1
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Chichura KS, Elfers CT, Salameh TS, Kamat V, Chepurny OG, McGivney A, Milliken BT, Holz GG, Applebey SV, Hayes MR, Sweet IR, Roth CL, Doyle RP. A peptide triple agonist of GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors promotes glycemic control and weight loss. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9554. [PMID: 37308546 PMCID: PMC10261008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long-term sustained weight loss and glycemic normalization after obesity surgery include changes in gut hormone levels, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that two peptide biased agonists (GEP44 and GEP12) of the GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (GLP-1R, Y1-R, and Y2-R, respectively) elicit Y1-R antagonist-controlled, GLP-1R-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in both rat and human pancreatic islets, thus revealing the counteracting effects of Y1-R and GLP-1R agonism. These agonists also promote insulin-independent Y1-R-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissue ex vivo and more profound reductions in food intake and body weight than liraglutide when administered to diet-induced obese rats. Our findings support a role for Y1-R signaling in glucoregulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of simultaneous receptor targeting to achieve long-term benefits for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Varun Kamat
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sarah V Applebey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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2
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Estabile PC, Almeida MCD, Campagnoli EB, Santo MA, Rodrigues MRDS, Milléo FQ, Artoni RF. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF L CELLS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MUCOSA OF PATIENTS AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA : ABCD = BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY 2022; 35:e1651. [PMID: 35730880 PMCID: PMC9254391 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020210002e1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease of global impact that has led to an increase in comorbidities and mortality in several countries. Immunoexpression of the incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (3-36) (PYY3-36) can be used as a scorer in the gastrointestinal tract to analyze L-cell activity in response to T2DM treatment. This study aimed to investigate the presence, location, and secretion of L cells in the small intestine of patients undergoing the form of bariatric surgery denominated adaptive gastroenteromentectomy with partial bipartition. METHODS Immunohistochemical assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analysis were performed on samples of intestinal mucosa from patients with T2DM in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. RESULTS All results were consistent and indicated basal expression and secretion of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 incretins by L cells. A greater density of cells was demonstrated in the most distal portions of the small intestine. No significant difference was found between GLP-1 and PYY3-36 expression levels in the preoperative and postoperative periods because of prolonged fasting during which the samples were collected. CONCLUSION The greater number of L cells in activity implies better peptide signaling, response, and functioning of the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Costa Estabile
- Postgraduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina de Almeida
- Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetics Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurelio Santo
- Associate Professor at University of São Paulo School of Medicine, is Director of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit at Hospital das Clinicas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetics Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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3
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kofoed J, Zosel F, Olsen J, Jeppesen CB, Spetzler J, Ynddal L, Schleiss LG, Christoffersen BØ, Raun K, Sensfuss U, Nielsen FS, Jørgensen R, Wulff BS. The effect of fatty diacid acylation of human PYY 3-36 on Y 2 receptor potency and half-life in minipigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21179. [PMID: 34707178 PMCID: PMC8551270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are notoriously known to display very short in vivo half-lives often measured in minutes which in many cases greatly reduces or eliminates sufficient in vivo efficacy. To obtain long half-lives allowing for up to once-weekly dosing regimen, fatty acid acylation (lipidation) have been used to non-covalently associate the peptide to serum albumin thus serving as a circulating depot. This approach is generally considered in the scientific and patent community as a standard approach to protract almost any given peptide. However, it is not trivial to prolong the half-life of peptides by lipidation and still maintain high potency and good formulation properties. Here we show that attaching a fatty acid to the obesity-drug relevant peptide PYY3-36 is not sufficient for long pharmacokinetics (PK), since the position in the backbone, but also type of fatty acid and linker strongly influences PK and potency. Furthermore, understanding the proteolytic stability of the backbone is key to obtain long half-lives by lipidation, since backbone cleavage still occurs while associated to albumin. Having identified a PYY analogue with a sufficient half-life, we show that in combination with a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, additional weight loss can be achieved in the obese minipig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
| | - Johan F Paulsson
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Franziska Zosel
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Olsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Claus Bekker Jeppesen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jane Spetzler
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lars Ynddal
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Luise Gram Schleiss
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Sensfuss
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,STipe Therapeutics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Seier Nielsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jørgensen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,CitoKi Pharma, Værløse, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
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4
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Milliken BT, Elfers C, Chepurny OG, Chichura KS, Sweet IR, Borner T, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC, Holz GG, Roth CL, Doyle RP. Design and Evaluation of Peptide Dual-Agonists of GLP-1 and NPY2 Receptors for Glucoregulation and Weight Loss with Mitigated Nausea and Emesis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1127-1138. [PMID: 33449689 PMCID: PMC7956155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
There is a critical unmet need for
therapeutics to treat the epidemic
of comorbidities associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, ideally
devoid of nausea/emesis. This study developed monomeric peptide agonists
of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y2 receptor
(Y2-R) based on exendin-4 (Ex-4) and PYY3–36. A
novel peptide, GEP44, was obtained via in vitro receptor
screens, insulin secretion in islets, stability assays, and in vivo rat and shrew studies of glucoregulation, weight
loss, nausea, and emesis. GEP44 in lean and diet-induced obese rats
produced greater reduction in body weight compared to Ex-4 without
triggering nausea associated behavior. Studies in the shrew demonstrated
a near absence of emesis for GEP44 in contrast to Ex-4. Collectively,
these data demonstrate that targeting GLP-1R and Y2-R with chimeric
single peptides offers a route to new glucoregulatory treatments that
are well-tolerated and have improved weight loss when compared directly
to Ex-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Christian L Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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5
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Rose F, Bloom S, Tan T. Novel approaches to anti-obesity drug discovery with gut hormones over the past 10 years. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1151-1159. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1646243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rose
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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6
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Anderson KC, Knuckey R, Cánepa M, Elizur A. A transcriptomic investigation of appetite-regulation and digestive processes in giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus during early larval development. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:694-710. [PMID: 30232812 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus is an ecologically vulnerable species with high market demand. However, efforts to improve larval husbandry are hindered by a lack of knowledge surrounding larval developmental physiology. To address this shortfall, a transcriptomic approach was applied to larvae between 1 and 14 days post hatch (dph) to characterise the molecular ontogenesis of genes that influence appetite and digestion. Appetite regulating factors were detected from 1 dph, including neuropeptide Y, nesfatin-1, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, cholecystokinin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide and the expression level of several genes changed sharply with the onset of exogenous feeding. The level of expression for proteases, chitinases, lipases and amylases typically followed one of two expression patterns, a general increase as development progressed, or an inverted U-shape with maximal expression at c. 6 dph. Similarly, the tendency among both expression patterns was for the level of expression to increase around the time of mouth-opening. There was also evidence to suggest the presence of putative isoforms for several digestion-related genes. We have provided an insight into appetite-regulation and digestive processes in groupers during early larval development and have developed a transcriptomic database that will aid future efforts to rear this species in an aquaculture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli C Anderson
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Launceston, Australia
| | - Richard Knuckey
- The Company One, Grouper Breeding Facility, Cairns, Australia
| | | | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
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7
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Anderson K, Kuo CY, Lu MW, Bar I, Elizur A. A transcriptomic investigation of digestive processes in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, before, during, and after metamorphic development. Gene 2018; 661:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Cuenco J, Minnion J, Tan T, Scott R, Germain N, Ling Y, Chen R, Ghatei M, Bloom S. Degradation Paradigm of the Gut Hormone, Pancreatic Polypeptide, by Hepatic and Renal Peptidases. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1755-1765. [PMID: 28323997 PMCID: PMC5460925 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a gut hormone that acts on Y4 receptors to reduce appetite. Obese humans display a reduced postprandial increase in PP and remain fully sensitive to the anorectic effects of exogenous PP. The utility of PP as an anti-obesity treatment is limited by its short circulating half-life. Insight into the mechanisms by which PP is degraded could aid in the design of long-acting PP analogs. We investigated the role of peptidases in PP degradation to determine whether inhibition of these enzymes enhanced PP plasma levels and bioactivity in vivo. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and neprilysin (NEP) were two peptidase found to cleave PP. Limiting the effect of both peptidases improved the in vivo anorectic effect of PP and PP-based analogs. These findings suggest that inhibiting the degradation of PP using specific inhibitors and/or the design of analogs resistant to cleavage by DPPIV and NEP might be useful in the development of PP as an anti-obesity pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyceline Cuenco
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Germain
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42100, France
| | - Yiin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42100, France
| | - Rong Chen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Ghatei
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang C, Pan J, Lin KS, Dude I, Lau J, Zeisler J, Merkens H, Jenni S, Guérin B, Bénard F. Targeting the Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor for Cancer Imaging by Positron Emission Tomography Using Novel Truncated Peptides. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3657-3664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jinhe Pan
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Iulia Dude
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Département
de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Olsen J, Kofoed J, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Nielsen FS, Jorgensen R. Metabolism of peptide YY 3-36 in Göttingen mini-pig and rhesus monkey. Peptides 2016; 78:59-67. [PMID: 26774588 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY 3-36-amide (PYY3-36) is a peptide hormone, which is known to decrease appetite and food-intake by activation of the Y2 receptor. The current studies were designed to identify the metabolites of PYY3-36 in mini-pig and rhesus monkey. Plasma samples were analyzed by high resolution LC-MS (and MS/MS) in order to unambiguously identify the metabolites of PYY3-36. In summary, the metabolism of PYY3-36 was similar in mini-pig and rhesus monkey. Several metabolites were identified and PYY3-34 was identified at the highest levels in plasma. In addition, mini-pigs were also dosed with PYY1-36-amide, PYY3-35, PYY3-34 and [N-methyl 34Q]-PYY3-36-amide in order to investigate the mechanisms by which PYY was metabolized. PYY3-35 was rapidly converted to PYY3-34 whereas dosing of PYY3-34 to mini-pigs only showed circulating degradation products at low levels, i.e., PYY3-34 was metabolically more stable than PYY3-36 and PYY3-35. [N-methyl 34Q]-PYY3-36-amide was hypothesized to be stable toward cleavage between 34Q and 35R and after i.v. administration to mini-pigs, one major cleavage product was identified as [N-methyl 34Q]-PYY3-35. Overall, this showed that cleavage between 35R and 36Y was possible as well as between 34Q and 35R (as shown for PYY3-35), which indicated that metabolism of PYY3-36 to PYY3-34 may be a two-step process. PYY1-36 was also dosed to mini-pigs, which showed that PYY1-36 was metabolized in the C-terminal as PYY3-36. The overall degradation pattern of PYY1-36 was more complex due to the simultaneous enzymatic degradation in the N-terminal to form PYY2-34/36 and PYY3-34/36. In vitro incubations with heparin stabilized plasma showed that PYY3-36 was degraded with a half-life of 175 min, whereas incubations with PYY3-35 (half-life of 6 min) showed a rapid formation of PYY3-34. In conclusion, the present studies showed that PYY3-36 underwent enzymatic degradation in the C-terminal part and that the major circulating metabolite was PYY3-34. Furthermore, it may be a sequential two-step process leading to the formation of PYY3-35 and subsequently the metabolically more stable PYY3-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Olsen
- Discovery ADME, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Protein & Peptide Chemistry 3, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Rasmus Jorgensen
- Histology & Diabetes Pharmacology Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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11
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Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, Romero CA, Worou ME, Monu SR, Peterson EL, Shaw J, Valeriote F, Ongeri EM, Niyitegeka JMV, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA. The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1026-34. [PMID: 26962108 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00562.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural tetrapeptide with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Previously, we have shown that prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is involved in the Ac-SDKP release from thymosin-β4 (Tβ4). However, POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino acids, and Tβ4 is 43 amino acids long. This indicates that before POP hydrolysis takes place, Tβ4 is hydrolyzed by another peptidase that releases NH2-terminal intermediate peptide(s) with fewer than 30 amino acids. Our peptidase database search pointed out meprin-α metalloprotease as a potential candidate. Therefore, we hypothesized that, prior to POP hydrolysis, Tβ4 is hydrolyzed by meprin-α. In vitro, we found that the incubation of Tβ4 with both meprin-α and POP released Ac-SDKP, whereas no Ac-SDKP was released when Tβ4 was incubated with either meprin-α or POP alone. Incubation of Tβ4 with rat kidney homogenates significantly released Ac-SDKP, which was blocked by the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin. In addition, kidneys from meprin-α knockout (KO) mice showed significantly lower basal Ac-SDKP amount, compared with wild-type mice. Kidney homogenates from meprin-α KO mice failed to release Ac-SDKP from Tβ4. In vivo, we observed that rats treated with the ACE inhibitor captopril increased plasma concentrations of Ac-SDKP, which was inhibited by the coadministration of actinonin (vehicle, 3.1 ± 0.2 nmol/l; captopril, 15.1 ± 0.7 nmol/l; captopril + actinonin, 6.1 ± 0.3 nmol/l; P < 0.005). Similar results were obtained with urinary Ac-SDKP after actinonin treatment. We conclude that release of Ac-SDKP from Tβ4 is mediated by successive hydrolysis involving meprin-α and POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Branislava Janic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sumit R Monu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jiajiu Shaw
- 21st Century Therapeutics, Inc., Detroit, Michigan
| | - Frederick Valeriote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Elimelda M Ongeri
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | | | - Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan;
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Kovalainen M, Mönkäre J, Riikonen J, Pesonen U, Vlasova M, Salonen J, Lehto VP, Järvinen K, Herzig KH. Novel delivery systems for improving the clinical use of peptides. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:541-61. [PMID: 26023145 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides have long been recognized as a promising group of therapeutic substances to treat various diseases. Delivery systems for peptides have been under development since the discovery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes. The challenge of using peptides as drugs arises from their poor bioavailability resulting from the low permeability of biological membranes and their instability. Currently, subcutaneous injection is clinically the most common administration route for peptides. This route is cost-effective and suitable for self-administration, and the development of appropriate dosing equipment has made performing the repeated injections relatively easy; however, only few clinical subcutaneous peptide delivery systems provide sustained peptide release. As a result, frequent injections are needed, which may cause discomfort and additional risks resulting from a poor administration technique. Controlled peptide delivery systems, able to provide required therapeutic plasma concentrations over an extended period, are needed to increase peptide safety and patient compliancy. In this review, we summarize the current peptidergic drugs, future developments, and parenteral peptide delivery systems. Special emphasis is given to porous silicon, a novel material in peptide delivery. Biodegradable and biocompatible porous silicon possesses some unique properties, such as the ability to carry exceptional high peptide payloads and to modify peptide release extensively. We have successfully developed porous silicon as a carrier material for improved parenteral peptide delivery. Nanotechnology, with its different delivery systems, will enable better use of peptides in several therapeutic applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Kovalainen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Juha Mönkäre
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Joakim Riikonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Maria Vlasova
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Jarno Salonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Kristiina Järvinen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine (M.K., K.-H.H.) and Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (K.-H.H.), Oulu, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (J.R.), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry (V.-P.L.), and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences (M.V., K.J.), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics (U.P.), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (J.S.), University of Turku, Finland; and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.M.)
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13
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Toräng S, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. In vivo and in vitro degradation of peptide YY3-36 to inactive peptide YY3-34 in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R866-74. [PMID: 26818056 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00394.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide released from enteroendocrine cells upon food intake. The NH2 terminally truncated metabolite, PYY3-36, exerts anorexic effects and has received considerable attention as a possible antiobesity drug target. The kinetics and degradation products of PYY metabolism are not well described. A related peptide, neuropeptide Y, may be degraded from the COOH terminus, and in vivo studies in pigs revealed significant COOH-terminal degradation of PYY. We therefore investigated PYY metabolism in vitro after incubation in human blood and plasma and in vivo after infusion of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 in eight young, healthy men. A metabolite, corresponding to PYY3-34, was formed after incubation in plasma and blood and during the infusion of PYY. PYY3-34 exhibited no agonistic or antagonistic effects on the Y2 receptor. PYY1-36 infused with and without coadministration of sitagliptin was eliminated with half-lives of 10.1 ± 0.5 and 9.4 ± 0.8 min (means ± SE) and metabolic clearance rates of 15.7 ± 1.5 and 14.1 ± 1.1 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) after infusion, whereas PYY3-36 was eliminated with a significantly longer half-life of 14.9 ± 1.3 min and a metabolic clearance rate of 9.4 ± 0.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) We conclude that, upon intravenous infusion in healthy men, PYY is inactivated by cleavage of the two COOH-terminal amino acids. In healthy men, PYY3-36 has a longer half-life than PYY1-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Toräng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegårds Allé, Hvidovre, Denmark; and
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegårds Allé, Hvidovre, Denmark; and
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegårds Allé, Hvidovre, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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14
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Toräng S, Veedfald S, Rosenkilde MM, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. The anorexic hormone Peptide YY3-36 is rapidly metabolized to inactive Peptide YY3-34 in vivo. Physiol Rep 2015. [PMID: 26197931 PMCID: PMC4552532 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36 amino acid peptide hormone released from enteroendocrine cells. An N-terminally degraded metabolite, PYY3-36, has anorexigenic effects, which makes the PYY system a target for obesity treatment. However, little is known about the kinetics and degradation products of PYY. A related peptide, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), may be degraded from the C-terminus. We therefore investigated PYY degradation after in vitro incubations in porcine plasma and blood and in vivo by infusing PYY3-36 into multicatheterized pigs (n = 7) (2 pmol/kg/min). Plasma samples were analyzed by region-specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) and HPLC analysis. A metabolite, corresponding to PYY3-34 was formed after incubation in plasma and blood and during the infusion study. When taking the C-terminal degradation into account, the half-life (T½) of PYY in blood and plasma amounted to 3.4 ± 0.2 and 6.2 ± 0.2 h, respectively. After PYY3-36 infusion in pigs, the peptide was degraded with a T½ of 3.6 ± 0.5 min. Significant extraction (20.5 ± 8.0%) compatible with glomerular filtration was observed across the kidneys and significant C-terminal degradation (26.5 ± 4.8%) was observed across the liver. Net balances across the hind limb, splanchnic bed, and lungs were not significantly different from zero. PYY3-34 was unable to activate the Y2 receptor in a transfected cell line. In conclusion, PYY3-36 is extensively degraded to PYY3-34 in the pig, a degradation that renders the peptide inactive on the Y2 receptor. Currently used assays are unlikely to be able to detect this degradation and therefore measure falsely elevated levels of PYY3-36, leading to underestimation of its physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Toräng
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Henry KE, Elfers CT, Burke RM, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Blevins JE, Roth CL, Doyle RP. Vitamin B12 conjugation of peptide-YY(3-36) decreases food intake compared to native peptide-YY(3-36) upon subcutaneous administration in male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1739-49. [PMID: 25658456 PMCID: PMC4398759 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Challenges to peptide-based therapies include rapid clearance, ready degradation by hydrolysis/proteolysis, and poor intestinal uptake and/or a need for blood brain barrier transport. This work evaluates the efficacy of conjugation of vitamin B12 (B12) on sc administered peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)(3-36) function. In the current experiments, a B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate was tested against native PYY(3-36), and an inactive conjugate B12-PYYC36 (null control) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated similar agonism for the neuropeptide Y2 receptor by the B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate (EC50 26.5 nM) compared with native PYY(3-36) (EC50 16.0 nM), with the null control having an EC50 of 1.8 μM. In vivo experiments were performed in young adult male Sprague Dawley rats (9 wk). Daily treatments were delivered sc in five 1-hour pulses, each pulse delivering 5-10 nmol/kg, by implanted microinfusion pumps. Increases in hindbrain Fos expression were comparable 90 minutes after B12-PYY(3-36) or PYY3-36 injection relative to saline or B12-PYYC36. Food intake was reduced during a 5-day treatment for both B12-PYY(3-36)- (24%, P = .001) and PYY(3-36)-(13%, P = .008) treated groups relative to baseline. In addition, reduction of food intake after the three dark cycle treatment pulses was more consistent with B12-PYY(3-36) treatment (-26%, -29%, -27%) compared with the PYY(3-36) treatment (-3%, -21%, -16%), and B12-PYY(3-36) generated a significantly longer inhibition of food intake vs. PYY(3-36) treatment after the first two pulses (P = .041 and P = .036, respectively). These findings demonstrate a stronger, more consistent, and longer inhibition of food intake after the pulses of B12-PYY(3-36) conjugate compared with the native PYY(3-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Henry
- Department of Chemistry (K.E.H., R.M.B., R.P.D.), Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244; Center for Integrative Brain Research (C.T.E., C.L.R.), Division of Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., G.G.H., R.P.D.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Research and Development Service (J.E.B.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Medicine (J.E.B.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Division of Endocrinology (C.L.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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16
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Ma J, Lin TC, Liu W. Gastrointestinal hormones and polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2014; 47:668-78. [PMID: 24791734 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease of women in reproductive age. It is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Most often patients with PCOS have metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. It is not surprising that obesity is high prevalent in PCOS. Over 60 % of PCOS women are obese or overweight. Modulation of appetite and energy intake is essential to maintain energy balance and body weight. The gastrointestinal tract, where nutrients are digested and absorbed, plays a central role in energy homeostasis. The signals from the gastrointestinal tract arise from the stomach (ghrelin release), proximal small intestine (CCK release), and distal small intestine (GLP-1 and PYY) in response to food. These hormones are recognized as "appetite regulatory hormones." Weight loss is the key in the treatments of obese/overweight patients with PCOS. However, current non-pharmacologic management of body weight is hard to achieve. This review highlighted the gastrointestinal hormones, and discussed the potential strategies aimed at modifying hormones for treatment in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Ehrlich GK, Michel H, Truitt T, Riboulet W, Pop-Damkov P, Goelzer P, Hainzl D, Qureshi F, Lueckel B, Danho W, Conde-Knape K, Konkar A. Preparation and characterization of albumin conjugates of a truncated peptide YY analogue for half-life extension. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:2015-24. [PMID: 24251972 DOI: 10.1021/bc400340z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) conjugates of a 15-amino-acid truncated peptide YY (PYY) analogue were prepared using three heterobifunctional linkers [succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), 6-maleimidohexanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MHS), and N-[γ-maleimidobutyryloxy]sulfosuccinimide ester (GMBS)] in 2 synthetic steps involving (1) reaction of succinimidyl ester on linker with ε-amine of Lys2 on the peptide and (2) reaction of maleimide on peptide linker with free thiol of Cysteine 34 (Cys34) on albumin. In-process controls using ESI LC-MS were used to follow reactions and identify reaction products. Proteolytic digests of the conjugate revealed that peptide conjugation occurs at Cys34 on HSA. Conjugates were assayed in cell-based assays to determine potency at the human Y2-receptor, and selectivity at the human Y1-, Y4-, and Y5-receptors using a calcium flux assay. All three conjugates assayed were selective agonists of the Y2-receptor, and displayed nanomolar potencies. MCC and MH conjugates were selected for acute PK/PD studies in DIO mice. Significant reduction in food intake was observed with the MH conjugate, which lasted for 24 h at the 10 mg (or 4 μmol)/kg dose. While the MCC conjugate exhibited greater potency in vitro, it was slightly less effective than the MH conjugate in vivo with respect to reduction in food intake. Both conjugates were significantly less active than the peptide coupled to a 30 kDa PEG. The observed T1/2 (8-9 h) for both conjugates was significantly lower than that observed for the PEGylated peptide (∼25 h). These results suggest that, as compared with the unmodified and PEGylated peptide, the extended circulation half-life of albumin conjugates is mediated through uptake and recirculation by FcRn, and allometric scaling methods are necessary to account for interspecies variation in pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Ehrlich
- Pharmaceutical & Analytical R&D, ‡Discovery Technologies, ∥Non-Clinical Safety, #Discovery Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. , 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey, United States
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18
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Abstract
Obesity is a major worldwide health problem. The treatment options are severely limited. The development of novel anti-obesity drugs is fraught with efficacy and safety issues. Consequently, several investigational anti-obesity drugs have failed to gain marketing approval in recent years. Anorectic gut hormones offer a potentially safe and viable option for the treatment of obesity. The prospective utility of gut hormones has improved drastically in recent years with the development of longer acting analogues. Additionally, specific combinations of gut hormones have been demonstrated to have additive anorectic effects. This article reviews the current stage of anti-obesity drugs in development, focusing on gut hormone-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K McGavigan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β: unique enzymes in inflammation, neurodegeneration, cancer and fibrosis. Biochem J 2013; 450:253-64. [PMID: 23410038 PMCID: PMC3573791 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β exhibit structural and functional features that are unique among all extracellular proteases. Although meprins were discovered more than 30 years ago, their precise substrates and physiological roles have been elusive. Both enzymes were originally found to be highly expressed in kidney and intestine, which focused research on these particular tissues and associated pathologies. Only recently it has become evident that meprins exhibit a much broader expression pattern, implicating functions in angiogenesis, cancer, inflammation, fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Different animal models, as well as proteomics approaches for the identification of protease substrates, have helped to reveal more precise molecular signalling events mediated by meprin activity, such as activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. APP (amyloid precursor protein) is cleaved by meprin β in vivo, reminiscent of the β-secretase BACE1 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1). The subsequent release of Aβ (amyloid β) peptides is thought to be the major cause of the neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 10), which is the constitutive α-secretase, was shown to be activated by meprin β, which is itself shed from the cell surface by ADAM10. In skin, both meprins are overexpressed in fibrotic tumours, characterized by massive accumulation of fibrillar collagens. Indeed, procollagen III is processed to its mature form by meprin α and meprin β, an essential step in collagen fibril assembly. The recently solved crystal structure of meprin β and the unique cleavage specificity of these proteases identified by proteomics will help to generate specific inhibitors that could be used as therapeutics to target meprins under certain pathological conditions.
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