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Kang CW, Oh JH, Wang EK, Bao Y, Kim YB, Lee MH, Lee YJ, Jo YS, Ku CR, Lee EJ. Excess endocrine growth hormone in acromegaly promotes the aggressiveness and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. iScience 2024; 27:110137. [PMID: 39006481 PMCID: PMC11246000 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma-induced excess endocrine growth hormone (GH) secretion can lead to breast cancer development and metastasis. Herein, we used an acromegaly mouse model to investigate the role of excess endocrine GH on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth and metastasis. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of transcription factor 20 (TCF20)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling-mediated aggressiveness and metastasis of TNBC. Excess endocrine GH induced TCF20 activates the transcription of NRF2 and NRF2-target genes to facilitate TNBC metastasis. Inhibition of GH receptor (GHR) and TCF20 activity using the GHR antagonist or small-interfering RNA-induced gene knockdown resulted in reduced tumor volume and metastasis, suggesting that excess endocrine GH stimulates TCF20/NRF2 pathways in TNBC and promotes metastasis to the lung. GHR inhibitors present an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent TNBC cell growth and metastasis. Our findings revealed functional and mechanistic roles of the GH-TCF20-NRF2 signaling axis in TBNC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Hun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yaru Bao
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Jong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Jo
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Wu G, Dong Y, Hu Q, Ma H, Xu Q, Xu K, Chen H, Yang Z, He M. HGH1 and the immune landscape: a novel prognostic marker for immune-desert tumor microenvironment identification and immunotherapy outcome prediction in human cancers. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1969-1985. [PMID: 37811868 PMCID: PMC10761050 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2260163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HGH1 homolog, a protein-coding gene, plays a crucial role in human growth and development. However, its role in human cancer remains unclear. For the first time, this study comprehensively evaluated the potential involvement of HGH1 in cancer prognosis and immunological function. To achieve this, data from various databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype Tissue Expression, Cancer Cell Lineage Encyclopedia, Human Protein Atlas, cBioPortal, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and Immune Cell Abundance Identifier, were collated, as well as from one large clinical study, three immunotherapy cohorts and in vitro experiments. This study aims to elucidate the role of HGH1 expression in cancer prognosis and immune response. Our findings revealed a significant association between increased HGH1 expression and a worse prognosis across various cancer types. Predominantly, copy number variations were identified as the most common genetic mutations. Additionally, HGH1 was observed to not only regulate cell cycle-related functions to promote cell proliferation but also influence autoimmunity-related functions within both the innate and adaptive immune systems, along with other relevant immune-related signaling pathways. Gene set enrichment analysis and gene set variation analysis were used to substantiate these findings. HGH1 overexpression contributed to an immune-deficient (immune-desert) tumor microenvironment, which was characterized by a significant expression of immune-related features such as immune-related gene and pathway expression and the number of immune-infiltrating cells. Furthermore, the correlation between HGH1 expression and tumor mutational burden in four cancers and microsatellite instability in eight cancers was observed. This suggests that HGH1 has potential as an immunotherapeutic target. Immunotherapy data analysis supports this notion, demonstrating that patients with low HGH1 expression treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibit improved survival rates and a higher likelihood of responding to immunotherapy than patients with high HGH1 expression. Collectively, these findings highlight the significant role of HGH1 in human cancers, illuminating its involvement in tumorigenesis and cancer immunity. Elevated HGH1 expression was identified to be indicative of an immune-desert tumor microenvironment. Consequently, the targeting of HGH1, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, holds promise for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gujie Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yipeng Dong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huiyun Ma
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qun Xu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of Chemotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Min He
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Elkalyoubi M, Schindler L, Zaheer H. Effect of growth hormone cotreatment in sub-fertile women ≥ 40 years: A Meta-analysis. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2023; 4:RAF-22-0107. [PMID: 36807147 PMCID: PMC10083671 DOI: 10.1530/raf-22-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of sub-fertile women aged ≥ 40 years old (AMA) is challenging. Co-treatment with growth hormone (GH) is suggested to improve reproductive outcomes in poor responders. However, few studies, and with conflicting results, focused on women with AMA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative retrospective trials (CRTs) of GH cotreatment in AMA women undergoing in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic injection treatment using their autologous oocytes was performed. The search included studies published in English up to the end of 2021. The primary outcome was the clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer. Secondary outcomes were the number of mature and retrieved oocytes and the rate of live birth. 406 studies were found. The final analysis included three RCTs and four CRTs with 481 patients who used GH and 400 patients who did not. Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were significantly higher in the GH cotreatment group compared to the placebo as well as the group without GH co-treatment, (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.34 - 3.61 and OR 4.12; 95% CI 1.82 - 9.32, respectively). Intriguingly, the subgroup analysis showed that poor-responder patients did not benefit from co-treatment with GH. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of mature or retrieved oocytes. GH cotreatment in a subgroup of women with AMA improves clinical pregnancy and live birth per fresh embryo transfer. However, this conclusion must be taken with caution and further research is needed. The review is registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42021252618). www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elkalyoubi
- Dubai Fertility Center, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hena Zaheer
- Dubai Fertility Center, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Mukhi D, Kolligundla LP, Maruvada S, Nishad R, Pasupulati AK. Growth hormone induces transforming growth factor-β1 in podocytes: Implications in podocytopathy and proteinuria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119391. [PMID: 36400249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary growth hormone (GH) is essential for growth, metabolism, and renal function. Overactive GH signaling is associated with impaired kidney function. Glomerular podocytes, a key kidney cell type, play an indispensable role in the renal filtration and express GH receptors (GHR), suggesting the direct action of GH on these cells. However, the precise mechanism and the downstream signaling events by which GH leads to diabetic nephropathy remain to be elucidated. Here we performed proteome analysis of the condition media from human podocytes and confirmed that GH-induces TGF-β1. Inhibition of GH/GHR stimulated-JAK2 signaling abrogates GH-induced TGF-β1 secretion. Mice administered with GH showed glomerular manifestations concomitant with proteinuria. Pharmacological inhibition of TGF-βR1 in mice prevented GH-induced TGF-β dependent SMAD signaling and proteinuria. Conditional deletion of GHR in podocytes protected mice from streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. GH and TGF-β1 signaling components expression was elevated in the kidneys of human diabetic nephropathy patients. Our study identifies that GH induces TGF-β1 in podocytes, contributing to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi P Kolligundla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saikrishna Maruvada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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Basu R, Qian Y, Mathes S, Terry J, Arnett N, Riddell T, Stevens A, Funk K, Bell S, Bokal Z, Batten C, Smith C, Mendez-Gibson I, Duran-Ortiz S, Lach G, Mora-Criollo PA, Kulkarni P, Davis E, Teaford E, Berryman DE, List EO, Neggers S, Kopchick JJ. Growth hormone receptor antagonism downregulates ATP-binding cassette transporters contributing to improved drug efficacy against melanoma and hepatocarcinoma in vivo. Front Oncol 2022; 12:936145. [PMID: 35865483 PMCID: PMC9296106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.936145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockdown of GH receptor (GHR) in melanoma cells in vitro downregulates ATP-binding cassette-containing (ABC) transporters and sensitizes them to anti-cancer drug treatments. Here we aimed to determine whether a GHR antagonist (GHRA) could control cancer growth by sensitizing tumors to therapy through downregulation of ABC transporters in vivo. We intradermally inoculated Fluc-B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells into GHA mice, transgenic for a GHR antagonist (GHRA), and observed a marked reduction in tumor size, mass and tumoral GH signaling. Moreover, constitutive GHRA production in the transgenic mice significantly improved the response to cisplatin treatment by suppressing expression of multiple ABC transporters and sensitizing the tumors to the drug. We confirmed that presence of a GHRA and not a mere absence of GH is essential for this chemo-sensitizing effect using Fluc-B16-F10 allografts in GH knockout (GHKO) mice, where tumor growth was reduced relative to that in GH-sufficient controls but did not sensitize the tumor to cisplatin. We extended our investigation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using human HCC cells in vitro and a syngeneic mouse model of HCC with Hepa1-6 allografts in GHA mice. Gene expression analyses and drug-efflux assays confirm that blocking GH significantly suppresses the levels of ABC transporters and improves the efficacy of sorafenib towards almost complete tumor clearance. Human patient data for melanoma and HCC show that GHR RNA levels correlate with ABC transporter expression. Collectively, our results validate in vivo that combination of a GHRA with currently available anti-cancer therapies can be effective in attacking cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Samuel Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Nathan Arnett
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Trent Riddell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Austin Stevens
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Zac Bokal
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Courtney Batten
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Cole Smith
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Grace Lach
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Teaford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sebastian Neggers
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Translational Biological Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: John J. Kopchick,
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Shang Y, Wu M, He R, Ye Y, Sun X. Administration of growth hormone improves endometrial function in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:838-857. [PMID: 35641113 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on IVF are often attributed to improvements in oocyte and embryo quality. While emerging evidence emphasizes GH-induced improvements in the endometrium, these results are controversial. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether GH administration improved endometrial function and reproductive outcomes during IVF cycles and to thus guide clinical practice. SEARCH METHODS A literature search in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed and Embase was performed through to 30 November 2021, without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of GH on IVF outcomes were included. Risk of bias and quality of evidence (QoE) were assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed by random-effects models. OUTCOMES A total of 25 trials with 2424 women were included. Seventeen RCTs with poor responders (n = 1723) showed that GH administration significantly increased endometrial thickness (EMT) (MD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.59; moderate QoE), which contributed to an improved live birth rate (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.13-2.49; very low QoE) and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.43-2.72; low QoE). Subgroup analyses showed a dose- and time-dependent relationship between GH cotreatment and IVF outcomes; the optimal recommendation for improving CPR was consistent with that for EMT, rather than for oocytes and embryos. Hence, GH might improve fertility via effects on the endometrium. Administration of GH daily from the follicular phase of previous cycle until the hCG trigger with < 5 IU/day led to a thicker endometrium and a greater chance of becoming pregnant, while 5-10 IU/day or administration from the luteal phase of the previous cycle until the hCG trigger resulted in higher oocyte and embryo quality. Poor responders might benefit from cotreatment with the GnRH agonist long protocol more than other stimulation protocols. Pooled data from four trials (n = 354) on women with a thin endometrium indicated that improved endometrial function might be critical for improving reproductive outcomes during GH treatment, as no improvements in embryo quality were found. GH administration not only increased EMT (MD = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.21-1.75; moderate QoE) but also promoted endometrial morphology (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.36-5.23; low QoE) and perfusion (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 1.30-26.17; low QoE), thereby improving the CPR (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.69-4.34; P < 0.0001; low QoE). There was insufficient evidence to reach a conclusion regarding the effects of GH in normal responders (n = 80). Due to obvious improvements in the CPR, women with a thin endometrium might be the most appropriate population to benefit from GH administration. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Improving endometrial function might be another vital mechanism by which GH improves IVF outcomes. Optimal treatment should be offered to the target population according to their personal conditions and needs. The QoE was moderate to very low, due to limited sample sizes and methodological problems; thus, the results should be interpreted with caution. More rigorous RCTs with large sample sizes are needed to confirm the effects and determine optimal GH protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruohan He
- Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Department, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of Gynaecology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Sun
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Panarese F, Gualdi G, Di Nicola M, Giannini C, Polidori N, Giuliani F, Mohn A, Amerio P. Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Supplementation on Dermatoscopic Evolution of Pigmentary Lesions in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030736. [PMID: 35160191 PMCID: PMC8836453 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed higher levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in malignant melanomas (MM), yet the role of GH in the pathogenesis of MM remains controversial. Although melanocytes appear to be hormonally responsive, the effects of GH on MM cells are less clear. A direct correlation between GH administration and the development of melanoma seems possible. Our study aimed to assess whether GH supplementation in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) could induce changes in the melanocytic lesions both from a dimensional and dermoscopic point of view. The study population consisted of 14 patients sorted into two groups. The experimental group consisted of seven GHD pediatric patients who underwent dermatological examination with epiluminescence through the use of digital video recording of all melanocytic lesions before and after 12 months of GH supplementation, whilst the control group consisted of seven healthy pediatric patients matched for age, sex and phototype. All patients were evaluated according to auxological and dermatological features. A total of 225 melanocytic lesions were examined in the experimental group and 236 in the control group. Our study shows a significant increase in the mean size values of the lesions in the study group but not in the control group. Increases in the dermoscopic ABCD Score and in BMI correlated to an increase in the size of the melanocytic lesions and the dermoscopic parameters. The increase in SDS Height correlated with ABCD Score changes and with dermoscopic score structures. No differences were found compared to the control group. Dimensional/structural modifications in melanocytic lesions of patients treated with GH were closely related to weight and statural growth and can be considered a normal physiological process induced by GH supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Panarese
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Giulio Gualdi
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Biostatistic Laboratory, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Nella Polidori
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Federica Giuliani
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Angelika Mohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.G.); (N.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Amerio
- Department of Dermatology, University “G D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.P.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.A.)
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Chang CW, Sung YW, Hsueh YW, Chen YY, Ho M, Hsu HC, Yang TC, Lin WC, Chang HM. Growth hormone in fertility and infertility: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1040503. [PMID: 36452322 PMCID: PMC9701841 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, growth hormone (GH) is a peptide that plays a critical role in regulating cell growth, development, and metabolism in multiple targeted tissues. Studies have shown that GH and its functional receptor are also expressed in the female reproductive system, including the ovaries and uterus. The experimental data suggest putative roles for GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, induced by GH activity) signaling in the direct control of multiple reproductive functions, including activation of primordial follicles, folliculogenesis, ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo implantation. In addition, GH enhances granulosa cell responsiveness to gonadotropin by upregulating the expression of gonadotropin receptors (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor), indicating crosstalk between this ovarian regulator and the endocrine signaling system. Notably, natural gene mutation of GH and the age-related decline in GH levels may have a detrimental effect on female reproductive function, leading to several reproductive pathologies, such as diminished ovarian reserve, poor ovarian response during assisted reproductive technology (ART), and implantation failure. Association studies using clinical samples showed that mature GH peptide is present in human follicular fluid, and the concentration of GH in this fluid is positively correlated with oocyte quality and the subsequent embryo morphology and cleavage rate. Furthermore, the results obtained from animal experiments and human samples indicate that supplementation with GH in the in vitro culture system increases steroid hormone production, prevents cell apoptosis, and enhances oocyte maturation and embryo quality. The uterine endometrium is another GH target site, as GH promotes endometrial receptivity and pregnancy by facilitating the implantation process, and the targeted depletion of GH receptors in mice results in fewer uterine implantation sites. Although still controversial, the administration of GH during ovarian stimulation alleviates age-related decreases in ART efficiency, including the number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, embryo quality, implantation rate, pregnancy rate, and live birth rate, especially in patients with poor ovarian response and recurrent implantation failure.
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Zhuang QS, Sun XB, Chong QY, Banerjee A, Zhang M, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Pandey V, Lobie PE. ARTEMIN Promotes Oncogenicity and Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Carcinoma by p44/42 MAPK Dependent Expression of CDH2. Front Oncol 2021; 11:712348. [PMID: 34422665 PMCID: PMC8377398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ARTEMIN (ARTN), one of the glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, has been reported to be associated with a number of human malignancies. In this study, the enhanced expression of ARTN in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) was observed; the expression of ARTN positively correlated with lymph node metastases and advanced tumor stages and predicted poor prognosis. Forced expression of ARTN in CRC cells enhanced oncogenic behavior, mesenchymal phenotype, stem cell-like properties and tumor growth and metastasis in a xenograft model. These functions were conversely inhibited by depletion of endogenous ARTN. Forced expression of ARTN reduced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU treatment; and 5-FU resistant CRC cells harbored enhanced expression of ARTN. The oncogenic functions of ARTN were demonstrated to be mediated by p44/42 MAP kinase dependent expression of CDH2 (CADHERIN 2, also known as N-CADHERIN). Inhibition of p44/42 MAP kinase activity or siRNA mediated depletion of endogenous CDH2 reduced the enhanced oncogenicity and chemoresistance consequent to forced expression of ARTN induced cell functions; and forced expression of CDH2 rescued the reduced mesenchymal properties and resistance to 5-FU after ARTN depletion. In conclusion, ARTN may be of prognostic and theranostic utility in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Zhuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Bao Sun
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Yan Y, Cheng X, Li L, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Ding K. A Novel Small Molecular Antibody, HER2-Nanobody, Inhibits Tumor Proliferation in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669393. [PMID: 34055637 PMCID: PMC8149955 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant cancer in women worldwide, especially in developing countries. Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody with an antitumor effect in HER2-positive breast cancer. However, the large molecular weight of Herceptin limited its employment. In this study, we constructed and screened HER2-nanobody and verified its tumor-suppressive effect in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. HER2-nanobody was established, filtrated, purified, and was demonstrated to inhibit cell total number, viability, colony formation and mitosis, and promote cell apoptosis in HER2-positive breast cancer cells in vitro. Treated with HER2-nanobody, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by both intratumor injection and tail intravenous injection in vivo. The phosphorylation of ERK and AKT was restrained by HER2-nanobody in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR are two important pathways involved in HER2. It was credible for HER2-nanobody to play the tumor suppressive role by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Therefore, HER2-nanobody could be employed as a small molecular antibody to suppress HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rumeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Growth Hormone Upregulates Mediators of Melanoma Drug Efflux and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123640. [PMID: 33291663 PMCID: PMC7761932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth hormone (GH) action is strongly implicated in the progression and therapy resistance in several types of solid tumors which overexpress the GH receptor (GHR). The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of GH and its downstream effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on melanoma using in vitro and in vivo models. We confirmed an IGF-1-independent role of elevated circulating GH in upregulating key mechanisms of therapy resistance and malignancy with analyses conducted at the molecular and cellular level. We identified that GH upregulates key mechanisms of therapy resistance and metastases in melanoma tumors in an IGF-1 dependent and independent manner by upregulating multidrug efflux pumps and EMT transcription factors. Our study reveals that GH action renders an intrinsic drug resistance phenotype to the melanoma tumors—a clinically crucial property of GH verifiable in other human cancers with GHR expression. Abstract Growth hormone (GH) and the GH receptor (GHR) are expressed in a wide range of malignant tumors including melanoma. However, the effect of GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on melanoma in vivo has not yet been elucidated. Here we assessed the physical and molecular effects of GH on mouse melanoma B16-F10 and human melanoma SK-MEL-30 cells in vitro. We then corroborated these observations with syngeneic B16-F10 tumors in two mouse lines with different levels of GH/IGF: bovine GH transgenic mice (bGH; high GH, high IGF-1) and GHR gene-disrupted or knockout mice (GHRKO; high GH, low IGF-1). In vitro, GH treatment enhanced mouse and human melanoma cell growth, drug retention and cell invasion. While the in vivo tumor size was unaffected in both bGH and GHRKO mouse lines, multiple drug-efflux pumps were up regulated. This intrinsic capacity of therapy resistance appears to be GH dependent. Additionally, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene transcription markers were significantly upregulated in vivo supporting our current and recent in vitro observations. These syngeneic mouse melanoma models of differential GH/IGF action can be valuable tools in screening for therapeutic options where lowering GH/IGF-1 action is important.
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13
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Werner H, Laron Z. Role of the GH-IGF1 system in progression of cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111003. [PMID: 32919021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence links the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) endocrine axis to cancer development. While this putative correlation is of major translational relevance, most clinical and epidemiological reports to date found no causal linkage between GH therapy and enhanced cancer risk. Thus, it is generally agreed that GH therapy constitutes a safe pharmacological intervention. The present review focuses on a number of issues in the area of GH-IGF1 action in cancer development. Emphasis is given to the idea that GH and IGF1 do not conform to the definition of oncogenic factors. Specifically, these hormones, even at high pharmacological doses, are unable to induce malignant transformation. However, the GH-IGF1 axis is capable of 'pushing' already transformed cells through the various phases of the cell cycle. Viral and cellular oncogenes require an intact IGF1 signaling pathway in order to elicit transformation; in other words, oncogenic agents adopt the IGF1 pathway. This universal mechanism of action of oncogenes has broad implications in oncology. Our review provides an in-depth analysis of the interplay between the GH-IGF1 axis and cancer genes, including tumor suppressors p53 and BRCA1. Finally, the safety of GH therapy in both children and adults needs further long-term follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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14
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Coker-Gurkan A, Ozakaltun B, Akdeniz BS, Ergen B, Obakan-Yerlikaya P, Akkoc T, Arisan ED. Proinflammatory cytokine profile is critical in autocrine GH-triggered curcumin resistance engulf by atiprimod cotreatment in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8797-8808. [PMID: 33130987 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Active growth hormone (GH) signaling triggers cellular growth and invasion-metastasis in colon, breast, and prostate cancer. Curcumin, an inhibitor of NF-ҡB pathway, is assumed to be a promising anti-carcinogenic agent. Atiprimod is also an anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic agent that induces apoptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and pituitary adenoma. We aimed to demonstrate the potential additional effect of atiprimod on curcumin-induced apoptotic cell death via cytokine expression profiles in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with active GH signaling. The effect of curcumin and/or atiprimod on IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17A levels were measured by ELISA assay. MTT cell viability, trypan blue exclusion, and colony formation assays were performed to determine the effect of combined drug exposure on cell viability, growth, and colony formation, respectively. Alteration of the NF-ҡB signaling pathway protein expression profile was determined following curcumin and/or atiprimod exposure by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Finally, the effect of curcumin with/without atiprimod treatment on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation and apoptotic cell death was examined by DCFH-DA and Annexin V/PI FACS flow analysis, respectively. Autocrine GH-mediated IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 expressions were downregulated by curcumin treatment. Atiprimod co-treatment increased the inhibitory effect of curcumin on cell viability, proliferation and also increased the curcumin-triggered ROS generation in each GH+ breast cancer cells. Combined drug exposure increased apoptotic cell death through acting on IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17A secretion. Forced GH-triggered curcumin resistance might be overwhelmed by atiprimod and curcumin co-treatment via modulating NF-ҡB-mediated inflammatory cytokine expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Buse Ozakaltun
- Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berre-Serra Akdeniz
- Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berfin Ergen
- Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Obakan-Yerlikaya
- Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunc Akkoc
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif-Damla Arisan
- Institution of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
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15
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Sorolla MA, Parisi E, Sorolla A. Determinants of Sensitivity to Radiotherapy in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071906. [PMID: 32679719 PMCID: PMC7409033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the cornerstone treatments for endometrial cancer and has successfully diminished the risk of local recurrences after surgery. However, a considerable percentage of patients suffers tumor relapse due to radioresistance mechanisms. Knowledge about the molecular determinants that confer radioresistance or radiosensitivity in endometrial cancer is still partial, as opposed to other cancers. In this review, we have highlighted different central cellular signaling pathways and processes that are known to modulate response to radiotherapy in endometrial cancer such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK and NF-κB pathways, growth factor receptor signaling, DNA damage repair mechanisms and the immune system. Moreover, we have listed different clinical trials employing targeted therapies against some of the aforementioned signaling pathways and members with radiotherapy. Finally, we have identified the latest advances in radiotherapy that have started being utilized in endometrial cancer, which include modern radiotherapy and radiogenomics. New molecular and genetic studies in association with the analysis of radiation responses in endometrial cancer will assist clinicians in taking suitable decisions for each individual patient and pave the path for personalized radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alba Sorolla
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Eva Parisi
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6151-0991
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16
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Liu FT, Wu Z, Yan J, Norman RJ, Li R. The Potential Role of Growth Hormone on the Endometrium in Assisted Reproductive Technology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32117072 PMCID: PMC7033614 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has been considered as an adjuvant treatment in human assisted reproductive technology (ART) for several years. Its action was largely attributed to an improvement of ovarian function and less emphasis was paid to its role in the uterus. However, there is increasing evidence that GH and its receptors are expressed and have actions in the endometrium and may play an important role in modifying endometrial receptivity. Thus, in this review, we firstly describe the existence of GH receptors in endometrium and then summarize the effects of GH on the endometrium in clinical situations and the underlying mechanisms of GH in the regulation of endometrial receptivity. Finally, we briefly review the potential risks of GH in ART and consider rationalized use of GH treatment in ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Ting Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Robert J. Norman
- Robinson Research Institute and Fertility SA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Li
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17
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Pharmacological Inhibition of TFF3 Enhances Sensitivity of CMS4 Colorectal Carcinoma to 5-Fluorouracil through Inhibition of p44/42 MAPK. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246215. [PMID: 31835445 PMCID: PMC6940926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) has been reported in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), being correlated with distant metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. Amongst the CRC subtypes, mesenchymal (CMS4) CRC is associated with the worst survival outcome. Herein, the functional roles of TFF3 and the pharmacological inhibition of TFF3 by a novel specific small molecule TFF3 inhibitor—2-amino-4-(4-(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile (AMPC) in CMS4 CRC was explored. Forced expression of TFF3 in CMS4 CRC cells promoted cell proliferation, cell survival, foci formation, invasion, migration, cancer stem cell like behaviour and growth in 3D Matrigel. In contrast, siRNA-mediated depletion of TFF3 or AMPC inhibition of TFF3 in CMS4 CRC cells decreased oncogenic behaviour as indicated by the above cell function assays. AMPC also inhibited tumour growth in vivo. The TFF3-stimulated oncogenic behaviour of CMS4 CRC cells was dependent on TFF3 activation of the p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) pathway. Furthermore, the forced expression of TFF3 decreased the sensitivity of CMS4 CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); while depleted TFF3 expression enhanced 5-FU sensitivity in CMS4 CRC cells. 5-FU treatment induced TFF3 expression in CMS4 CRC cells. AMPC, when used in combination with 5-FU in CMS4 CRC cells exhibited a synergistic inhibitory effect. In summary, this study provides functional evidence for TFF3 as a therapeutic target in CMS4 CRC.
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18
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Basu R, Kopchick JJ. The effects of growth hormone on therapy resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:827-846. [PMID: 32382711 PMCID: PMC7204541 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary derived and peripherally produced growth hormone (GH) is a crucial mediator of longitudinal growth, organ development, metabolic regulation with tissue specific, sex specific, and age-dependent effects. GH and its cognate receptor (GHR) are expressed in several forms of cancer and have been validated as an anti-cancer target through a large body of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological analyses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH action in cancer prognosis and therapeutic response had been sparse until recently. This review assimilates the critical details of GH-GHR mediated therapy resistance across different cancer types, distilling the therapeutic implications based on our current understanding of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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19
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Basu R, Kulkarni P, Qian Y, Walsh C, Arora P, Davis E, Duran-Ortiz S, Funk K, Ibarra D, Kruse C, Mathes S, McHugh T, Brittain A, Berryman DE, List EO, Okada S, Kopchick JJ. Growth Hormone Upregulates Melanocyte-Inducing Transcription Factor Expression and Activity via JAK2-STAT5 and SRC Signaling in GH Receptor-Positive Human Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1352. [PMID: 31547367 PMCID: PMC6769493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) facilitates therapy resistance in the cancers of breast, colon, endometrium, and melanoma. The GH-stimulated pathways responsible for this resistance were identified as suppression of apoptosis, induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and upregulated drug efflux by increased expression of ATP-binding cassette containing multidrug efflux pumps (ABC-transporters). In extremely drug-resistant melanoma, ABC-transporters have also been reported to mediate drug sequestration in intracellular melanosomes, thereby reducing drug efficacy. Melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of melanocyte and melanoma cell fate as well as the melanosomal machinery. MITF targets such as the oncogene MET, as well as MITF-mediated processes such as resistance to radiation therapy, are both known to be upregulated by GH. Therefore, we chose to query the direct effects of GH on MITF expression and activity towards conferring chemoresistance in melanoma. Here, we demonstrate that GH significantly upregulates MITF as well as the MITF target genes following treatment with multiple anticancer drug treatments such as chemotherapy, BRAF-inhibitors, as well as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. GH action also upregulated MITF-regulated processes such as melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity. Significant elevation in MITF and MITF target gene expression was also observed in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and xenografts in bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice compared to wild-type littermates. Through pathway inhibitor analysis we identified that both the JAK2-STAT5 and SRC activities were critical for the observed effects. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of gene expression data from GTEx, NCI60, CCLE, and TCGA databases corroborated our observed correlation of MITF function and GH action. Therefore, we present in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evidence which strongly implicates the GH-GHR axis in inducing chemoresistance in human melanoma by driving MITF-regulated and ABC-transporter-mediated drug clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Pranay Arora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Colin Kruse
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Samuel Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Todd McHugh
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Alison Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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20
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Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK. Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30775002 PMCID: PMC6367471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications. Emerging therapies are offering an expanded toolkit for combatting the effects of human growth hormone overproduction. Human growth hormone (GH) is a major driver of postnatal growth; however, systemic or localized overproduction is implicated in the aberrant growth disease acromegaly, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, researchers led by Jo Perry, from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, discuss strategies that either inhibit GH production, block its systemic receptor, or interrupt its downstream signaling pathways. The only licensed GH receptor blocker is pegvisomant, but therapies are in development that include long-acting protein and antibody-based blockers, and nucleotide complexes that degrade GHR production have also shown promise. Studies investigating GHR antagonism are limited, partly due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools which block GHR function, but overcoming these obstacles may yield advances in alleviating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- 3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,4Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Pandey V, Zhang M, You M, Zhang W, Chen R, Zhang W, Ma L, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Xu XQ, Lobie PE. Expression of two non-mutated genetic elements is sufficient to stimulate oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 30451834 PMCID: PMC6242831 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression is positively associated with advanced clinicopathological features of mammary carcinoma (MC). Herein, we provide evidence for a functional role of TFF3 in oncogenic transformation of immortalized, but otherwise normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), namely, HMEC-hTERT, MCF10A, and MCF12A. Forced expression of TFF3 in immortalized-HMECs enhanced cell proliferation, cell survival, anchorage-independent growth, produced highly disorganised three-dimensional (3D) acinar structures and generated tumours in immunocompromised mice. Forced expression of TFF3 in immortalized-HMECs stimulated STAT3 activity that was required for TFF3-stimulated cell proliferation, survival, and anchorage-independent growth. TFF3 specifically utilised STAT3 activity to govern a transcriptional program, which was required for TFF3-stimulated oncogenic transformation of immortalized-HMECs, including transcriptional upregulation of CCND1 and BCL2. siRNA-mediated depletion or functional inhibition of STAT3 significantly inhibited the TFF3-stimulated transcription of CCND1 and BCL2 and oncogenicity in immortalized-HMECs. Furthermore, DOX-inducible expression of TFF3 in HMEC-hTERT cells also permitted anchorage-independent growth and produced disorganized acinar structures in 3D Matrigel culture. Removal of DOX-induced expression of TFF3 in HMEC-hTERT cells, previously grown with DOX, resulted in efficient normalisation of the disorganized acinar architecture and attenuated cell viability in Matrigel culture. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that TFF3 is a potent oncogene and its increased expression along with hTERT in HMECs is sufficient to produce oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Mingliang You
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiu Qin Xu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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You ML, Chen YJ, Chong QY, Wu MM, Pandey V, Chen RM, Liu L, Ma L, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor 3 mediation of oncogenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma is AKT-BCL-2 dependent. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39323-39344. [PMID: 28445151 PMCID: PMC5503616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacious treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, partially being attributed to intrinsic chemoresistance. Previous reports have observed increased TFF3 expression in HCC. Herein, we investigated the functional role of TFF3 in progression of HCC, and in both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. TFF3 expression was observed to be upregulated in HCC and associated with poor clinicopathological features and worse patient survival outcome. Functionally, forced expression of TFF3 in HCC cell lines increased cell proliferation, cell survival, anchorage-independent and 3D matrigel growth, cell invasion and migration, and in vivo tumor growth. In contrast, depleted expression of TFF3 decreased the oncogenicity of HCC cells as indicated by the above parameters. Furthermore, forced expression of TFF3 decreased doxorubicin sensitivity of HCC cells, which was attributed to increased doxorubicin efflux and cancer stem cell-like behavior of Hep3B cells. In contrast, depletion of TFF3 increased doxorubicin sensitivity and decreased cancer stem cell-like behavior of Hep3B cells. Correspondingly, TFF3 expression was markedly increased in Hep3B cells with acquired doxorubicin resistance, while the depletion of TFF3 resulted in re-sensitization of the Hep3B cells to doxorubicin. The increased doxorubicin efflux and enhanced cancer stem cell-like behavior of the doxorubicin-resistant Hep3B cells was observed to be dependent on TFF3 expression. In addition, we determined that TFF3-stimulated oncogenicity and chemoresistance in HCC cells was mediated by AKT-dependent expression of BCL-2. Hence, therapeutic inhibition of TFF3 should be considered to hinder HCC progression and overcome intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang You
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Hefei, Anhui, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru-Mei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Oncology and Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Hefei, Anhui, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
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23
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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24
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Kong X, Wu W, Yuan Y, Pandey V, Wu Z, Lu X, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wu M, Zhang M, Li G, Tan S, Qian P, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Human growth hormone and human prolactin function as autocrine/paracrine promoters of progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:29465-79. [PMID: 27102295 PMCID: PMC5045410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The death rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are extremely high due to the paucity of therapeutic options. Animal models and anecdotal clinical evidence indicate a potential role of hGH and hPRL in HCC. However, the prognostic relevance and the functional role of tumor expression of these hormones in human HCC are not defined. Herein, we analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of hGH and hPRL in histopathological samples of non-neoplastic liver and HCC by in situ hybridization, PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. Increased mRNA and protein expression of both hormones was observed in HCC compared with non-neoplastic liver tissues. hGH expression was significantly associated with tumor size and tumor grade. No significant association was observed between the expression of hPRL and any histopathological features. Amplification of both hGH and hPRL genes in HCC was observed when compared to non-neoplastic tissue. Expression of both hGH and hPRL was associated with worse relapse-free and overall survival in HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional assays performed with HCC cell lines demonstrated that autocrine expression of hGH or hPRL in HCC cells increased STAT3 activation, oncogenicity and tumor growth while functional antagonism with hGH-G120R significantly reduced these parameters. Hence, tumor expression of hGH/hPRL is associated with a worse survival outcome for patients with HCC and hGH/hPRL function as autocrine/paracrine promoters of HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Kong
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuefei Lu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingming Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gaopeng Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
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25
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Autocrine hGH stimulates oncogenicity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like behavior in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103900-103918. [PMID: 29262609 PMCID: PMC5732775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor derived human growth hormone (hGH) has been implicated in cancer development and progression. However, the specific functional role of autocrine/paracrine hGH in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely to be determined. Herein, we demonstrated a crucial oncogenic role of autocrine hGH in CRC progression. Elevated hGH expression was detected in CRC compared to normal colorectal tissue, and hGH expression in CRC was positively associated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Forced expression of hGH stimulated cell proliferation, survival, oncogenicity and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CRC cells, and promoted xenograft growth and local invasion in vivo. Autocrine hGH expression in CRC cells stimulated the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, which in turn resulted in increased transcription of the mesenchymal marker FIBRONECTIN 1 and transcriptional repression of the epithelial marker E-CADHERIN. The autocrine hGH-stimulated increase in CRC cell proliferation, cell survival and EMT was abrogated upon ERK1/2 inhibition. Furthermore, autocrine hGH-stimulated CRC cell migration and invasion was dependent on the ERK1/2-mediated increase in FIBRONECTIN 1 expression and decrease in E-CADHERIN expression. Forced expression of hGH also enhanced CSC-like behavior of CRC cells, as characterized by increased colonosphere formation, ALDH-positive population and CSC marker expression. Autocrine hGH-enhanced cancer stem cell (CSC)-like behavior in CRC cells was also observed to be E-CADHERIN-dependent. Thus, autocrine hGH plays a critical role in CRC progression, and inhibition of hGH could be a promising targeted therapeutic approach to limit disease progression in metastatic CRC patients.
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26
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Brittain AL, Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. Growth Hormone and the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3662-3673. [PMID: 28938477 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have implicated growth hormone (GH) in the progression of several cancers, including breast, colorectal, and pancreatic. A mechanism by which GH may play this role in cancer is through the induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During the EMT process, epithelial cells lose their defining phenotypes, causing loss of cellular adhesion and increased cell migration. This review aims to carefully summarize the previous two decades of research that points to GH as an initiator of EMT, in both cancerous and noncancerous tissues. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Sources were collected using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines by using specific GH- and/or EMT-related terms. Identified manuscripts were selected for further analysis based on presentation of GH-induced molecular markers of the EMT process in vivo or in vitro. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Cellular mechanisms involved in GH-induced EMT are the focus of this review, both in cancerous and noncancerous epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a myriad of molecular mechanisms are induced by GH that cause EMT and may point to potential therapeutic use of GH antagonists or any downregulator of GH action in EMT-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701
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27
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Basu R, Wu S, Kopchick JJ. Targeting growth hormone receptor in human melanoma cells attenuates tumor progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition via suppression of multiple oncogenic pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21579-21598. [PMID: 28223541 PMCID: PMC5400608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed highest levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in melanoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. Yet the mechanism of GH action in melanoma remains mostly unknown. Here, using human malignant melanoma cells, we examined the effects of GH excess or siRNA mediated GHR knock-down (GHRKD) on tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. GH promoted melanoma progression while GHRKD attenuated the same. Western blot analysis revealed drastic modulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways (JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, AKT, mTOR, SRC and ERK1/2) following addition of GH or GHRKD. Further, we show that GH excess upregulates expression of markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition in human melanoma, while the effects were reversed by GHRKD. Interestingly, we observed consistent expression of GH transcript in the melanoma cells as well as marked modulation of the IGF receptors and binding proteins (IGF1R, IGF2R, IR, IGFBP2, IGFBP3) and the oncogenic HGF-MET mRNA, in response to excess GH or GHRKD. Our study thus identifies the mechanistic model of GH-GHR action in human melanoma and validates it as an important pharmacological target of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
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28
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Zhang X, Ma G, Liu J, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-182 promotes proliferation and metastasis by targeting FOXF2 in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4805-4811. [PMID: 29085483 PMCID: PMC5649577 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC), is characterized as high proliferation, young age and poor prognosis. MicroRNA-182 (miR-182) was reported to have oncogenic potential in many cancers. We aimed to elucidate pathobiological effects of miR-182 expression by targeting forkhead-box F2 (FOXF2) in TNBC. In this study, we explored the functional role of miR-182 expression in TNBC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to evaluate the expression of miR-182 in cell lines and tissues. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were performed in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with miR-182 overexpression. Luciferase reporter assays and western blot analysis were used to identify FOXF2 as the direct and functional target of miR-182. In TNBC tissues and cell lines, we found that miR-182 was significantly upregulated. Transwell assay showed that re-expression of miR-182 increased cell migration and invasion abilities and MTT assay showed that it promoted cell growth in vitro. In vivo assay, re-expression of miR-182 significantly increase tumor volume and enhanced instant metastasis in the lungs of mice. Besides, FOXF2 was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-182. These results indicated that miR-182 plays an important role in the initiation and progression of TNBC by targeting FOXF2 and the miR-182/FOXF2 axis may present a new therapeutic strategy for TNBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Genshun Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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29
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Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis is the key regulator of longitudinal growth, promoting postnatal bone and muscle growth. The available data suggest that GH expression by tumour cells is associated with the aetiology and progression of various cancers such as endometrial, breast, liver, prostate, and colon cancer. Accordingly there has been increased interest in targeting GH-mediated signal transduction in a therapeutic setting. Because GH has endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions, therapeutic strategies will need to take into account systemic and local functions. Activation of related hormone receptors and crosstalk with other signalling pathways are also key considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1052-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China.
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30
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Recouvreux MV, Wu JB, Gao AC, Zonis S, Chesnokova V, Bhowmick N, Chung LW, Melmed S. Androgen Receptor Regulation of Local Growth Hormone in Prostate Cancer Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2255-2268. [PMID: 28444169 PMCID: PMC5505214 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) growth is mainly driven by androgen receptor (AR), and tumors that initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or AR inhibition usually relapse into a more aggressive, castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) stage. Circulating growth hormone (GH) has a permissive role in PCa development in animal models and in human PCa xenograft growth. As GH and GH receptor (GHR) are both expressed in PCa cells, we assessed whether prostatic GH production is linked to AR activity and whether GH contributes to the castration-resistant phenotype. Using online datasets, we found that GH is highly expressed in human CRPC. We observed increased GH expression in castration-resistant C4-2 compared with castration-sensitive LNCaP cells as well as in enzalutamide (MDV3100)-resistant (MDVR) C4-2B (C4-2B MDVR) cells compared with parental C4-2B. We describe a negative regulation of locally produced GH by androgens/AR in PCa cells following treatment with AR agonists (R1881) and antagonists (enzalutamide, bicalutamide). We also show that GH enhances invasive behavior of CRPC 22Rv1 cells, as reflected by increased migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth, as well as expression of matrix metalloproteases. Moreover, GH induces expression of the AR splice variant 7, which correlates with antiandrogen resistance, and also induces insulinlike growth factor 1, which is implicated in PCa progression and ligand-independent AR activation. In contrast, blockade of GH action with the GHR antagonist pegvisomant reverses these effects both in vitro and in vivo. GH induction following ADT or AR inhibition may contribute to CRPC progression by bypassing androgen growth requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Boyang Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, 99202
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Svetlana Zonis
- Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
| | - Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
| | - Leland W. Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048
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Autocrine Human Growth Hormone Promotes Invasive and Cancer Stem Cell-Like Behavior of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by STAT3 Dependent Inhibition of CLAUDIN-1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061274. [PMID: 28617312 PMCID: PMC5486096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the clinical outcome is still unsatisfactory. Increased expression of human growth hormone (hGH) in HCC has been reported and is associated with poor survival outcome in HCC patients. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of the oncogenic effects of hGH in HCC cell lines. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that forced expression of hGH in these HCC cell lines promoted cell proliferation, cell survival, anchorage-independent growth, cell migration, and invasion, as previously reported. In addition, forced expression of hGH promoted cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties of HCC cells. The increased invasive and CSC-like properties of HCC cells with forced expression of hGH were mediated by inhibition of the expression of the tight junction component CLAUDIN-1. Consistently, depletion of CLAUDIN-1 expression increased the invasive and CSC-like properties of HCC cell lines. Moreover, forced expression of CLAUDIN-1 abrogated the acquired invasive and CSC-like properties of HCC cell lines with forced expression of hGH. We further demonstrated that forced expression of hGH inhibited CLAUDIN-1 expression in HCC cell lines via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediated inhibition of CLAUDIN-1 transcription. Hence, we have elucidated a novel hGH-STAT3-CLAUDIN-1 axis responsible for invasive and CSC-like properties in HCC. Inhibition of hGH should be considered as a therapeutic option to hinder progression and relapse of HCC.
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32
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Gentilin E, Minoia M, Bondanelli M, Tagliati F, Degli Uberti EC, Zatelli MC. Growth Hormone differentially modulates chemoresistance in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. Endocrine 2017; 56:621-632. [PMID: 27585662 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth Hormone may influence neoplastic development of endometrial epithelium towards endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is one of the most occurring tumors in acromegalic patients. Since chemoresistance often develops in advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma, we investigated whether Growth Hormone might influence the development of chemoresistance to drugs routinely employed in endometrial adenocarcinoma treatment, such as Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, and Paclitaxel. Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone receptor expression was assessed by immunofluorescence in two endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines, AN3 CA and HEC-1-A cells. Growth Hormone effects were assessed investigating cell viability, caspase3/7 activation, ERK1/2, and protein kinase C delta protein expression. AN3 CA and HEC-1-A cells display Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone receptor. Growth Hormone does not influence cell viability in both cells lines, but significantly reduces caspase 3/7 activation in AN3 CA cells, an effect blocked by a Growth Hormone receptor antagonist. Growth Hormone rescues AN3 CA cells from the inhibitory effects of Doxorubicin and Cisplatin on cell viability, while it has no effect on Paclitaxel. Growth Hormone does not influence the pro-apoptotic effects of Doxorubicin, but is capable of rescuing AN3 CA cells from the pro-apoptotic effects of Cisplatin. On the other hand, Growth Hormone did not influence the effects of Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel on HEC-1A cell viability. The protective action of Growth Hormone towards the effects of Doxorubicin may be mediated by ERK1/2 activation, while the pro-apoptotic effects of Cisplatin may be mediated by protein kinase C delta inhibition. All together our results indicate that Growth Hormone may differentially contribute to endometrial adenocarcinoma chemoresistance. This may provide new insights on novel therapies against endometrial adenocarcinoma chemoresistant aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariella Minoia
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Tagliati
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ettore C Degli Uberti
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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33
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Ding K, Yuan Y, Chong QY, Yang Y, Li R, Li X, Kong X, Qian P, Xiong Z, Pandey V, Ma L, Wu Z, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Autocrine Prolactin Stimulates Endometrial Carcinoma Growth and Metastasis and Reduces Sensitivity to Chemotherapy. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1595-1611. [PMID: 28204229 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma (EC) exhibits a poor response to chemotherapy and low survival rates. It has been previously reported that human prolactin (hPRL) is upregulated in endometrial cancer and is associated with worse survival outcomes. We provide evidence for the functional role of hPRL in EC progression. We generated a model for the study of autocrine hPRL-mediated cell functional effects through the forced expression of hPRL in human EC cells. Autocrine hPRL expression stimulated cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasion of EC cells and promoted tumor growth, local invasion, and metastatic colonization in xenograft models. In addition, forced expression of hPRL decreased sensitivity of EC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs (i.e., doxorubicin and paclitaxel), both in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of hPRL significantly reduced oncogenicity and enhanced the chemosensitivity of EC cells. As CD24 is hPRL-regulated and has been implicated in drug resistance in EC, we further showed that CD24 is a critical mediator of hPRL-stimulated reduced sensitivity to doxorubicin and paclitaxel in EC cells. Therefore, inhibition of hPRL signaling is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of late-stage EC, which can be used in combination with chemotherapy to improve the chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuo Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Yulu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiaoni Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zirui Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Division of Life Sciences and Health, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Division of Life Sciences and Health, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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34
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Growth Hormone Receptor Knockdown Sensitizes Human Melanoma Cells to Chemotherapy by Attenuating Expression of ABC Drug Efflux Pumps. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:143-156. [PMID: 28293855 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains one of the most therapy-resistant forms of human cancer despite recent introductions of highly efficacious targeted therapies. The intrinsic therapy resistance of human melanoma is largely due to abundant expression of a repertoire of xenobiotic efflux pumps of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. Here, we report that GH action is a key mediator of chemotherapeutic resistance in human melanoma cells. We investigated multiple ABC efflux pumps (ABCB1, ABCB5, ABCB8, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG1, and ABCG2) reportedly associated with melanoma drug resistance in different human melanoma cells and tested the efficacy of five different anti-cancer compounds (cisplatin, doxorubicin, oridonin, paclitaxel, vemurafenib) with decreased GH action. We found that GH treatment of human melanoma cells upregulates expression of multiple ABC transporters and increases the EC50 of melanoma drug vemurafenib. Also, vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells had upregulated levels of GH receptor (GHR) expression as well as ABC efflux pumps. GHR knockdown (KD) using siRNA in human melanoma cells treated with sub-EC50 doses of anti-tumor compounds resulted in significantly increased drug retention, decreased cell proliferation and increased drug efficacy, compared to mock-transfected controls. Our set of findings identify an unknown mechanism of GH regulation in mediating melanoma drug resistance and validates GHR as a unique therapeutic target for sensitizing highly therapy-resistant human melanoma cells to lower doses of anti-cancer drugs.
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35
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Sebastian A, Pandey V, Mohan CD, Chia YT, Rangappa S, Mathai J, Baburajeev CP, Paricharak S, Mervin LH, Bulusu KC, Fuchs JE, Bender A, Yamada S, Lobie PE, Rangappa KS. Novel Adamantanyl-Based Thiadiazolyl Pyrazoles Targeting EGFR in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1412-1424. [PMID: 30023509 PMCID: PMC6044684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In the present study, we synthesize novel adamantanyl-based thiadiazolyl pyrazoles by introducing the adamantane ring to thiazolopyrazoline. On the basis of loss of cell viability in TNBC cells, 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)thiazole (APP) was identified as a lead compound. Using a Parzen-Rosenblatt Window classifier, APP was predicted to target the EGFR protein, and the same was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Further analysis revealed that APP suppressed the phosphorylation of EGFR at Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, Y1148, and Y1173 in TNBC cells. APP also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK at Y204 and of STAT3 at Y705, implying that APP downregulates the activity of EGFR downstream effectors. Small interfering RNA mediated depletion of EGFR expression prevented the effect of APP in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that APP specifically targets the EGFR. Furthermore, APP modulated the expression of the proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival. In addition, APP altered the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related proteins and suppressed the invasion of TNBC cells. Hence, we report a novel and specific inhibitor of the EGFR signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Sebastian
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore560001, India
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #11-02, MD6, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Chakrabhavi Dhananjaya Mohan
- Department of Studies in Chemistry and Department of Studies in Molecular
Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Yi Ting Chia
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #11-02, MD6, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Frontier
Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Jessin Mathai
- Centre
for Advanced Biomedical Research and Innovation, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - C. P. Baburajeev
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore560001, India
| | - Shardul Paricharak
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Lewis H. Mervin
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Krishna C. Bulusu
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department
of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoyo 468-8503, Japan
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #11-02, MD6, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Kanchugarakoppal S. Rangappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry and Department of Studies in Molecular
Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
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36
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Zhang M, Zhang W, Wu Z, Liu S, Sun L, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Kong X, Qian P, Zhang H, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Artemin is hypoxia responsive and promotes oncogenicity and increased tumor initiating capacity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3267-82. [PMID: 26675549 PMCID: PMC4823105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has been reported to regulate the cancer stem cell (CSC) population yet the underlying mechanism is poorly characterized. Herein, we show that Artemin (ARTN), a member of the glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, is a hypoxia-responsive factor and is essential for hypoxia-induced CSC expansion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, elevated expression of ARTN in HCC was associated with larger tumor size, faster relapse and shorter survival. In vitro, HCC cells with forced expression of ARTN exhibited reduced apoptosis, increased proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhanced motility. Additionally, ARTN dramatically increased xenograft tumor size and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, ARTN also enhanced tumorsphere formation and the tumor initiating capacity of HCC cells, consequent to expansion of the CD133+ CSC population. ARTN transcription was directly activated by hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) and hypoxia induced ARTN promoted EMT and increased the CSC population via AKT signaling. We herein identify a novel HIF-1α/ARTN axis promoting CSC-like behavior in hypoxic environments which implicates ARTN as a valuable therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shumin Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Linchong Sun
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Yanghao Zhong
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
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37
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Evans A, Jamieson SM, Liu DX, Wilson WR, Perry JK. Growth hormone receptor antagonism suppresses tumour regrowth after radiotherapy in an endometrial cancer xenograft model. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Sulaiman NBS, Mohan CD, Basappa, Pandey V, Rangappa S, Bharathkumar H, Kumar AP, Lobie PE, Rangappa KS. An azaspirane derivative suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells through the modulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1221-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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39
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Ding G, Fang J, Tong S, Qu L, Jiang H, Ding Q, Liu J. Over-expression of lipocalin 2 promotes cell migration and invasion through activating ERK signaling to increase SLUG expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:957-68. [PMID: 25728945 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the primary cause of prostate cancer (PCa) lethality and poses a huge clinical obstacle. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a member of the lipocalin family, is aberrantly expressed in some human cancers and has been implicated in the progression of some tumors. However, the role of LCN2 in the metastatic capacity of prostate cancer (PCa) is poorly understood. METHODS LCN2 expression was examined by RT-qPCR and/or immunoblotting in human prostate tissue specimens and prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, C4-2, 22RV1, PC3, DU-145, and PC3MM2. LCN2 protein level in human serum samples was determined by ELISA. Lentiviruses-mediated over-expression of LCN2 and knockdown of LCN2 was conducted to evaluate the role of LCN2 in cell migratory and invasive capacities of prostate cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion was examined by transwell chamber assay. Knockdown of SLUG by lentivirus was performed to investigate its role in LCN2-promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro (22RV1 cell line) and metastasis in vivo (tail vein metastasis assay in nude mice). Role of ERK signaling in LCN2-mediated up-regulation of SLUG was assayed by using ERK inhibitor U0126. RESULTS We confirmed that LCN2 levels were correlated positively with invasive prostate cancer in human tissue and serum samples, and were also consistently associated with the invasive capacity of prostate cancer cell lines. The over-expression of LCN2 in 22RV1 cells (not highly invasive) promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell motility and invasiveness, while the knockdown of LCN2 in PC3 cells (highly invasive) inhibited EMT, decreasing cell motility and invasiveness. Among the multiple EMT transcription factors, LCN2 specifically induces the expression of SLUG, which was shown here to be required for the LCN2-induced increase in the invasive capacity of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LCN2 promoted SLUG expression via activating ERK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION LCN2 plays an important role in promoting cell migration and invasion of prostate cancer by inducing EMT through the ERK/SLUG axis. Therefore, targeted inhibition of LCN2 may represent a therapeutic strategy to prevent the metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Chen YJ, Zhang X, Wu ZS, Wang JJ, Lau AYC, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Autocrine human growth hormone stimulates the tumor initiating capacity and metastasis of estrogen receptor-negative mammary carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:182-9. [PMID: 26070963 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic effects of autocrine human growth hormone (hGH) have been intensively investigated in estrogen receptor-positive mammary carcinoma (ER + MC) cells. We demonstrated herein that autocrine hGH promoted cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties of estrogen receptor-negative mammary carcinoma (ER-MC) cells in vitro. In xenograft studies, autocrine hGH increased the tumor initiating capacity of ER-MC cells. We also observed that autocrine hGH promoted migration and invasion of ER-MC cells in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Thus, inhibition of hGH is a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor initiation and metastasis of ER-MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Yong-Chen Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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41
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Zhang W, Qian P, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wang H, Wu M, Kong X, Tan S, Ding K, Perry JK, Wu Z, Cao Y, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Autocrine/Paracrine Human Growth Hormone-stimulated MicroRNA 96-182-183 Cluster Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Breast Cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13812-29. [PMID: 25873390 PMCID: PMC4447958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (hGH) plays critical roles in pubertal mammary gland growth, development, and sexual maturation. Accumulated studies have reported that autocrine/paracrine hGH is an orthotopically expressed oncoprotein that promotes normal mammary epithelial cell oncogenic transformation. Autocrine/paracrine hGH has also been reported to promote mammary epithelial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely obscure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to be involved in regulation of multiple cellular functions of cancer. To determine whether autocrine/paracrine hGH promotes EMT and invasion through modulation of miRNA expression, we performed microarray profiling using MCF-7 cells stably expressing wild type or a translation-deficient hGH gene and identified miR-96-182-183 as an autocrine/paracrine hGH-regulated miRNA cluster. Forced expression of miR-96-182-183 conferred on epithelioid MCF-7 cells a mesenchymal phenotype and promoted invasive behavior in vitro and dissemination in vivo. Moreover, we observed that miR-96-182-183 promoted EMT and invasion by directly and simultaneously suppressing BRMS1L (breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1-like) gene expression. miR-96 and miR-182 also targeted GHR, providing a potential negative feedback loop in the hGH-GHR signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that autocrine/paracrine hGH stimulated miR-96-182-183 expression and facilitated EMT and invasion via STAT3 and STAT5 signaling. Consistent with elevated expression of autocrine/paracrine hGH in metastatic breast cancer tissue, miR-96-182-183 expression was also remarkably enhanced. Hence, we delineate the roles of the miRNA-96-182-183 cluster and elucidate a novel hGH-GHR-STAT3/STAT5-miR-96-182-183-BRMS1L-ZEB1/E47-EMT/invasion axis, which provides further understanding of the mechanism of autocrine/paracrine hGH-stimulated EMT and invasion in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Min Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jo K Perry
- the Liggins Institute and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Yuan Cao
- the Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China,
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Wang XN, Wang SJ, Pandey V, Chen P, Li Q, Wu ZS, Wu Q, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor 3 as a novel biomarker to distinguish between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e860. [PMID: 25997063 PMCID: PMC4602872 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In carcinoma, such as of the lung, the histological subtype is important to select an appropriate therapeutic strategy for patients. However, carcinomas with poor differentiation cannot always be distinguished on the basis of morphology alone nor on clinical findings. Hence, delineation of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, the 2 most common epithelial-origin carcinomas, is pivotal for selection of optimum therapy. Herein, we explored the potential utility of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) as a biomarker for primary lung adenocarcinoma and extrapulmonary adenocarcinomas derived from different organs. We observed that 90.9% of lung adenocarcinomas were TFF3-positive, whereas no expression of TFF3 was observed in squamous cell carcinomas. The subtype of lung carcinoma was confirmed by four established biomarkers, cytokeratin 7 and thyroid transcription factor 1 for adenocarcinoma and P63 and cytokeratin 5/6 for squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, expression of TFF3 mRNA was observed by quantitative PCR in all of 11 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and highly correlated with markers of the adenocarcinomatous lineage. In contrast, little or no expression of TFF3 was observed in 4 lung squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. By use of forced expression, or siRNA-mediated depletion of TFF3, we determined that TFF3 appeared to maintain rather than promote glandular differentiation of lung carcinoma cells. In addition, TFF3 expression was also determined in adenocarcinomas from colorectum, stomach, cervix, esophagus, and larynx. Among all these extrapulmonary carcinomas, 93.7% of adenocarcinomas exhibited TFF3 positivity, whereas only 2.9% of squamous cell carcinomas were TFF3-positive. Totally, 92.9% of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary adenocarcinomas exhibited TFF3 positivity, whereas only 1.5% of squamous cell carcinomas were TFF3-positive. In conclusion, TFF3 is preferentially expressed in adenocarcinoma and may function as an additional biomarker for distinguishing adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wang
- From the Department of Pathology (X-NW, S-JW, PC, QL, Z-SW, QW); Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China (X-NW); Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore (VP, PEL); and National Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore (PEL). These authors contributed equally to this work
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Luna M, Martínez-Moreno CG, Ahumada-Solórzano MS, Harvey S, Carranza M, Arámburo C. Extrapituitary growth hormone in the chicken reproductive system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:60-8. [PMID: 24642390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that growth hormone (GH) expression is not limited to the pituitary, as it can be produced in many other tissues. It is known that growth hormone (GH) plays a role in the control of reproductive tract development. Acting as an endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine regulator, GH influences proliferation, differentiation and function of reproductive tissues. In this review we substantiate the local expression of GH mRNA and GH protein, as well as the GH receptor (GHR) in both male and female reproductive tract, mainly in the chicken. Locally expressed GH was found to be heterogeneous, with a 17 kDa variant being predominant. GH secretagogues, such as GHRH and TRH co-localize with GH expression in the chicken testis and induce GH release. In the ovarian follicular granulosa cells, GH and GHR are co-expressed and stimulate progesterone production, which was neutralized by a specific GH antibody. Both testicular and follicular cells in primary cultures were able to synthesize and release GH to the culture medium. We also characterized GH and GH mRNA expression in the hen's oviduct and showed that it had 99.6% sequence identity with pituitary GH. Data suggest local reproductive GH may have important autocrine/paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Marisela S Ahumada-Solórzano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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Hrabia A, Leśniak-Walentyn A, Sechman A, Gertler A. Chicken oviduct-the target tissue for growth hormone action: effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis and on the gene expression of some oviduct-specific proteins. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:363-72. [PMID: 24744268 PMCID: PMC4077250 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo effect of growth hormone (GH) on cell proliferation and apoptosis and on the gene expression of selected proteins in the chicken oviduct before sexual maturity (first oviposition). Ten-week-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were injected three times a week with 200 μg · kg-1 body weight of recombinant chicken GH (cGH) until 16 weeks of age. Control hens received 0.9 % NaCl with 0.05 % bovine serum albumin as a vehicle. Treatment with cGH increased (P < 0.05) oviduct weight at 16 weeks of age, i.e. 1–2 weeks before onset of egg laying. The highest number of proliferating (determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] immunocytochemistry) and apoptotic (determined by TUNEL assay) cells in the oviduct was found in the mucosal epithelium, and the lowest in the stroma. Administration of cGH did not increase (P > 0.05) the number of PCNA-positive cells but it decreased (P < 0.01) the number of TUNEL-positive cells, thus increasing the proliferating-to-apoptotic cell ratio in the oviduct. Gene expression (determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction) of apoptosis-related caspase-2 in the magnum and caspase-3 in the magnum and isthmus and their activity (determined by fluorometric assay) in the magnum were attenuated (P < 0.05) in cGH-treated hens. The gene expression of the magnum-specific ovalbumin and the shell-gland-specific ovocalyxins 32 and 36 was increased (P < 0.05) in cGH-treated chickens. In contrast, the expression of Bcl-2 and of caspases 8 and 9 was not affected by cGH in any of the oviductal segments. The results suggest that GH, via the orchestration of apoptosis and expression of some oviduct-specific proteins, participates in the development and activity of the chicken oviduct prior to the onset of egg laying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland,
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Ding K, Banerjee A, Tan S, Zhao J, Zhuang Q, Li R, Qian P, Liu S, Wu ZS, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Artemin, a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, is HER2-regulated and mediates acquired trastuzumab resistance by promoting cancer stem cell-like behavior in mammary carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16057-71. [PMID: 24737320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Artemin (ARTN) functions as a cancer stem cell (CSC) and metastatic factor in mammary carcinoma. Herein, we report that ARTN mediates acquired resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-positive mammary carcinoma cells. Ligands that increase HER2 activity increased ARTN expression in HER2-positive mammary carcinoma cells, whereas trastuzumab inhibited ARTN expression. Forced expression of ARTN decreased the sensitivity of HER2-positive mammary carcinoma cells to trastuzumab both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, siRNA-mediated depletion of ARTN enhanced trastuzumab efficacy. Cells with acquired resistance to trastuzumab exhibited increased ARTN expression, the depletion of which restored trastuzumab sensitivity. Trastuzumab resistance produced an increased CSC population concomitant with enhanced mammospheric growth. ARTN mediated the enhancement of the CSC population by increased BCL-2 expression, and the CSC population in trastuzumab-resistant cells was abrogated upon inhibition of BCL-2. Hence, we conclude that ARTN is one mediator of acquired resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-positive mammary carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuo Ding
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, and
| | - Sheng Tan
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - JunSong Zhao
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhuang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Suling Liu
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China, the Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China, the Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, and the National Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074
| | - Tao Zhu
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China,
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Kopchick JJ, List EO, Kelder B, Gosney ES, Berryman DE. Evaluation of growth hormone (GH) action in mice: discovery of GH receptor antagonists and clinical indications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:34-45. [PMID: 24035867 PMCID: PMC3943600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a growth hormone receptor antagonist (GHA) was initially established via expression of mutated GH genes in transgenic mice. Following this discovery, development of the compound resulted in a drug termed pegvisomant, which has been approved for use in patients with acromegaly. Pegvisomant treatment in a dose dependent manner results in normalization of IGF-1 levels in most patients. Thus, it is a very efficacious and safe drug. Since the GH/IGF-1 axis has been implicated in the progression of several types of cancers, many have suggested the use of pegvisomant as an anti-cancer therapeutic. In this manuscript, we will review the use of mouse strains that possess elevated or depressed levels of GH action for unraveling many of GH actions. Additionally, we will describe experiments in which the GHA was discovered, review results of pegvisomant's preclinical and clinical trials, and provide data suggesting pegvisomant's therapeutic value in selected types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Bruce Kelder
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Elahu S Gosney
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Animals born with a deficiency in the cell surface receptor for growth hormone (GH) have a significantly reduced risk of developing cancer. Conversely, increased expression levels of GH and the GH receptor (GHR) are detectable in a variety of different human cancers. Here we discuss recent literature contributing to our understanding of the field. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to animal evidence, studies of individuals with Laron syndrome suggest that congenital GHR deficiency may also protect humans against cancer. GH expression in certain malignancies is correlated with clinicohistopathological parameters and may contribute the therapeutic resistance. Other recent studies have identified novel aspects of the GH signal transduction pathway, including receptor crosstalk and the involvement of microRNA in endocrine regulation of GH. SUMMARY Substantial evidence suggests the GH/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis initiates and promotes progression of cancer. However, important questions remain unanswered regarding the therapeutic utility of GH or GHR antagonism in cancer. Further clinical studies regarding the clinical association of GH expression with human malignancies and translational studies investigating GHR antagonism in animal models of human cancer are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Bougen NM, Amiry N, Yuan Y, Kong XJ, Pandey V, Vidal LJP, Perry JK, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor 1 suppression of E-CADHERIN enhances prostate carcinoma cell invasiveness and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2012; 332:19-29. [PMID: 23266572 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary mediator of prostate cancer (PCA) lethality and poses a significant clinical obstacle. The identification of factors involved in the metastasis of PCA is imperative. We demonstrate herein that trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) promotes PCA cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. The capacity of TFF1 to enhance cell migration/invasion is mediated by transcriptional repression of E-CADHERIN. Consideration of targeted inhibition of TFF1 to prevent metastasis of prostate carcinoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Bougen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Bougen NM, Steiner M, Pertziger M, Banerjee A, Brunet-Dunand SE, Zhu T, Lobie PE, Perry JK. Autocrine human GH promotes radioresistance in mammary and endometrial carcinoma cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:625-44. [PMID: 22807498 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although recent advances in breast cancer treatment regimes have improved patient prognosis, resistance to breast cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, is still a major clinical challenge. In the current study, we have investigated the role of autocrine human GH (hGH) in resistance to ionising radiation (IR)-based therapy. Cell viability and total cell number assays demonstrated that autocrine hGH promoted cell regrowth in the mammary carcinoma cell lines, MDA-MB-435S and T47D, and the endometrial carcinoma cell line, RL95-2, following treatment with IR. In addition, autocrine hGH enhanced MDA-MB-435S and T47D cell clonogenic survival following radiation exposure. The enhanced clonogenic survival afforded by autocrine hGH was mediated by JAK2 and Src kinases. Investigation into the DNA repair capacity demonstrated that autocrine hGH reduced IR-induced DNA damage in MDA-MB-435S and T47D cells. Functional antagonism of hGH increased RL95-2 sensitivity to IR in cell viability and total cell number assays, reduced clonogenic survival and enhanced the induction of DNA damage. Thus, autocrine hGH reduced sensitivity to treatment with IR in mammary and endometrial carcinoma cell lines in vitro, while functional antagonism of hGH sensitised endometrial carcinoma cells to IR. Functional antagonism of hGH, used in conjunction with radiotherapy, may therefore enhance treatment efficacy and improve the prognosis of patients with breast and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Bougen
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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