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Gillis NE, Cozzens LM, Wilson ER, Smith NM, Tomczak JA, Bolf EL, Carr FE. TRβ Agonism Induces Tumor Suppression and Enhances Drug Efficacy in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad135. [PMID: 37702560 PMCID: PMC10506733 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is a recognized tumor suppressor in numerous solid cancers. The molecular signaling of TRβ has been elucidated in several cancer types through re-expression models. Remarkably, the potential impact of selective activation of endogenous TRβ on tumor progression remains largely unexplored. We used cell-based and in vivo assays to evaluate the effects of the TRβ agonist sobetirome (GC-1) on a particularly aggressive and dedifferentiated cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Here we report that GC-1 reduced the tumorigenic phenotype, decreased cancer stem-like cell populations, and induced redifferentiation of the ATC cell lines with different mutational backgrounds. Of note, this selective activation of TRβ amplified the effects of therapeutic agents in blunting the aggressive cell phenotype and stem cell growth. In xenograft assays, GC-1 alone inhibited tumor growth and was as effective as the kinase inhibitor, sorafenib. These results indicate that selective activation of TRβ not only induces a tumor suppression program de novo but enhances the effectiveness of anticancer agents, revealing potential novel combination therapies for ATC and other aggressive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Lauren M Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Emily R Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Noah M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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2
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Schneider M, Köpke MB, Zehni AZ, Vilsmaier T, Kessler M, Kailuweit M, Vattai A, Heidegger HH, Cavaillès V, Jeschke U, Ditsch N. Cytoplasmic Localization of Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) Alpha and Nuclear Expression of Its Isoform TRα2 Determine Survival in Breast Cancer in Opposite Ways. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3610. [PMID: 37509273 PMCID: PMC10377287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the respective prognostic values of cytoplasmic and nuclear TRα, TRα1, and TRα2 expression in breast cancer (BC) tissue samples and correlate the results with clinico-pathological parameters. In 249 BC patients, the expression patterns of general TRα and the α1 and α2 isoforms were evaluated via immuno-histochemistry. Prognosis-determining aspects were calculated via univariate, as well as multivariate, analysis. Univariate Cox-regression analysis revealed no association between nuclear TRα expression and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.126), whereas cytoplasmic TRα expression was significantly correlated with a poor outcome for both OS (p = 0.034) and ten-year survival (p = 0.009). Strengthening these results, cytoplasmic TRα was found to be an independent marker of OS (p = 0.010) when adjusted to fit clinico-pathological parameters. Analyses of the TRα-subgroups revealed that TRα1 had no prognostic relevance, whereas nuclear TRα2 expression was positively associated with OS (p = 0.014), ten-year survival (p = 0.029), and DFS (p = 0.043). Additionally, nuclear TRα2 expression was found to be an independent positive prognosticator (p = 0.030) when adjusted to fit clinico-pathological parameters. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that subcellular localization of TRα and its isoforms plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer. Cytoplasmic TRα expression correlates with more aggressive disease progression, whereas nuclear TRα2 expression appears to be a protective factor. These data may help us to prioritize high-risk BC subgroups for possible targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Melitta B Köpke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kailuweit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM-Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, CEDEX 5, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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3
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Asghar MY, Knuutinen T, Holm E, Nordström T, Nguyen VD, Zhou Y, Törnquist K. Suppression of Calcium Entry Modulates the Expression of TRβ1 and Runx2 in Thyroid Cancer Cells, Two Transcription Factors That Regulate Invasion, Proliferation and Thyroid-Specific Protein Levels. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235838. [PMID: 36497320 PMCID: PMC9740761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 (TRβ1) is downregulated in several human cancer cell types, which has been associated with development of an aggressive tumor phenotype and the upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In this study, we show that the expression of TRβ1 protein is downregulated in human thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines compared with the normal thyroid tissues and primary cell line, whilst Runx2 is upregulated under the same conditions. In contrast, the expression of TRβ1 is upregulated, whereas Runx2 is downregulated, in STIM1, Orai1 and TRPC1 knockdown cells, compared to mock transfected cells. To study the functional significance of Runx2 in follicular thyroid cancer ML-1 cells, we downregulated it by siRNA. This increased store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), but decreased cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, restoring TRβ1 expression in ML-1 cells decreased SOCE, basal and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-evoked invasion, the expression of the promigratory S1P3 receptor and pERK1/2, and at the same time increased the expression of the thyroid specific proteins thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, and thyroid transcription factor-1. In conclusion, we show that TRβ1 is downregulated in thyroid cancer cells and that restoration of its expression can reverse the cancer cell phenotype towards a normal thyroid cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Asghar
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.Y.A.); (K.T.)
| | - Taru Knuutinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Holm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tommy Nordström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Van Dien Nguyen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - You Zhou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Kid Törnquist
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.Y.A.); (K.T.)
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4
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Gong Z, Jia H, Xue L, Li D, Zeng X, Wei M, Liu Z, Tong MCF, Chen GG. The emerging role of transcription factor FOXP3 in thyroid cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:421-429. [PMID: 34463908 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor FOXP3 is a crucial regulator in the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg) that are essential for immunological tolerance and homeostasis. Numerous studies have indicated the correlation of tumor infiltrating FOXP3+ Treg upregulation with poor prognostic parameters in thyroid cancer, including lymph node metastases, extrathyroidal extension, and multifocality. Most immune-checkpoint molecules are expressed in Treg. The blockage of such signals with checkpoint inhibitors has been approved for several solid tumors, but not yet for thyroid cancer. Thyroid abnormalities may be induced by checkpoint inhibitors. For example, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, painless thyroiditis, or even thyroid storm are more frequently associated with anti-PD-1 antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab). Therefore, Targeting FOXP3+ Treg may have impacts on checkpoint molecules and the growth of thyroid cancer. Several factors may impact the role and stability of FOXP3, such as alternative RNA splicing, mutations, and post-translational modification. In addition, the role of FOXP3+ Treg in the tumor microenvironment is also affected by the complex regulatory network formed by FOXP3 and its transcriptional partners. Here we discussed how the expression and function of FOXP3 were regulated and how FOXP3 interacted with its targets in Treg, aiming to help the development of FOXP3 as a potential therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqin Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingbin Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongcai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT & Longgang, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT & Longgang, ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghui Wei
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael C F Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Dhingra M, Mahalanobis S, Das A. Thyroid receptor β might be responsible for breast cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a new insight into pathogenesis. Immunol Res 2022; 70:441-448. [PMID: 35562625 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting females worldwide. Often it is observed that women suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis exhibit a greater propensity towards development of breast cancer. The exact mechanism for the same is unknown. However, multiple experimental evidences suggest a significant role of thyroid receptor β (TR-β) in regulating cell growth and proliferation and thus play a potent role as a tumor suppressor in several cancers, including breast cancer. Thyroid receptor β shows anti-proliferative action through mediators like β-catenin, RUNX2, PI3K/AKT, and cyclin regulation. The present review explores the link between these pathways and how they may be dysregulated due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Further, we propose a new mechanism for cancer prognosis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which may lead to the development of TR-β targeting as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskaan Dhingra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Shayon Mahalanobis
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India.
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6
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Mengeling BJ, Vetter LF, Furlow JD. Retinoid-X receptor agonists increase thyroid hormone competence in lower jaw remodeling of pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266946. [PMID: 35417489 PMCID: PMC9007347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays critical roles during vertebrate development, including regulation of skeletal and cartilage growth. TH acts through its receptors (TRs), nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) that heterodimerize with Retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), to regulate gene expression. A defining difference between NR signaling during development compared to in adult tissues, is competence, the ability of the organism to respond to an endocrine signal. Amphibian metamorphosis, especially in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a well-established in vivo model for studying the mechanisms of TH action during development. Previously, we’ve used one-week post-fertilization X. laevis tadpoles, which are only partially competent to TH, to show that in the tail, which is naturally refractive to exogenous T3 at this stage, RXR agonists increase TH competence, and that RXR antagonism inhibits the TH response. Here, we focused on the jaw that undergoes dramatic TH-mediated remodeling during metamorphosis in order to support new feeding and breathing styles. We used a battery of approaches in one-week-old tadpoles, including quantitative morphology, differential gene expression and whole mount cell proliferation assays, to show that both pharmacologic (bexarotene) and environmental (tributyltin) RXR agonists potentiated TH-induced responses but were inactive in the absence of TH; and the RXR antagonist UVI 3003 inhibited TH action. Bex and TBT significantly potentiated cellular proliferation and the TH induction of runx2, a transcription factor critical for developing cartilage and bone. Prominent targets of RXR-mediated TH potentiation were members of the matrix metalloprotease family, suggesting that RXR potentiation may emphasize pathways responsible for rapid changes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J. Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara F. Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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7
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Doolittle WKL, Zhu X, Park S, Zhu YJ, Zhao L, Meltzer P, Cheng SY. Regulation of cancer stem cell activity by thyroid hormone receptor β. Oncogene 2022; 41:2315-2325. [PMID: 35256781 PMCID: PMC9018601 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of cancer stem cell markers have been recently identified. It is not known, however, whether a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ), can function to regulate cancer stem cell (CSC) activity. Using anaplastic thyroid cancer cells (ATC) as a model, we highlight the role of TRβ in CSC activity. ATC is one of the most aggressive solid cancers in humans and is resistant to currently available therapeutics. Recent studies provide evidence that CSC activity underlies aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance of ATC. Here we show that TRβ inhibits CSC activity by suppressing tumor-sphere formation of human ATC cells and their tumor-initiating capacity. TRβ suppresses the expression of CSC regulators, including ALDH, KLF2, SOX2, b-catenin, and ABCG2, in ATC cell-induced xenograft tumors. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis shows that TRβ reduces CSC population in ATC-induced xenograft tumors. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database demonstrates that the inhibition of CSC capacity by TRβ contributes to favorable clinical outcomes in human cancer. Our studies show that TRβ is a newly identified transcription regulator that acts to suppress CSC activity and that TRβ could be considered as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Lee Doolittle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuelin Jack Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Xia Y, Jiang X, Huang Y, Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhang B, Mei Z, Xu D, Shi Y, Tu W. Construction of a Tumor Immune Microenvironment-Related Prognostic Model in BRAF-Mutated Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:895428. [PMID: 35757399 PMCID: PMC9215106 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.895428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutation is a representative oncogenic mutation, with a frequency of 60% in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but the reasons for the poor prognosis and more aggressive course of BRAF-mutated PTC are controversial. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is an essential factor permitting the development and progression of malignancy, but whether TIME participates in the prognosis of BRAF-mutated PTC has not yet been reported. The primary goal of the present study was to provide a comprehensive TIME-related prognostic model to increase the predictive accuracy of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with BRAF-mutated PTC. In this study, we analyzed the mRNA-seq data and corresponding clinical data of PTC patients obtained from the TCGA database. By calculating the TIME scores (immune score, stromal score and ESTIMATE score), the BRAF mutation group (n=237) was dichotomized into the high- and low-score groups. By functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in different high/low score groups, we identified 2 key TIME-related genes, HTR3A and NIPAL4, which affected PFS in BRAF-mutated PTC. A risk scoring system was developed by multivariate Cox analysis based on the abovementioned 2 TIME-related genes. Then, the BRAF-mutated cohort was divided into the high- and low-risk groups using the median risk score as a cutoff. A high risk score correlated positively with a higher HTR3A/NIPAL4 expression level but negatively with PFS in BRAF-mutated PTC. Ultimately, a nomogram was constructed by combining risk score with clinical parameter (Tumor stage), and the areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of the nomogram for predicting 1-, 3- and 5-year PFS were then calculated and found to be 0.694, 0.707 and 0.738, respectively, indicating the improved accuracy and clinical utility of the nomogram versus the risk score model in the BRAF-mutated PTC cohort. Moreover, we determined the associations between prognostic genes or risk score and immune cell infiltration by two-way ANOVA. In the high-risk score, high HTR3A expression, and high NIPAL4 expression groups, higher infiltration of immune cells was found. Collectively, these findings confirm that the nomogram is effective in predicting the outcome of BRAF-mutated PTC and will add a spatial dimension to the developing risk stratification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanjun Mei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongkun Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenling Tu, ; Yuhong Shi,
| | - Wenling Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenling Tu, ; Yuhong Shi,
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9
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Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Davidson CD, Cozzens LM, Kogut S, Tomczak JA, Frietze S, Carr FE. Common tumor-suppressive signaling of thyroid hormone receptor beta in breast and thyroid cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:874-885. [PMID: 34534367 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is a tumor suppressor in multiple types of solid tumors, most prominently in breast and thyroid cancer. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which TRβ abrogates tumorigenesis will aid in understanding the core tumor-suppressive functions of TRβ. Here, we restored TRβ expression in the MDA-MB-468 basal-like breast cancer cell line and perform RNA-sequencing to determine the TRβ-mediated changes in gene expression and associated signaling pathways. The TRβ expressing MDA-MB-468 cells exhibit a more epithelial character as determined by principle component analysis-based iterative PAM50 subtyping score and through reduced expression of mesenchymal cytokeratins. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway is also significantly reduced. The MDA-MB-468 data set was further compared with RNA sequencing results from TRβ expressing thyroid cancer cell line SW1736 to determine which genes are TRβ correspondingly regulated across both cell types. Several pathways including lipid metabolism and chromatin remodeling processes were observed to be altered in the shared gene set. These data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TRβ suppresses breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Cole D Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lauren M Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sophie Kogut
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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10
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Davidson CD, Gillis NE, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta as Tumor Suppressor: Untapped Potential in Treatment and Diagnostics in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4254. [PMID: 34503062 PMCID: PMC8428233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the nuclear receptor TRβ, a member of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) family, is a tumor suppressor in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors. Cell-based and animal studies reveal that the liganded TRβ induces apoptosis, reduces an aggressive phenotype, decreases stem cell populations, and slows tumor growth through modulation of a complex interplay of transcriptional networks. TRβ-driven tumor suppressive transcriptomic signatures include repression of known drivers of proliferation such as PI3K/Akt pathway, activation of novel signaling such as JAK1/STAT1, and metabolic reprogramming in both thyroid and breast cancers. The presence of TRβ is also correlated with a positive prognosis and response to therapeutics in BRCA+ and triple-negative breast cancers, respectively. Ligand activation of TRβ enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. TRβ co-regulators and bromodomain-containing chromatin remodeling proteins are emergent therapeutic targets. This review considers TRβ as a potential biomolecular diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D. Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Noelle E. Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Frances E. Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
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11
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Bakos B, Kiss A, Árvai K, Szili B, Deák-Kocsis B, Tobiás B, Putz Z, Ármós R, Balla B, Kósa J, Dank M, Valkusz Z, Takács I, Tabák Á, Lakatos P. Co-occurrence of thyroid and breast cancer is associated with an increased oncogenic SNP burden. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:706. [PMID: 34130653 PMCID: PMC8207626 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that synchronous or metachronous presentation of breast and thyroid cancers exceeds that predicted by chance alone. The following potential explanations have been hypothesized: common environmental or hormonal factors, oncogenic effect of the treatment for the first cancer, closer follow-up of cancer survivors, shared underlying genetic risk factors. While some cases were found to be related to monogenic disorders with autosomal inheritance, the genetic background of most cases of co-occurring breast and thyroid cancer is thought to be polygenic. METHODS In this retrospective case-control study we compared the genetic profile of patients with a history of breast cancer (n = 15) to patients with co-occurring breast and thyroid cancer (n = 19) using next generation sequencing of 112 hereditary cancer risk genes. Identified variants were categorized based on their known association with breast cancer and oncogenesis in general. RESULTS No difference between patients with breast and double cancers was observed in clinical and pathological characteristics or the number of neutral SNPs. The unweighted and weighted number of SNPs with an established or potential association with breast cancer was significantly lower in the group with breast cancer only (mean difference - 0.58, BCa 95% CI [- 1.09, - 0.06], p = 0.029, and mean difference - 0.36, BCa 95% CI [- 0.70, - 0.02], p = 0.039, respectively). The difference was also significant when we compared the number of SNPs with potential or known association with any malignancy (mean difference - 1.19, BCa 95% CI [- 2.27, - 0.11], p = 0.032 for unweighted, and mean difference - 0.73, BCa 95% CI [- 1.32, - 0.14], p = 0.017 for weighted scores). CONCLUSION Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis of genetic predisposition in the co-occurrence of breast and thyroid cancer. Further exploration of the underlying genetic mechanisms may help in the identification of patients with an elevated risk for a second cancer at the diagnosis of the first cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Bakos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Kiss
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Árvai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Szili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Deák-Kocsis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Tobiás
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Putz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richárd Ármós
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Kósa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Valkusz
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Takács
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Tabák
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lakatos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1098 Korányi S. u. 2/a, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Davidson CD, Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Cozzens LM, Tomczak JA, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Inhibits PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Axis in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer via Genomic Mechanisms. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab102. [PMID: 34258492 PMCID: PMC8271203 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and the global incidence has increased rapidly over the past few decades. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is highly aggressive, dedifferentiated, and patients have a median survival of fewer than 6 months. Oncogenic alterations in ATC include aberrant phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) amplification, loss of phosphoinositide phosphatase expression and function, and protein kinase B (Akt) amplification. Furthermore, the loss of expression of the tumor suppressor thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is strongly associated with ATC. TRβ is known to suppress PI3K in follicular thyroid cancer and breast cancer by binding to the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α. However, the role of TRβ in suppressing PI3K signaling in ATC is not completely delineated. Here we report that TRβ indeed suppresses PI3K signaling in ATC cell lines through unreported genomic mechanisms, including a decrease in RTK expression and an increase in phosphoinositide and Akt phosphatase expression. Furthermore, the reintroduction and activation of TRβ in ATC cell lines enables an increase in the efficacy of the competitive PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and buparlisib on cell viability, migration, and suppression of PI3K signaling. These findings not only uncover additional tumor suppressor mechanisms of TRβ but shed light on the implication of TRβ status and activation on inhibitor efficacy in ATC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Lauren M Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA,Correspondence: Frances E. Carr, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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13
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Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Davidson CD, Rodriguez PD, Cozzens L, Tomczak JA, Frietze S, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Induces a Tumor-Suppressive Program in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1443-1452. [PMID: 32554601 PMCID: PMC7541631 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ), a key regulator of cellular growth and differentiation, is frequently dysregulated in cancers. Diminished expression of TRβ is noted in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors and is correlated with more aggressive disease. Restoration of TRβ levels decreased tumor growth supporting the concept that TRβ could function as a tumor suppressor. Yet, the TRβ tumor suppression transcriptome is not well delineated and the impact of TRβ is unknown in aggressive anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Here, we establish that restoration of TRβ expression in the human ATC cell line SW1736 (SW-TRβ) reduces the aggressive phenotype, decreases cancer stem cell populations and induces cell death in a T3-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis of SW-TRβ cells via RNA sequencing revealed distinctive expression patterns induced by ligand-bound TRβ and revealed novel molecular signaling pathways. Of note, liganded TRβ repressed multiple nodes in the PI3K/AKT pathway, induced expression of thyroid differentiation markers, and promoted proapoptotic pathways. Our results further revealed the JAK1-STAT1 pathway as a novel, T3-mediated, antitumorigenic pathway that can be activated in additional ATC lines. These findings elucidate a TRβ-driven tumor suppression transcriptomic signature, highlight unexplored therapeutic options for ATC, and support TRβ activation as a promising therapeutic option in cancers. IMPLICATIONS: TRβ-T3 induced a less aggressive phenotype and tumor suppression program in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells revealing new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cole D Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Princess D Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Lauren Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
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14
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Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Barnum MS, Beaudet CM, Yu GY, Tomczak JA, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Carr FE. The Thyroid Hormone Receptor-RUNX2 Axis: A Novel Tumor Suppressive Pathway in Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2019; 11:34-41. [PMID: 31865591 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is refractory to conventional therapies and is an end-stage disease. RUNX2 is a transcription factor that becomes oncogenic when aberrantly expressed in multiple tumor types, including breast cancer, supporting tumor progression and metastases. Our previous work demonstrated that the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) inhibits RUNX2 expression and tumorigenic characteristics in thyroid cells. As TRβ is a tumor suppressor, we investigated the compelling question whether TRβ also regulates RUNX2 in breast cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas indicates that TRβ expression is decreased in the most aggressive basal-like subtype of breast cancer. We established that modulated levels of TRβ results in corresponding changes in the high levels of RUNX2 expression in metastatic, basal-like breast cells. The MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line exhibits low expression of TRβ and high levels of RUNX2. Increased expression of TRβ decreased RUNX2 levels. The thyroid hormone-mediated suppression of RUNX2 is TRβ specific as TRα overexpression failed to alter RUNX2 expression. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of TRβ in non-tumor MCF10A mammary epithelial-like cells results in an increase in RUNX2 and RUNX2 target genes. Mechanistically, TRβ directly interacts with the proximal promoter of RUNX2 through a thyroid hormone response element to reduce promoter activity. The TRβ suppression of the oncogene RUNX2 is a signaling pathway shared by thyroid and breast cancers. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for TRβ-mediated tumor suppression in breast cancers. This pathway may be common to many solid tumors and impact treatment for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael S Barnum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Caitlin M Beaudet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Grace Y Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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15
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Carr FE. THYROID CANCER. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Bolf EL, Sprague BL, Carr FE. A Linkage Between Thyroid and Breast Cancer: A Common Etiology? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:643-649. [PMID: 30541751 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast and thyroid cancers are two malignancies with highest incidence in women. These cancers often occur metachronously. Women with thyroid cancer are at increased risk for subsequent breast cancer; women with breast cancer have an increased incidence of later development of thyroid cancer, suggesting a common etiology. This bidirectional relationship is reported worldwide; however, the underlying reasons for this co-occurrence are unknown. In this review, we summarize the current epidemiologic evidence and putative mechanisms of these metachronous or synchronous cancers. Key potential causative factors are chemotherapy and radiotherapy of the primary tumor, genetic variants linking the two diseases, hormonal signaling both from the thyroid gland and from estrogens, and lifestyle and environmental factors. There is a critical need for additional epidemiologic studies focused on gender and regional incidence together with molecular investigations on common tumorigenic pathways in these endocrine cancers. Understanding the putative mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis and clinical management of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brian L Sprague
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. .,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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17
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Calcification Patterns in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma are Associated with Changes in Thyroid Hormones and Coronary Artery Calcification. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7080183. [PMID: 30049993 PMCID: PMC6111282 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that a lower serum thyroid hormone level is associated with more vascular calcification. However, it has been rarely evaluated whether lower thyroid hormone levels affect the calcification of thyroid cancer and there is a relationship between calcification patterns of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC). The study was divided into two groups: First, we retrospectively reviewed 182 PTC patients and examined the correlation between PTC calcification patterns and CAC by coronary computed tomography (CT). Second, the correlation between the calcification pattern of PTC and thyroid hormone concentration was investigated (n = 354). The calcification pattern of PTC was evaluated by thyroid ultrasonography and classified into four groups: no-calcification, microcalcification, macrocalcification, and mixed-calcification. In PTC patients with microcalcification and mixed calcification, more CAC was observed and coronary calcium score (CCS) was higher. Lower free T4 and higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were associated with microcalcification and mixed calcification, not with macrocalcification and no calcification. PTC with microcalcification and mixed calcification showed more aggressive phenotypes like lymph node metastasis and more advanced TNM (tumor, node, and metastasis) stage than those with no calcification and macrocalcification. Calcification patterns of PTC showed close association with thyroid hormone levels and CAC. Further research is needed to determine how these findings are related to cardiovascular risk and disease-specific mortality.
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18
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Ge MH, Jiang LH, Wen QL, Tan Z, Chen C, Zheng CM, Zhu X, Chen JW, Zhu ZY, Cai XJ. Preliminary screening and analysis of metastasis-related lncRNA and co-expressed papillary thyroid carcinoma mRNA. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3715-3725. [PMID: 30127982 PMCID: PMC6096112 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA expression profiles that are associated with the invasion and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Transwell invasion assays were used to screen three highly invasive sub-strains of the human PTC IHH4 cell line: IHH4-M1, IHH4-M2 and IHH4-M3. In addition, tumor-bearing nude mice were used to identify the invasive and metastatic capacity of the three sub-strains. Agilent lncRNA microarray chips were used to screen 795 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 788 differentially expressed mRNAs. A total of 10 lncRNAs and 10 mRNAs were randomly selected for RT-qPCR validation to confirm that the results were consistent with the microarray chips, suggesting that the results of the microarray chip analysis were relatively accurate. Gene ontology enrichment-based cluster analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with steroid biosynthesis, bioadhesion, intercellular adhesion and other metastasis-associated biological processes. The results of the pathway cluster analysis identified that the differentially expressed genes were associated with tumor metastasis-associated signaling pathways, including the cholesterol metabolic signaling pathway, the sterol regulatory element-binding protein signaling pathway and the integrin signaling pathway, suggesting that lncRNA may regulate PTC metastasis through various signaling pathways. The present study screened and constructed PTC metastasis-associated lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles, and it provides a molecular basis for the future study of high-risk molecular markers of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ge
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Lie-Hao Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Liang Wen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Ming Zheng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wen Chen
- Donghai Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Jun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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19
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Tan J, Qian X, Song B, An X, Cai T, Zuo Z, Ding D, Lu Y, Li H. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals that the expression of cathepsin S is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:111-122. [PMID: 29749483 PMCID: PMC6059735 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of the majority of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is excellent, although there are patients who experience disease recurrence and progression. The aim of the present study was to identify potential prognostic risk markers in PTC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), identified from four Genome Expression Omnibus cohorts were subjected to functional enrichment analyses with Gene Ontology terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways. Hub genes, filtered from cytoHubba, were validated using the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, and their associations with clinicopathological features and prognosis were analyzed. A total of 277 DEGs were identified following data preprocessing. DEGs were primarily enriched in 'small cell lung cancer', 'ECM-receptor interaction', 'pathways in cancer'and 'tyrosine metabolism'. Hub genes [APOE, cathepsin S (CTSS), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), KIT, LGALS3, RUNX2 and TGFBR1] were extracted from cytoHubba. Their expression in the TCGA cohort was consistent with that in the GEO cohorts. CTSS (P=0.006) and IRS1 (P=0.005) were associated with disease‑free survival, as determined using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. CTSS was an independent risk factor for poor disease‑free survival (HR, 2.649; 95% CI, 1.095-6.409; P=0.031). Patients with high expression of CTSS exhibited different histological types (increased tall-cell subtype and reduced follicular subtype; P<0.001), more frequent lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) and advanced tumor-node-metastasis stages (P=0.049) compared with the low-expression group. High expression of CTSS was independently associated with lymph node metastasis (OR, 2.015; 95% CI, 1.225-3.315; P=0.006). Therefore, CTSS may serve as a predictive risk marker for the progression and prognosis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Department of Gerontology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin An
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Medical Examination Center, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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20
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Gillis NE, Taber TH, Bolf EL, Beaudet CM, Tomczak JA, White JH, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, Frietze S, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Suppression of RUNX2 Is Mediated by Brahma-Related Gene 1-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2484-2494. [PMID: 29750276 PMCID: PMC6692870 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) suppresses tumor growth through regulation of gene expression, yet the associated TRβ-mediated changes in chromatin assembly are not known. The chromatin ATPase brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1; SMARCA4), a key component of chromatin-remodeling complexes, is altered in many cancers, but its role in thyroid tumorigenesis and TRβ-mediated gene expression is unknown. We previously identified the oncogene runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) as a repressive target of TRβ. Here, we report differential expression of BRG1 in nonmalignant and malignant thyroid cells concordant with TRβ. BRG1 and TRβ have similar nuclear distribution patterns and significant colocalization. BRG1 interacts with TRβ, and together, they are part of the regulatory complex at the RUNX2 promoter. Loss of BRG1 increases RUNX2 levels, whereas reintroduction of TRβ and BRG1 synergistically decreases RUNX2 expression. RUNX2 promoter accessibility corresponded to RUNX2 expression levels. Inhibition of BRG1 activity increased accessibility of the RUNX2 promoter and corresponding expression. Our results reveal a mechanism of TRβ repression of oncogenic gene expression: TRβ recruitment of BRG1 induces chromatin compaction and diminishes RUNX2 expression. Therefore, BRG1-mediated chromatin remodeling may be obligatory for TRβ transcriptional repression and tumor suppressor function in thyroid tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Thomas H Taber
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Caitlin M Beaudet
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jeffrey H White
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Janet L Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jane B Lian
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Correspondence: Frances E. Carr, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405. E-mail:
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Bai D, Sun H, Wang X, Lou H, Zhang J, Wang X, Jiang L. MiR-150 Inhibits Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo by Restraining the RAB11A/WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Thyroid Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4885-4894. [PMID: 29023429 PMCID: PMC5649516 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has shown that downregulation or upregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays an important role in the development and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). However, the potential role of miR-150 and its biological function in TC remains largely unclear. Material/Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the expression level of miR-150 and RAB11A in human TC tissue and human normal thyroid tissue. MTT assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry cell cycle, and apoptosis assay were used to investigate the role of miR-150 and RAB11A on the malignant phenotypes in vitro. Nude mouse xenograft assay and western blot assay was used to verify the function of miR-150 in vivo. Western blot assay and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect the activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway mediated by miR-150 and RAB11A. EGFP reporter assay, RT-qPCR assay, and western blot assay were used to validate the regulation relationship. Results This study demonstrated that miR-150 expression in human TC tissues was markedly downregulated. Moreover, overexpression of miR-150 markedly inhibited cell proliferation via inducing the cell cycle arrest and promoting cell apoptosis by directly targeting RAB11A in vitro and suppressing tumor growth in vivo. However, overexpression of RAB11A promoted cell malignant phenotypes. In addition, miR-150 restrained the RAB11A mediated WNT/β-catenin activation in TC cells. Conclusions miR-150 may function as a suppressor gene in TC cells by inhibiting the RAB11A/WNT/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Endocrinology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Emergency, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongliang Lou
- Department of Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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