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Lyu Z, Chan YT, Lu Y, Fung Lam T, Wu X, Wu J, Xu L, Yang W, Zhang C, Lidan Zhong L, Wang N. Osteoprotegerin mediates adipogenesis in obesity. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00255-8. [PMID: 38906326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipogenesis, the process of white adipose tissue expansion, plays a critical role in the development of obesity. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), known for its role in bone metabolism regulation, emerges as a potential regulator in mediating adipogenesis during obesity onset. OBJECTIVES This study aims to elucidate the involvement of OPG in adipogenesis during the early phases of diet-induced obesity and explore its therapeutic potential in obesity management. METHODS Using a diet-induced obesity model, we investigated OPG expression patterns in adipocytes and explored the mechanisms underlying its involvement in adipogenesis. We also assessed the effects of targeted silencing of OPG and recombinant OPG administration on obesity progression and insulin resistance. Additionally, the impact of electroacupuncture treatment on OPG levels and obesity management was evaluated in both animal models and human participants. RESULTS OPG expression was prominently activated in adipocytes of white adipose tissues during the early phase of diet-induced obesity. Hyperlipidemia induced Cbfa1-dependent OPG transcription, initiating and promoting adipogenesis, leading to cell-size expansion and lipid storage. Intracellular OPG physically bound to RAR and released the PPARɤ/RXR complex, activating adipogenesis-associated gene expression. Targeted silencing of OPG suppressed obesity development, while recombinant OPG administration promoted disease progression and insulin resistance in obese mice. Electroacupuncture treatment suppressed obesity development in an OPG-dependent manner and improved obesity parameters in obese human participants. CONCLUSION OPG emerges as a key regulator in mediating adipogenesis during obesity development. Targeting OPG holds promise for the prevention and treatment of obesity, as evidenced by the efficacy of electroacupuncture treatment in modulating OPG levels and managing obesity-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipan Lyu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yau-Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Fung Lam
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingyao Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linda Lidan Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Shimonty A, Pin F, Prideaux M, Peng G, Huot J, Kim H, Rosen CJ, Spiegelman BM, Bonewald LF. Deletion of FNDC5/irisin modifies murine osteocyte function in a sex-specific manner. eLife 2024; 12:RP92263. [PMID: 38661340 PMCID: PMC11045224 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin, released from exercised muscle, has been shown to have beneficial effects on numerous tissues but its effects on bone are unclear. We found significant sex and genotype differences in bone from wildtype (WT) mice compared to mice lacking Fndc5 (knockout [KO]), with and without calcium deficiency. Despite their bone being indistinguishable from WT females, KO female mice were partially protected from osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption when allowed to lactate or when placed on a low-calcium diet. Male KO mice have more but weaker bone compared to WT males, and when challenged with a low-calcium diet lost more bone than WT males. To begin to understand responsible molecular mechanisms, osteocyte transcriptomics was performed. Osteocytes from WT females had greater expression of genes associated with osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption compared to WT males which had greater expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism. Few differences were observed between female KO and WT osteocytes, but with a low-calcium diet, the KO females had lower expression of genes responsible for osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic resorption than the WT females. Male KO osteocytes had lower expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism, but higher expression of genes associated with bone resorption compared to male WT. In conclusion, irisin plays a critical role in the development of the male but not the female skeleton and protects male but not female bone from calcium deficiency. We propose irisin ensures the survival of offspring by targeting the osteocyte to provide calcium in lactating females, a novel function for this myokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gang Peng
- Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | | | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejonRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisUnited States
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3
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Shimonty A, Pin F, Prideaux M, Peng G, Huot JR, Kim H, Rosen CJ, Spiegelman BM, Bonewald LF. Deletion of FNDC5/Irisin modifies murine osteocyte function in a sex-specific manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.06.565774. [PMID: 37986762 PMCID: PMC10659274 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, released from exercised muscle, has been shown to have beneficial effects on numerous tissues but its effects on bone are unclear. We found significant sex and genotype differences in bone from wildtype (WT) mice compared to mice lacking Fndc5 (KO), with and without calcium deficiency. Despite their bone being indistinguishable from WT females, KO female mice were partially protected from osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption when allowed to lactate or when placed on a low-calcium diet. Male KO mice have more but weaker bone compared to WT males, and when challenged with a low-calcium diet lost more bone than WT males. To begin to understand responsible molecular mechanisms, osteocyte transcriptomics was performed. Osteocytes from WT females had greater expression of genes associated with osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption compared to WT males which had greater expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism. Few differences were observed between female KO and WT osteocytes, but with a low calcium diet, the KO females had lower expression of genes responsible for osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic resorption than the WT females. Male KO osteocytes had lower expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism, but higher expression of genes associated with bone resorption compared to male WT. In conclusion, irisin plays a critical role in the development of the male but not the female skeleton and protects male but not female bone from calcium deficiency. We propose irisin ensures the survival of offspring by targeting the osteocyte to provide calcium in lactating females, a novel function for this myokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Shimonty
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Matt Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Gang Peng
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Joshua R Huot
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, ME, 04074, Scarborough, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
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Fricke HP, Hernandez LL. The Serotonergic System and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy and Lactation and the Implications of SSRI Use on the Maternal-Offspring Dyad. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 37086330 PMCID: PMC10122632 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological adaptation of the class Mammalia and is a product of over 200 million years of evolution. During lactation, the mammary gland orchestrates bone metabolism via serotonin signaling in order to provide sufficient calcium for the offspring in milk. The role of serotonin in bone remodeling was first discovered over two decades ago, and the interplay between serotonin, lactation, and bone metabolism has been explored in the years following. It is estimated that postpartum depression affects 10-15% of the population, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used as the first-line treatment. Studies conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, sheep, and rodents have provided evidence that there are consequences on both parent and offspring when serotonin signaling is disrupted during the peripartal period; however, the long-term consequences of disruption of serotonin signaling via SSRIs during the peripartal period on the maternal and offspring skeleton are not fully known. This review will focus on the relationship between the mammary gland, serotonin, and bone remodeling during the peripartal period and the skeletal consequences of the dysregulation of the serotonergic system in both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Fricke
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Brent MB. Pharmaceutical treatment of bone loss: From animal models and drug development to future treatment strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108383. [PMID: 36933702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamental to advance our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of bone loss and to study pharmaceutical countermeasures against it. The animal model of post-menopausal osteoporosis from ovariectomy is the most widely used preclinical approach to study skeletal deterioration. However, several other animal models exist, each with unique characteristics such as bone loss from disuse, lactation, glucocorticoid excess, or exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these animal models to emphasize the importance and significance of investigating bone loss and pharmaceutical countermeasures from perspectives other than post-menopausal osteoporosis only. Hence, the pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms involved in the various types of bone loss are different, and this might influence which prevention and treatment strategies are the most effective. In addition, the review sought to map the current landscape of pharmaceutical countermeasures against osteoporosis with an emphasis on how drug development has changed from being driven by clinical observations and enhancement or repurposing of existing drugs to today's use of targeted anti-bodies that are the result of advanced insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone formation and resorption. Moreover, new treatment combinations or repurposing opportunities of already approved drugs with a focus on dabigatran, parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, growth hormone, inhibitors of the activin signaling pathway, acetazolamide, zoledronate, and romosozumab are discussed. Despite the considerable progress in drug development, there is still a clear need to improve treatment strategies and develop new pharmaceuticals against various types of osteoporosis. The review also highlights that new treatment indications should be explored using multiple animal models of bone loss in order to ensure a broad representation of different types of skeletal deterioration instead of mainly focusing on primary osteoporosis from post-menopausal estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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6
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Athonvarangkul D, Wysolmerski JJ. Crosstalk within a brain-breast-bone axis regulates mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121579. [PMID: 36875035 PMCID: PMC9979219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the increased calcium demands for milk production during lactation, a dramatic and reversible physiological response occurs to alter bone and mineral metabolism. This coordinated process involves a brain-breast-bone axis that integrates hormonal signals that allow for adequate calcium delivery to milk yet also protects the maternal skeletal from excessive bone loss or decreases in bone quality or function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between the hypothalamus, mammary gland, and skeleton during lactation. We discuss the rare entity of pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis and consider how the physiology of bone turnover in lactation may impact the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Further understanding of the regulators of bone loss during lactation, particularly in humans, may provide insights into new therapies for osteoporosis and other diseases of excess bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Athonvarangkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Ryan BA, McGregor NE, Kirby BJ, Al-Tilissi A, Poulton IJ, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Calcitriol-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption, Osteoblast Function, and Skeletal Mineralization during Lactation and Recovery in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2483-2497. [PMID: 36128890 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from lactation-induced bone loss appears to be calcitriol-independent, since mice lacking 1-alpha-hydroxylase or vitamin D receptor (VDR) exhibit full skeletal recovery. However, in those studies mice consumed a calcium-, phosphorus-, and lactose-enriched "rescue" diet. Here we assessed whether postweaning skeletal recovery of Vdr null mice required that rescue diet. Wild type (WT) and Vdr null mice were raised on the rescue diet and switched to a normal (1% calcium) diet at Day 21 of lactation until 28 days after weaning. Unmated mice received the same regimen. In WT mice, cortical thickness was significantly reduced by 25% at 21 days of lactation and was completely restored by 28 days after weaning. Three-point bending tests similarly showed a significant reduction during lactation and full recovery of ultimate load and energy absorbed. Although Vdr null mice exhibited a similar lactational reduction in cortical thickness and mechanical strength, neither was even partially restored after weaning. Unmated mice showed no significant changes. In micro-computed tomography scans, diaphyses of Vdr null femora at 28 days after weaning were highly porous and exhibited abundant low-density bone extending into the marrow space from the endocortical surface. To quantify, we segregated bone into low-, mid-, and high-density components. In WT diaphyses, high-density bone was lost during lactation and restored after weaning. Vdr null mice also lost high-density bone during lactation but did not replace it; instead, they demonstrated a threefold increase in low-density bone mass. Histology revealed that intracortical and endocortical surfaces of Vdr null bones after weaning contained very thick (up to 20 micron) osteoid seams, covered with multiple layers of osteoblasts and precursors. We conclude that during the postweaning period, osteoblasts are potently stimulated to produce osteoid despite lacking VDRs, and that either calcitriol or a calcium-enriched diet are needed for this immature bone to become mineralized. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Abdelkhayoum Al-Tilissi
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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8
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Yang Y, Wang S, Cong H. Association between parity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:87. [PMID: 35321721 PMCID: PMC8944100 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy has been considered a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. Despite much research in this field, the relationship between parity and bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate whether there was an association between parity and BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women. METHODS Cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Three linear regression models, Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI)), and Model 3 (adjusted for all covariates), were established to evaluate the relationship between parity and BMD. In addition, the p value trend of BMD in the different parity groups was mutually verified with the results of multiple regression. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between parity and osteoporosis. RESULTS In total, 924 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years were eligible for this study. After adjustment for potential confounders, women with ≥ 6 parities had significantly lower lumbar spine BMD than women with 1-2 parities (β = - 0.072, 95% CI: - 0.125, - 0.018, P = 0.009). However, there was no correlation between parity and femoral neck BMD in any of the three regression models. Furthermore, ≥ 6 parities were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of lumbar spine osteoporosis compared with 1-2 parities (OR = 3.876, 95% CI: 1.637, 9.175, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS After adjustment for BMD-related risk factors, ≥ 6 parities were associated with decreased lumbar spine BMD but not femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women. This suggests that postmenopausal women with high parity are at increased risk of lumbar osteoporotic fractures and should pay more attention to their bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Zhang L, Piao X. Use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in diets for sows: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:728-736. [PMID: 34466677 PMCID: PMC8379139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), as an alternative source of vitamin D, is becoming increasingly popular due to its commercialization and more efficient absorbability. The addition of 25OHD3 rather than its precursor vitamin D3 can circumvent the 25-hydroxylation reaction in the liver, indicating that supplementation of 25OHD3 can rapidly improve the circulating vitamin D status of animals. Emerging experiments have reported that maternal 25OHD3 supplementation could increase sow performances and birth outcomes and promote circulating vitamin D status of sows and their offspring. Increased milk fat content was observed in many experiments; however, others demonstrated that adding 25OHD3 to lactating sow diets increased the contents of milk protein and lactose. Although an inconsistency between the results of different experiments exists, these studies suggested that maternal 25OHD3 supplementation could alter milk composition via its effects on the mammary gland. Previous studies have demonstrated that adding 25OHD3 to sow diets could improve the mRNA expressions of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in the mammary gland cells from milk and increase the mRNA expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACCα) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the mammary gland tissue. Maternal 25OHD3 supplementation promotes skeletal muscle development of piglets before and after parturition, and improves bone properties including bone density and bone breaking force in lactating sows and their piglets. Interestingly, 25OHD3 supplementation in sow diets could improve neonatal bone development via regulation of milk fatty acid composition related to bone metabolism and mineralization. In this review, we also discuss the effects of adding 25OHD3 to sow diets on the gut bacterial metabolites of suckling piglets, and propose that butyrate production may be associated with bone health. Therefore, to better understand the nutritional functions of maternal 25OHD3 supplementation, this paper reviews advances in the studies of 25OHD3 for sow nutrition and provides references for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Meshkini A. A Correlation Between Intracellular Zinc Content and Osteosarcoma. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3222-3231. [PMID: 33150482 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a trace element in human body involved in many biological processes. It is critical for cell growth and acts as a cofactor for the structure and function of a wide range of cellular proteins such as enzymes. Mounting evidence has shown the involvement of intracellular zinc in the bone-related biological processes such as bone growth, homeostasis, and regeneration; however, the molecular mechanism(s) whereby zinc impels tumorigenesis in bone remains largely unexplored. In this article, selective outline related to the content of intracellular zinc in osteosarcoma cells was provided, and its correlation with signaling molecules that are activated and consequently guide the cells toward tumorigenesis or osteogenesis was discussed. Based on preclinical and clinical evidence, dysregulation of zinc homeostasis, both at intracellular and tissue level, has the main role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Based on the intracellular zinc content, this element could have a direct role in the dynamics of bone cell transformation and tumor development and play an indirect role in the modulation of the inflammatory and pro/antitumorigenic responses in immune cells. In this context, zinc transporters and the proteins containing zinc domain are regulated by the availability of zinc, playing a crucial role in bone cell transformation and differentiation. According to recent studies, it seems that intracellular zinc levels could be considered as an early prognosis marker. Besides, identification and targeting of zinc-dependent signaling molecules could tilt the balance of life and death toward the latter in chemoresistant malignant cells and may pave a way for designing of the novel osteosarcoma treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Meshkini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, P. O. Box 9177948974, Iran.
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11
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Grinman D, Athonvarungkul D, Wysolmerski J, Jeong J. Calcium Metabolism and Breast Cancer: Echoes of Lactation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:63-70. [PMID: 33299957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactation requires a series of adaptations in maternal calcium and bone metabolism to ensure a steady supply of calcium to the lactating mammary gland. The alterations in systemic metabolism are accompanied by alterations in the expression of calcium receptors, channels, binding proteins, pumps and transporters in mammary epithelial cells to increase the uptake of calcium from the extracellular fluid and to transport it into milk. Intracellular calcium regulates signaling pathways that mediate changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and death and many of the molecules involved in supporting and coordinating calcium secretion into milk are re-expressed and redeployed to support malignant behavior in breast cancer cells. In this article, we review adaptations of systemic calcium homeostasis during lactation, as well as the mechanisms of milk calcium transport. We then discuss how reactivation of these pathways contributes to the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Grinman
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Diana Athonvarungkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
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12
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Kanakis I, Alameddine M, Scalabrin M, van 't Hof RJ, Liloglou T, Ozanne SE, Goljanek-Whysall K, Vasilaki A. Low protein intake during reproduction compromises the recovery of lactation-induced bone loss in female mouse dams without affecting skeletal muscles. FASEB J 2020; 34:11844-11859. [PMID: 32652768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactation-induced bone loss occurs due to high calcium requirements for fetal growth but skeletal recovery is normally achieved promptly postweaning. Dietary protein is vital for fetus and mother but the effects of protein undernutrition on the maternal skeleton and skeletal muscles are largely unknown. We used mouse dams fed with normal (N, 20%) or low (L, 8%) protein diet during gestation and lactation and maintained on the same diets (NN, LL) or switched from low to normal (LN) during a 28 d skeletal restoration period post lactation. Skeletal muscle morphology and neuromuscular junction integrity was not different between any of the groups. However, dams fed the low protein diet showed extensive bone loss by the end of lactation, followed by full skeletal recovery in NN dams, partial recovery in LN and poor bone recovery in LL dams. Primary osteoblasts from low protein diet fed mice showed decreased in vitro bone formation and decreased osteogenic marker gene expression; promoter methylation analysis by pyrosequencing showed no differences in Bmpr1a, Ptch1, Sirt1, Osx, and Igf1r osteoregulators, while miR-26a, -34a, and -125b expression was found altered in low protein fed mice. Therefore, normal protein diet is indispensable for maternal musculoskeletal health during the reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kanakis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Moussira Alameddine
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mattia Scalabrin
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob J van 't Hof
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Amin N, Clark CCT, Taghizadeh M, Djafarnejad S. Zinc supplements and bone health: The role of the RANKL-RANK axis as a therapeutic target. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:126417. [PMID: 31653549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To this day, empirical data suggests that zinc has important roles in matrix synthesis, bone turnover, and mineralization and its beneficial effects on bone could be mediated through different mechanisms. The influence of zinc on bone turnover could be facilitated via regulating RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in bone tissue. Therefore, the aim of the study was to conduct a review to investigate the possible effect of the zinc mediated bone remodeling via RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. METHODS A comprehensive systematic search was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar to explore the studies investigating the effect of zinc as a bone remodeling factor via RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway regulation. Subsequently, the details of the pathway and the impact of zinc supplements on RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway regulation were discussed. RESULTS The pathway could play an important role in bone remodeling and any imbalance between RANKL/RANK/OPG components could lead to extreme bone resorption. Although the outcomes of some studies are equivocal, it is evident that zinc possesses protective properties against bone loss by regulating the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. There are several experiments where zinc supplementation resulted in upregulation of OPG expression or decreases RANKL level. However, the results of some studies oppose this. CONCLUSION It is likely that sufficient zinc intake will elicit positive effects on bone health by RANKL/RANK/OPG regulation. Although the outcomes of a few studies are equivocal, it seems that zinc can exert the protective properties against bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via downregulation of RANKL/RANK. Additionally, there are several experiments where zinc supplementation resulted in upregulation of OPG expression. However, the results of limited studies oppose this. Therefore, aside from the positive role zinc possesses in preserving bone mass, further effects of zinc in RANKL/RANK/OPG system requires further animal/human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Amin
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Djafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Ryan BA, Kovacs CS. The puzzle of lactational bone physiology: osteocytes masquerade as osteoclasts and osteoblasts. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3041-3044. [PMID: 31232705 DOI: 10.1172/jci130640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a unique period in which the maternal skeleton acts as a storehouse to provide substantial calcium to milk. Women who exclusively breastfeed lose an average of 210 mg of calcium per day, which doubles or triples with twins and triplets. Data from rodent and clinical studies are consistent with skeletal calcium being released to provide much of the calcium needed for milk production. This is programmed to occur independently of dietary calcium intake or intestinal calcium absorption, which remains at the prepregnant rate in breastfeeding women. After weaning, the skeleton is restored to its prior mineralization and strength, but the factors that regulate this remain to be elucidated.
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15
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Lotinun S, Ishihara Y, Nagano K, Kiviranta R, Carpentier VT, Neff L, Parkman V, Ide N, Hu D, Dann P, Brooks D, Bouxsein ML, Wysolmerski J, Gori F, Baron R. Cathepsin K-deficient osteocytes prevent lactation-induced bone loss and parathyroid hormone suppression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3058-3071. [PMID: 31112135 DOI: 10.1172/jci122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation induces bone loss to provide sufficient calcium in the milk, a process that involves osteoclastic bone resorption but also osteocytes and perilacunar resorption. The exact mechanisms by which osteocytes contribute to bone loss remain elusive. Osteocytes express genes required in osteoclasts for bone resorption, including cathepsin K (Ctsk), and lactation elevates their expression. We show that Ctsk deletion in osteocytes prevented the increase in osteocyte lacunar area seen during lactation, as well as the effects of lactation to increase osteoclast numbers and decrease trabecular bone volume, cortical thickness and mechanical properties. In addition, Ctsk deletion in osteocytes increased bone Parathyroid Hormone related Peptide (PTHrP), prevented the decrease in serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) induced by lactation, but amplified the increase in serum 1,25(OH)2D. The net result of these changes is to maintain serum and milk calcium levels in the normal range, ensuring normal offspring skeletal development. Our studies confirm the fundamental role of osteocytic perilacunar remodeling in physiological states of lactation and provides genetic evidence that osteocyte-derived Ctsk contributes not only to osteocyte perilacunar remodeling, but also to the regulation of PTH, PTHrP, 1,25-Dyhydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in response to the high calcium demand associated with lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutada Lotinun
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology and Skeletal Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshihito Ishihara
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics and Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vincent T Carpentier
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Neff
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia Parkman
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noriko Ide
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorothy Hu
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Francesca Gori
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Weaver SR, Hernandez LL. Could use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Lactation Cause Persistent Effects on Maternal Bone? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:5-25. [PMID: 29603039 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lactating mammary gland elegantly coordinates maternal homeostasis to provide calcium for milk. During lactation, the monoamine serotonin regulates the synthesis and release of various mammary gland-derived factors, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), to stimulate bone resorption. Recent evidence suggests that bone mineral lost during prolonged lactation is not fully recovered following weaning, possibly putting women at increased risk of fracture or osteoporosis. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have also been associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Therefore, SSRI exposure while breastfeeding may exacerbate lactational bone loss, compromising long-term bone health. Through an examination of serotonin and calcium homeostasis during lactation, lactational bone turnover and post-weaning recovery of bone mineral, and the effect of peripartum depression and SSRI on the mammary gland and bone, this review will discuss the hypothesis that peripartum SSRI exposure causes persistent reductions in bone mineral density through mammary-derived PTHrP signaling with bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Weaver
- Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Shamsuzzaman S, Onal M, St John HC, Pike JW. Deletion of a Distal RANKL Gene Enhancer Delays Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4240-4253. [PMID: 28419519 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is a TNF-like cytokine which mediates diverse physiological functions including bone remodeling and immune regulation. RANKL has been identified in atherosclerotic lesions; however, its role in atherosclerotic plaque development remains elusive. An enhancer located 75 kb upstream of the murine Rankl gene's transcription start site designated D5 is important for its calciotropic hormone- and cytokine-mediated expression. Here, we determined the impact of RANKL levels in atherosclerotic plaque development in the D5 enhancer-null (D5-/- ) mice in an atherogenic Apoe-/- background fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rankl mRNA transcripts were increased in aortic arches and thoracic aortae of Apoe-/- mice; however, this increase was blunted in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. Similarly, higher Rankl transcripts were identified in splenic T lymphocytes in Apoe-/- mice, and their levels were reduced in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. When analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µCT), atherosclerotic plaque calcification was identified in six out of eight Apoe-/- mice, whereas only one out of eight Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice developed plaque calcification after 12 weeks of HFD. However, following 18 weeks of HFD challenge, all of Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- ;D5-/- animals developed atherosclerotic plaque calcification. Likewise, atherosclerotic lesion sizes were site-specifically reduced in the aortic arch of Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice at initial stage of atherosclerosis and this effect was diminished as atherosclerosis proceeded to a more advanced stage. Our data suggest that deletion of the RANKL D5 enhancer delays the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development and plaque calcification in hypercholesterolemic mice. This work provides important insight into RANKL's regulatory role in atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4240-4253, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Melda Onal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Hillary C St John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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18
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Kovacs CS. The Skeleton Is a Storehouse of Mineral That Is Plundered During Lactation and (Fully?) Replenished Afterwards. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:676-680. [PMID: 28177150 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, mammals resorb mineral from the maternal skeleton to provide calcium to milk. Rodents lose 25% to 35% of skeletal ash weight, ash calcium content, and bone mineral content as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and have compromised material properties of bone as assessed by crushing vertebrae and 3-point bend tests of femora or tibias. The strength, stiffness, and toughness of vertebrae, femora, and tibias are reduced by as much as 60%. The effects of lactation are not uniform throughout the skeleton, but instead resorption is much more marked in the trabecular-rich spine than in the appendicular skeleton or whole body. Women who breastfeed exclusively lose an average of 210 mg calcium in milk each day, whereas nursing of twins or triplets can double and triple the output of calcium. Clinical data are also consistent with skeletal calcium being released during lactation to provide much of the calcium needed for milk production. Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), as assessed by DXA, declines by a mean of 5% to 10% among numerous studies during 3 to 6 months of exclusive lactation, whereas largely cortical sites (hip, forearm, whole body) show half that loss or no significant changes. Micro-CT of rodents and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging of women confirm that lactation causes microarchitectural deterioration of bone. These skeletal losses occur through two pathways: upregulated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteocytic osteolysis, in which osteocytes remove mineral from their lacunae and pericanalicular spaces. After weaning, the skeleton is fully restored to its prior mineral content and strength in both animal models and humans, despite persistent microarchitectural changes observed in high-resolution imaging. Osteoblasts upregulate to lay down new osteoid, while osteocytes remineralize their surroundings. The factors that stimulate this post-weaning skeletal recovery remain unclear. In most studies, a history of lactation does not increase the risk, but may protect against, low BMD and fragility fractures. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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19
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Sun F, Cao Y, Yu C, Wei X, Yao J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates calcium transport in goat mammary epithelial cells in a dose- and energy-dependent manner. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:41. [PMID: 27471592 PMCID: PMC4964070 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium is a vital mineral and an indispensable component of milk for ruminants. The regulation of transcellular calcium transport by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D) has been confirmed in humans and rodents, and regulators, including vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium binding protein D9k (calbindin-D9k), plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), PMAC2b and Orai1, are involved in this process. However, it is still unclear whether 1,25-(OH)2D3 could stimulate calcium transport in the ruminant mammary gland. The present trials were conducted to study the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation and energy availability on the expression of genes and proteins related to calcium secretion in goat mammary epithelial cells. Methods An in vitro culture method for goat secreting mammary epithelial cells was successfully established. The cells were treated with different doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 nmol/L) for calcium transport research, followed by a 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism) treatment to determine its dependence on glucose availability. Cell proliferation ratios, glucose consumption and enzyme activities were measured with commercial kits, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blots were used to determine the expression of genes and proteins associated with mammary calcium transport in dairy goats, respectively. Results 1,25-(OH)2D3 promoted cell proliferation and the expression of genes involved in calcium transport in a dose-dependent manner when the concentration did not exceed 10.0 nmol/L. In addition, 100.0 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited cell proliferation and the expression of associated genes compared with the 10.0 nmol/L treatment. The inhibition of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glucose metabolism, decreased the expression of PMCA1b and PMCA2b at the mRNA and protein levels as well as the transcription of Orai1, indicating that glucose availability was required for goat mammary calcium transport. The optimal concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 that facilitated calcium transport in this study was 10.0 nmol/L. Conclusions Supplementation with 1,25-(OH)2D3 influenced cell proliferation and regulated the expression of calcium transport modulators in a dose- and energy-dependent manner, thereby highlighting the role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 as an efficacious regulatory agent that produces calcium-enriched milk in ruminants when a suitable energy status was guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China
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20
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Martin TJ. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, Its Regulation of Cartilage and Bone Development, and Role in Treating Bone Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:831-71. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a cancer-derived hormone, it has been revealed as an important paracrine/autocrine regulator in many tissues, where its effects are context dependent. Thus its location and action in the vasculature explained decades-long observations that injection of PTH into animals rapidly lowered blood pressure by producing vasodilatation. Its roles have been specified in development and maturity in cartilage and bone as a crucial regulator of endochondral bone formation and bone remodeling, respectively. Although it shares actions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) through the use of their common receptor, PTHR1, PTHrP has other actions mediated by regions within the molecule beyond the amino-terminal sequence that resembles PTH, including the ability to promote placental transfer of calcium from mother to fetus. A striking feature of the physiology of PTHrP is that it possesses structural features that equip it to be transported in and out of the nucleus, and makes use of a specific nuclear import mechanism to do so. Evidence from mouse genetic experiments shows that PTHrP generated locally in bone is essential for normal bone remodeling. Whereas the main physiological function of PTH is the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism, locally generated PTHrP is the important physiological mediator of bone remodeling postnatally. Thus the use of intermittent injection of PTH as an anabolic therapy for bone appears to be a pharmacological application of the physiological function of PTHrP. There is much current interest in the possibility of developing PTHrP analogs that might enhance the therapeutic anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Kovacs CS. Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:449-547. [PMID: 26887676 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to meet the added nutritional demands of fetuses and neonates. An average full-term fetus contains ∼30 g calcium, 20 g phosphorus, and 0.8 g magnesium. About 80% of mineral is accreted during the third trimester; calcium transfers at 300-350 mg/day during the final 6 wk. The neonate requires 200 mg calcium daily from milk during the first 6 mo, and 120 mg calcium from milk during the second 6 mo (additional calcium comes from solid foods). Calcium transfers can be more than double and triple these values, respectively, in women who nurse twins and triplets. About 25% of dietary calcium is normally absorbed in healthy adults. Average maternal calcium intakes in American and Canadian women are insufficient to meet the fetal and neonatal calcium requirements if normal efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is relied upon. However, several adaptations are invoked to meet the fetal and neonatal demands for mineral without requiring increased intakes by the mother. During pregnancy the efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption doubles, whereas during lactation the maternal skeleton is resorbed to provide calcium for milk. This review addresses our current knowledge regarding maternal adaptations in mineral and skeletal homeostasis that occur during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning recovery. Also considered are the impacts that these adaptations have on biochemical and hormonal parameters of mineral homeostasis, the consequences for long-term skeletal health, and the presentation and management of disorders of mineral and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Wendelboe MH, Thomsen JS, Henriksen K, Vegger JB, Brüel A. Zoledronate prevents lactation induced bone loss and results in additional post-lactation bone mass in mice. Bone 2016; 87:27-36. [PMID: 27021151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, lactation is associated with a considerable and very rapid bone loss, which almost completely recovers after weaning. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the bisphosphonate Zoledronate (Zln) can inhibit lactation induced bone loss, and if Zln interferes with recovery of bone mass after lactation has ceased. Seventy-six 10-weeks-old NMRI mice were divided into the following groups: Baseline, Pregnant, Lactation, Lactation+Zln, Recovery, Recovery+Zln, and Virgin Control (age-matched). The lactation period was 12days, then the pups were removed, and thereafter recovery took place for 28days. Zln, 100μg/kg, was given s.c. on the day of delivery, and again 4 and 8days later. Mechanical testing, μCT, and dynamic histomorphometry were performed. At L4, lactation resulted in a substantial loss of bone strength (-55% vs. Pregnant, p<0.01), BV/TV (-40% vs. Pregnant, p<0.01), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (-29% vs. Pregnant, p<0.001). Treatment with Zln completely prevented lactation induced loss of bone strength, BV/TV, and Tb.Th at L4. Full recovery of micro-architectural and mechanical properties was found 28days after weaning in vehicle-treated mice. Interestingly, the recovery group treated with Zln during the lactation period had higher BV/TV (+45%, p<0.01) and Tb.Th (+16%, p<0.05) compared with virgin controls. Similar results were found at the proximal tibia and femur. This indicates that Zln did not interfere with the bone formation taking place after weaning. On this background, we conclude that post-lactation bone formation is not dependent on a preceding lactation induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Høegh Wendelboe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bay Vegger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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