338. [PMID: 38417290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is witnessing a concerning rise in incidence annually, with the androgen receptor (AR) emerging as a pivotal contributor to its growth and progression. Mounting evidence underscores the AR's ability to recruit cofactors, influencing downstream gene transcription and thereby fueling the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells. Although, clinical strategies involving AR antagonists provide some relief, managing castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a formidable challenge. Thus, the need of the hour lies in unearthing new drugs or therapeutic targets to effectively combat PCa. This review encapsulates the pivotal roles played by coactivators and corepressors of AR, notably androgen receptor-associated protein (ARA) and steroid receptor Coactivators (SRC) in PCa. Our data unveils how these cofactors intricately modulate histone modifications, cell cycling, SUMOylation, and apoptosis through their interactions with AR. Among the array of cofactors scrutinised, such as ARA70β, ARA24, ARA160, ARA55, ARA54, PIAS1, PIAS3, SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, PCAF, p300/CBP, MED1, and CARM1, several exhibit upregulation in PCa. Conversely, other cofactors like ARA70α, PIASy, and NCoR/SMRT demonstrate downregulation. This duality underscores the complexity of AR cofactor dynamics in PCa. Based on our findings, we propose that manipulating cofactor regulation to modulate AR function holds promise as a novel therapeutic avenue against advanced PCa. This paradigm shift offers renewed hope in the quest for effective treatments in the face of CRPC's formidable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haojun Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Mou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B: an emerging group of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:337. [PMID: 35879279 PMCID: PMC9314375 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (hnRNPA/B) is one of the core members of the RNA binding protein (RBP) hnRNPs family, including four main subtypes, A0, A1, A2/B1 and A3, which share the similar structure and functions. With the advance in understanding the molecular biology of hnRNPA/B, it has been gradually revealed that hnRNPA/B plays a critical role in almost the entire steps of RNA life cycle and its aberrant expression and mutation have important effects on the occurrence and progression of various cancers. This review focuses on the clinical significance of hnRNPA/B in various cancers and systematically summarizes its biological function and molecular mechanisms.
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Wu Z, Wen Y, Fan G, He H, Zhou S, Chen L. HEMGN and SLC2A1 might be potential diagnostic biomarkers of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head: study based on WGCNA and DEGs screening. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:85. [PMID: 33451334 PMCID: PMC7811219 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-03958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a chronic and crippling bone disease. This study aims to reveal novel diagnostic biomarkers of SONFH. METHODS The GSE123568 dataset based on peripheral blood samples from 10 healthy individuals and 30 SONFH patients was used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening. The genes in the module related to SONFH and the DEGs were extracted for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Genes with |gene significance| > 0.7 and |module membership| > 0.8 were selected as hub genes in modules. The DEGs with the degree of connectivity ≥5 were chosen as hub genes in DEGs. Subsequently, the overlapping genes of hub genes in modules and hub genes in DEGs were selected as key genes for SONFH. And then, the key genes were verified in another dataset, and the diagnostic value of key genes was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Nine gene co-expression modules were constructed via WGCNA. The brown module with 1258 genes was most significantly correlated with SONFH and was identified as the key module for SONFH. The results of functional enrichment analysis showed that the genes in the key module were mainly enriched in the inflammatory response, apoptotic process and osteoclast differentiation. A total of 91 genes were identified as hub genes in the key module. Besides, 145 DEGs were identified by DEGs screening and 26 genes were identified as hub genes of DEGs. Overlapping genes of hub genes in the key module and hub genes in DEGs, including RHAG, RNF14, HEMGN, and SLC2A1, were further selected as key genes for SONFH. The diagnostic value of these key genes for SONFH was confirmed by ROC curve. The validation results of these key genes in GSE26316 dataset showed that only HEMGN and SLC2A1 were downregulated in the SONFH group, suggesting that they were more likely to be diagnostic biomarkers of SOFNH than RHAG and RNF14. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified that two key genes, HEMGN and SLC2A1, might be potential diagnostic biomarkers of SONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yinxian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Guanlan Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hangyuan He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Wang P, Dai X, Jiang W, Li Y, Wei W. RBR E3 ubiquitin ligases in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:131-144. [PMID: 32442483 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RING-in-between-RING (RBR) E3 ligases are one class of E3 ligases that is characterized by the unique RING-HECT hybrid mechanism to function with E2s to transfer ubiquitin to target proteins for degradation. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that RBR E3 ligases play essential roles in neurodegenerative diseases, infection, inflammation and cancer. Accumulated evidence has revealed that RBR E3 ligases exert their biological functions in various types of cancers by modulating the degradation of tumor promoters or suppressors. Hence, we summarize the differential functions of RBR E3 ligases in a variety of human cancers. In general, ARIH1, RNF14, RNF31, RNF144B, RNF216, and RBCK1 exhibit primarily oncogenic roles, whereas ARIH2, PARC and PARK2 mainly have tumor suppressive functions. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms by which different RBR E3 ligases are involved in tumorigenesis and progression are also described. We discuss the further investigation is required to comprehensively understand the critical role of RBR E3 ligases in carcinogenesis. We hope our review can stimulate the researchers to deeper explore the mechanism of RBR E3 ligases-mediated carcinogenesis and to develop useful inhibitors of these oncogenic E3 ligases for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Wang S, Ekoue DN, Raj GV, Kittler R. Targeting the turnover of oncoproteins as a new avenue for therapeutics development in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:86-96. [PMID: 30217566 PMCID: PMC6186492 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current therapeutic armamentarium for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) includes second-generation agents such as the Androgen Receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide and the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate, immunotherapies like sipuleucel-T, chemotherapies including docetaxel and cabazitaxel and the radiopharmaceutical radium 223 dichloride. However, relapse of CRPC resistant to these therapeutic modalities occur rapidly. The mechanisms of resistance to these treatments are complex, including specific mutations or alternative splicing of oncogenic proteins. An alternative approach to treating CRPC may be to target the turnover of these molecular drivers of CRPC. In this review, the mechanisms by which protein stability of several oncoproteins such as AR, ERG, GR, CYP17A1 and MYC, will be discussed, as well as how these findings could be translated into novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Dede N Ekoue
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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6
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Long DX, Wang P, Sun YJ, Chen R, Wu YJ. Neuropathy Target Esterase Is Degraded by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway with ARA54 as the Ubiquitin Ligase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7385-92. [PMID: 26606397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated phospholipase B, which is essential for embryonic and nervous system development. However, the regulation of NTE at the protein level had not been thoroughly investigated. Our previous study showed that NTE was degraded not only by the macroautophagy-lysosome pathway but also by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Here we further reveal that androgen receptor-associated protein 54 (ARA54) regulated the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of NTE. We find that deletion of the regulatory domain of NTE, which possesses a putative destruction box and thus is essential for its degradation by the proteasome, prevented its degradation by the proteasome. In addition, we demonstrate that ARA54, which has a RING finger domain and E3 ligase activity, interacts directly with NTE. Overexpression of ARA54 downregulates the protein level of NTE, and knockdown of ARA54 inhibits the degradation of NTE. The mutation in the RING domain of ARA54 blocks the degradation of NTE by ARA54, which indicates that the RING domain is essential for ARA54's E3 activity. These findings suggest that ARA54 acts as the ubiquitin ligase to regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Xin Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, P. R. China.,School of Public Health, University of South China , Hengyang 421001, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, P. R. China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing Agriculture College , Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Jia D, Kim H, Abd Elmageed ZY, Datta A, Davis R, Srivastav S, Moroz K, Crawford BE, Moparty K, Thomas R, Hudson RS, Ambs S, Abdel-Mageed AB. Dysregulation of miR-212 Promotes Castration Resistance through hnRNPH1-Mediated Regulation of AR and AR-V7: Implications for Racial Disparity of Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1744-56. [PMID: 26553749 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The causes of disproportionate incidence and mortality of prostate cancer among African Americans (AA) remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanistic role and assess clinical utility of the splicing factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNP H1) in prostate cancer progression among AA men. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We employed an unbiased functional genomics approach coupled with suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and custom cDNA microarrays to identify differentially expressed genes in microdissected tumors procured from age- and tumor grade-matched AA and Caucasian American (CA) men. Validation analysis was performed in independent cohorts and tissue microarrays. The underlying mechanisms of hnRNPH1 regulation and its impact on androgen receptor (AR) expression and tumor progression were explored. RESULTS Aberrant coexpression of AR and hnRNPH1 and downregulation of miR-212 were detected in prostate tumors and correlate with disease progression in AA men compared with CA men. Ectopic expression of miR-212 mimics downregulated hnRNPH1 transcripts, which in turn reduced expression of AR and its splice variant AR-V7 (or AR3) in prostate cancer cells. hnRNPH1 physically interacts with AR and steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) and primes activation of androgen-regulated genes in a ligand-dependent and independent manner. siRNA silencing of hnRNPH1 sensitized prostate cancer cells to bicalutamide and inhibited prostate tumorigenesis in vivo CONCLUSIONS Our findings define novel roles for hnRNPH1 as a putative oncogene, splicing factor, and an auxiliary AR coregulator. Targeted disruption of the hnRNPH1-AR axis may have therapeutic implications to improve clinical outcomes in patients with advanced prostate cancer, especially among AA men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dingwu Jia
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Amrita Datta
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rodney Davis
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sudesh Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Byron E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krishnarao Moparty
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Division of Urology, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Raju Thomas
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert S Hudson
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Abstract
The RBR (RING-BetweenRING-RING) or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] E3 ubiquitin ligases comprise a group of 12 complex multidomain enzymes. This unique family of E3 ligases includes parkin, whose dysfunction is linked to the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson's disease, and HOIP (HOIL-1-interacting protein) and HOIL-1 (haem-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1), members of the LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex). The RBR E3 ligases share common features with both the larger RING and HECT (homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus) E3 ligase families, directly catalysing ubiquitin transfer from an intrinsic catalytic cysteine housed in the C-terminal domain, as well as recruiting thioester-bound E2 enzymes via a RING domain. Recent three-dimensional structures and biochemical findings of the RBRs have revealed novel protein domain folds not previously envisioned and some surprising modes of regulation that have raised many questions. This has required renaming two of the domains in the RBR E3 ligases to more accurately reflect their structures and functions: the C-terminal Rcat (required-for-catalysis) domain, essential for catalytic activity, and a central BRcat (benign-catalytic) domain that adopts the same fold as the Rcat, but lacks a catalytic cysteine residue and ubiquitination activity. The present review discusses how three-dimensional structures of RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) E3 ligases have provided new insights into our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of these important enzymes in ubiquitin biology.
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Wen DY, Geng J, Li W, Guo CC, Zheng JH. A computational bioinformatics analysis of gene expression identifies candidate agents for prostate cancer. Andrologia 2013; 46:625-32. [PMID: 23790256 DOI: 10.1111/and.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males worldwide. Although great progress has been made, the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer are far from being fully understood and treatment of this disease remains palliative. In this study, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer and then identify biologically active small molecules capable of targeting prostate cancer using a computational bioinformatics analysis of gene expression. A total of 3068 genes, involved in cell communication, development, localisation and cell proliferation, were differentially expressed in prostate cancer samples compared with normal controls. Pathways associated with signal transduction, immune response and tumorigenesis were dysfunctional. Further, we identified a group of small molecules capable of reversing prostate cancer. These candidate agents may provide the groundwork for a combination therapy approach for prostate cancer. However, further evaluation for their potential use in the treatment of prostate cancer is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Wen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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10
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Imberg-Kazdan K, Ha S, Greenfield A, Poultney CS, Bonneau R, Logan SK, Garabedian MJ. A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies new regulators of androgen receptor function in prostate cancer cells. Genome Res 2013; 23:581-91. [PMID: 23403032 PMCID: PMC3613576 DOI: 10.1101/gr.144774.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a mediator of both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancers. Identification of cellular factors affecting AR transcriptional activity could in principle yield new targets that reduce AR activity and combat prostate cancer, yet a comprehensive analysis of the genes required for AR-dependent transcriptional activity has not been determined. Using an unbiased genetic approach that takes advantage of the evolutionary conservation of AR signaling, we have conducted a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila cells for genes required for AR transcriptional activity and applied the results to human prostate cancer cells. We identified 45 AR-regulators, which include known pathway components and genes with functions not previously linked to AR regulation, such as HIPK2 (a protein kinase) and MED19 (a subunit of the Mediator complex). Depletion of HIPK2 and MED19 in human prostate cancer cells decreased AR target gene expression and, importantly, reduced the proliferation of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. We also systematically analyzed additional Mediator subunits and uncovered a small subset of Mediator subunits that interpret AR signaling and affect AR-dependent transcription and prostate cancer cell proliferation. Importantly, targeting of HIPK2 by an FDA-approved kinase inhibitor phenocopied the effect of depletion by RNAi and reduced the growth of AR-positive, but not AR-negative, treatment-resistant prostate cancer cells. Thus, our screen has yielded new AR regulators including drugable targets that reduce the proliferation of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Imberg-Kazdan
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Susan Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Alex Greenfield
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Susan K. Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Identification of genes involved in the regulation of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity in T-47D mammary cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:431-44. [PMID: 22101062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is one of the principle compounds of the medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study explored the mechanisms of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity and non-apoptotic cell death in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide exerted its cytotoxic effects by regulating genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote cell cycle arrest. This compound regulated genes that are known to reduce/inhibit cell proliferation, induce growth arrest and suppress cell growth. The growth suppression activities of this compound were demonstrated by a downregulation of several genes normally found to be over-expressed in cancers. Microscopic analysis revealed positive monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining at 8h, indicating possible autophagosomes. TEM analysis revealed that the treated cells were highly vacuolated, thereby suggesting that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide may cause autophagic morphology in these cells. This morphology may be correlated with the concurrent expression of genes known to affect lysosomal activity, ion transport, protein degradation and vesicle transport. Interestingly, some apoptotic-like bodies were found, and these bodies contained multiple large vacuoles, suggesting that this compound is capable of eliciting a combination of apoptotic and autophagic-like morphological characteristics.
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Wu MH, Hong HC, Hong TM, Chiang WF, Jin YT, Chen YL. Targeting galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1306-16. [PMID: 21385934 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma play an important role in tumor progression and have been associated with a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, how CAFs influence OSCC malignancy and whether normalizing CAFs inhibits cancer progression remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The relationship between the expression of Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a CAF marker) in OSCC patient samples and primary cultured CAFs was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. To examine the effect of Gal-1 on CAF activation and CAF-mediated tumor invasion and migration in vitro, Gal-1 expression was knocked down by small hairpin RNA. Finally, cancer cells and CAFs were coimplanted into SCID mice to evaluate the effect of Gal-1 on CAF-modulated tumor progression in vivo. RESULTS Gal-1 expression is positively associated with α-SMA in the stroma of OSCC specimens. Gal-1 knockdown decreases activated CAF characteristics, resulting in a decrease in α-SMA expression and extracellular matrix protein production. Notably, blocking Gal-1 expression significantly inhibits CAF-conditioned medium-induced tumor cell migration and invasion, possibly by reducing the production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). MCP-1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by binding to the receptor CCR2; adding an MCP-1 antibody to CAF-conditioned medium that inhibits the interaction between MCP-1 and CCR2 abolishes migration. Finally, we found that Gal-1 knockdown in CAFs significantly reduces CAF-augmented tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Gal-1 regulates CAF activation and indicate that targeting Gal-1 in CAFs inhibits OSCC metastasis by modulating MCP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wu MH, Ma WL, Hsu CL, Chen YL, Ou JHJ, Ryan CK, Hung YC, Yeh S, Chang C. Androgen receptor promotes hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through modulation of hepatitis B virus RNA transcription. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:32ra35. [PMID: 20484730 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatitis and carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with serum androgen concentration. However, how androgen or the androgen receptor (AR) contributes to HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. We found that hepatic AR promotes HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in HBV transgenic mice that lack AR only in the liver hepatocytes (HBV-L-AR(-/y)). HBV-L-AR(-/y) mice that received a low dose of the carcinogen N'-N'-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) have a lower incidence of HCC and present with smaller tumor sizes, fewer foci formations, and less alpha-fetoprotein HCC marker than do their wild-type HBV-AR(+/y) littermates. We found that hepatic AR increases the HBV viral titer by enhancing HBV RNA transcription through direct binding to the androgen response element near the viral core promoter. This activity forms a positive feedback mechanism with cooperation with its downstream target gene HBx protein to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Administration of a chemical compound that selectively degrades AR, ASC-J9, was able to suppress HCC tumor size in DEN-HBV-AR(+/y) mice. These results demonstrate that targeting the AR, rather than the androgen, could be developed as a new therapy to battle HBV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Ma WL, Hsu CL, Wu MH, Wu CT, Wu CC, Lai JJ, Jou YS, Chen CW, Yeh S, Chang C, Chang C. Androgen receptor is a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:947-55, 955.e1-5. [PMID: 18639551 PMCID: PMC2753209 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Androgen effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial and androgen ablation therapy to treat HCC also leads to inconsistent results. Here we examine androgen receptor (AR) roles in hepatocarcinogenesis using mice lacking AR in hepatocytes. METHODS By using the Cre-Lox conditional knockout mice model injected with carcinogen, we examined the AR roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. We also tested the possible roles of AR in cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage sensing/repairing systems. By using AR degrading compound, ASC-J9, or AR-small interference RNA, we also examined the therapeutic potentials of targeting AR in HCC. RESULTS We found AR expression was increased in human HCC compared with normal livers. We also found mice lacking hepatic AR developed later and less HCC than their wild-type littermates with comparable serum testosterone in both male and female mice. Addition of functional AR in human HCC cells also resulted in the promotion of cell growth in the absence or presence of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Mechanistic dissection suggests that AR may promote hepatocarcinogenesis via increased cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage, as well as suppression of p53-mediated DNA damage sensing/repairing system and cell apoptosis. Targeting AR directly via either AR-small interference RNA or ASC-J9 resulted in suppression of HCC in both ex vivo cell lines and in vivo mice models. CONCLUSIONS Our data point to AR, but not androgens, as a potential new and better therapeutic target for the battle of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lung Ma
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University/Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Wu
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Chun-Te Wu
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University/Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Wu
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Jiann-Jyh Lai
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Yuh-Shan Jou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Corresponding author: ()
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:778-808. [PMID: 17940184 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), are responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis, the achievement of sexual maturation at puberty, and the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior in adulthood. In addition, androgens affect a wide variety of nonreproductive tissues. Moreover, aberrant androgen action plays a critical role in multiple pathologies, including prostate cancer and androgen insensitivity syndromes. The formation of a productive AR transcriptional complex requires the functional and structural interaction of the AR with its coregulators. In the last decade, an overwhelming and ever increasing number of proteins have been proposed to possess AR coactivating or corepressing characteristics. Intriguingly, a vast diversity of functions has been ascribed to these proteins, indicating that a multitude of cellular functions and signals converge on the AR to regulate its function. The current review aims to provide an overview of the AR coregulator proteins identified to date and to propose a classification of these AR coregulator proteins according to the function(s) ascribed to them. Taken together, this approach will increase our understanding of the cellular pathways that converge on the AR to ensure an appropriate transcriptional response to androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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