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Kamal R, Awasthi A, Pundir M, Thakur S. Healing the diabetic wound: Unlocking the secrets of genes and pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 975:176645. [PMID: 38759707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds (DWs) are open sores that can occur anywhere on a diabetic patient's body. They are often complicated by infections, hypoxia, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and reduced growth factors and nucleic acids. The healing process involves four phases: homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, regulated by various cellular and molecular events. Numerous genes and signaling pathways such as VEGF, TGF-β, NF-κB, PPAR-γ, MMPs, IGF, FGF, PDGF, EGF, NOX, TLR, JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, ERK, JNK, p38, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, Hippo, FAK, Integrin, and Src pathways are involved in these events. These pathways and genes are often dysregulated in DWs leading to impaired healing. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, healing process, signaling pathways, and genes involved in DW. Further, various therapeutic strategies that target these pathways and genes via nanotechnology are also discussed. Additionally, clinical trials on DW related to gene therapy are also covered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| | - Mandeep Pundir
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RIMT University, Punjab, 142001, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shubham Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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2
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Cui Q, Wang L, Wang H, Chen X, Han L, Geng T, Kou Y, Zhang W, Dai M, Qiao H, Sun Z, Li L, Lan Z, Xu H, Xu J, Dai Y, Geng Y. Nanobodies as negative allosteric modulators for human calcium sensing receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149401. [PMID: 38154264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Human calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) senses calcium ion concentrations in vivo and is an important class of drug targets. Mutations in the receptor can lead to disorders of calcium homeostasis, including hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. Here, 127 CaSR-targeted nanobodies were generated from camels, and four nanobodies with inhibitory function were further identified. Among these nanobodies, NB32 can effectively inhibit the mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+i) and suppress the G12/13 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways downstream of CaSR. Moreover, it enhanced the inhibitory effect of the calcilytics as a negative allosteric modulator (NAM). We determined the structure of complex and found NB32 bound to LB2 (Ligand-binding 2) domain of CaSR to prevent the interaction of LB2 domains of two protomers to stabilize the inactive state of CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cui
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Han
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tengjie Geng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongjun Kou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mei Dai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huarui Qiao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zengchao Sun
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhongyun Lan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, and Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yong Geng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Oda Y, Wong CT, Oh DH, Meyer MB, Pike JW, Bikle DD. Vitamin D receptor cross-talk with p63 signaling promotes epidermal cell fate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106352. [PMID: 37330071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor with its ligand 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) regulates epidermal stem cell fate, such that VDR removal from Krt14 expressing keratinocytes delays re-epithelialization of epidermis after wound injury in mice. In this study we deleted Vdr from Lrig1 expressing stem cells in the isthmus of the hair follicle then used lineage tracing to evaluate the impact on re-epithelialization following injury. We showed that Vdr deletion from these cells prevents their migration to and regeneration of the interfollicular epidermis without impairing their ability to repopulate the sebaceous gland. To pursue the molecular basis for these effects of VDR, we performed genome wide transcriptional analysis of keratinocytes from Vdr cKO and control littermate mice. Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) pointed us to the TP53 family including p63 as a partner with VDR, a transcriptional factor that is essential for proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Epigenetic studies on epidermal keratinocytes derived from interfollicular epidermis showed that VDR is colocalized with p63 within the specific regulatory region of MED1 containing super-enhancers of epidermal fate driven transcription factor genes such as Fos and Jun. Gene ontology analysis further implicated that Vdr and p63 associated genomic regions regulate genes involving stem cell fate and epidermal differentiation. To demonstrate the functional interaction between VDR and p63, we evaluated the response to 1,25(OH)2D3 of keratinocytes lacking p63 and noted a reduction in epidermal cell fate determining transcription factors such as Fos, Jun. We conclude that VDR is required for the epidermal stem cell fate orientation towards interfollicular epidermis. We propose that this role of VDR involves cross-talk with the epidermal master regulator p63 through super-enhancer mediated epigenetic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, United States
| | - Christian T Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, United States; San Francisco VA Health Care system, United States
| | - Dennis H Oh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, United States; San Francisco VA Health Care system, United States
| | - Mark B Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, United States.
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Kopp EB, Agaronyan K, Licona-Limón I, Nish SA, Medzhitov R. Modes of type 2 immune response initiation. Immunity 2023; 56:687-694. [PMID: 37044059 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity defends against macro-parasites and can cause allergic diseases. Our understanding of the mechanisms governing the initiation of type 2 immunity is limited, whereas we know more about type 1 immune responses. Type 2 immunity can be triggered by a wide array of inducers that do not share common features and via diverse pathways and mechanisms. To address the complexity of the type 2 initiation pathways, we suggest a framework that conceptualizes different modes of induction of type 2 immunity. We discuss categories of type 2 inducers and their immunogenicity, types of tissue perturbations that are caused by these inducers, sensing strategies for the initiation of Th2 immune responses, and categorization of the signals that are produced in response to type 2 challenges. We describe tissue-specific examples of functional disruption that could lead to type 2 inflammation and propose that different sensing strategies that operate at the tissue level converge on the initiation of type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kopp
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ileana Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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Gong Y, Yang B, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Yang L, Coate KC, Yin L, Covington BA, Patel RS, Siv WA, Sellick K, Shou M, Chang W, Danielle Dean E, Powers AC, Chen W. Hyperaminoacidemia induces pancreatic α cell proliferation via synergism between the mTORC1 and CaSR-Gq signaling pathways. Nat Commun 2023; 14:235. [PMID: 36646689 PMCID: PMC9842633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon has emerged as a key regulator of extracellular amino acid (AA) homeostasis. Insufficient glucagon signaling results in hyperaminoacidemia, which drives adaptive proliferation of glucagon-producing α cells. Aside from mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the role of other AA sensors in α cell proliferation has not been described. Here, using both genders of mouse islets and glucagon receptor (gcgr)-deficient zebrafish (Danio rerio), we show α cell proliferation requires activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) by the AA-sensitive calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Inactivation of CaSR dampened α cell proliferation, which was rescued by re-expression of CaSR or activation of Gq, but not Gi, signaling in α cells. CaSR was also unexpectedly necessary for mTORC1 activation in α cells. Furthermore, coactivation of Gq and mTORC1 induced α cell proliferation independent of hyperaminoacidemia. These results reveal another AA-sensitive mediator and identify pathways necessary and sufficient for hyperaminoacidemia-induced α cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gong
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Bingyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dingdong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zihan Tang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katie C Coate
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brittney A Covington
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ravi S Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Walter A Siv
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katelyn Sellick
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Matthew Shou
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Rahimpour Z, Hoseini R, Behpour N. Alterations of liver enzymes and lipid profile in response to exhaustive eccentric exercise: vitamin D supplementation trial in overweight females with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:372. [PMID: 35927637 PMCID: PMC9354270 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exhaustive exercise (EEE) training has been known as a promising training modality to enhance performance and stimulate adaptation in healthy individuals or patients that might also cause abnormal liver enzymes and lipid profiles. Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation is believed to improve the condition of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) patients. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of Vit D supplementation on the EEE-induced alterations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term supplementation of Vit D on the liver enzymes and lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Methods In this clinical trial, 22 overweight women with NAFLD were randomly divided into experimental and control (n = 11 in each). The experimental group consumed 2000 IU of Vit D per day for six weeks; the control group consumed a lactose placebo daily with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two treadmill EEE sessions were performed before and after the six-week Vit D supplementation. Blood was taken from the antecubital vein to measure the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and Vit D at four stages: Pre 1(before the first EEE session), Post 1(after the first EEE session), Pre 2 (before the second EEE session), and Post 2 (after the second EEE session). Results The results indicate that Vit D supplementation significantly reduced Bodyweight (BW; P = 0.047), Body Mass Index (BMI; P = 0.044), Body Fat Percentage (BFP; P = 0.001), and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR; P = 0.001) in the experimental group. Additionally, the results showed increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and lipid profile (TC, TG, and LDL) following EEE. While the HDL levels decreased significantly after EEE. Compared with control, the results of the independent t-test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), and GGT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the experimental in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Also, significantly lower TC (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), TG (P = 0.048; P = 0.001), and LDL (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher HDL (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) were observed in the experimental group compared to the control in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Conclusions Vit D supplementation reduces the liver enzymes and improves lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Thus, Vit D supplementation can be considered a functional supplement to improve the EEE-induced alteration. Trial registration: The trial was in the Iranian Clinical Trial Registration Center under the (IRCT20201130049538N1) on 05/07/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahimpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rastegar Hoseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nasser Behpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Small, charged proteins in salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) secretions modulate Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) immune responses and coagulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7995. [PMID: 35568726 PMCID: PMC9107468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about glandular proteins secreted from the skin- and blood-feeding ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). The labial gland has ducts extending into the oral cavity of the lice, and the present study aimed to identify novel genes expressed by this gland type and to investigate their role in modulation of host parameters at the lice feeding site. Five genes associated with labial gland function were identified and named Lepeophteirus salmonis labial gland protein (LsLGP) 1-4 and 1 like (LsLGP1L). All LsLGPs were predicted to be small charged secreted proteins not encoding any known protein domains. Functional studies revealed that LsLGP1 and/or LsLGP1L regulated the expression of other labial gland genes. Immune dampening functions were indicated for LsLGP2 and 3. Whereas LsLGP2 was expressed throughout the parasitic life cycle and found to dampen inflammatory cytokines, LsLGP3 displayed an increased expression in mobile stages and appeared to dampen adaptive immune responses. Expression of LsLGP4 coincided with moulting to the mobile pre-adult I stage where hematophagous feeding is initiated, and synthetic LsLGP4 decreased the clotting time of Atlantic salmon plasma. Results from the present study confirm that the salmon louse secretes immune modulating and anti-coagulative proteins with a potential application in new immune based anti-salmon louse treatments.
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Yang M, Wu H, Zhao M, Long H, Lu Q. Vitamin D status in patients with autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a meta-analysis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2022; 33:1356-1367. [PMID: 32799714 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1810606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) and serum vitamin D levels has been revealed by some studies, however, inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the difference in vitamin D status between AIBD patients and controls. METHODS We searched the studies about the vitamin D status of AIBD patients in electronic databases published before January 2020. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of eligible studies were calculated in meta-analyses of 25(OH)D levels. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95%CI were used in analyses of the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. Different subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessment were conducted. RESULTS We included nine case-control studies in the meta-analysis. Vitamin D level was significantly lower in both pemphigus (MD: -7.02, 95%CI: -10.30 to -3.74) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) (MD: -6.37, 95%CI: -12.15 to -0.58) patients than that in controls. Active pemphigus patients were at higher risk of presenting hypovitaminosis D (OR: 6.95, 95%CI: 1.37-35.25). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal vitamin D status are more common in AIBD patients than that in general population. Therefore, regular monitoring of vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation should be considered as part of the management strategy for AIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Hai Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
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10
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Celli A, Tu CL, Lee E, Bikle DD, Mauro TM. Decreased Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression Controls Calcium Signaling and Cell-To-Cell Adhesion Defects in Aged Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2577-2586. [PMID: 33862069 PMCID: PMC8526647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) drives essential calcium ion (Ca2+) and E-cadherin‒mediated processes in the epidermis, including differentiation, cell-to-cell adhesion, and epidermal barrier homeostasis in cells and in young adult mice. We now report that decreased CaSR expression leads to impaired Ca2+ signal propagation in aged mouse (aged >22 months) epidermis and human (aged >79 years, donor age) keratinocytes. Baseline cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations were higher, and capacitive Ca2+ entry was lower in aged than in young keratinocytes. As in Casr-knockout mice (EpidCaSR-/-), decreased CaSR expression led to decreased E-cadherin and phospholipase C-γ expression and to a compensatory upregulation of STIM1. Pretreatment with the CaSR agonist N-(3-[2-chlorophenyl]propyl)-(R)-alpha-methyl-3-methoxybenzylamine normalized Ca2+ propagation and E-cadherin organization after experimental wounding. These results suggest that age-related defects in CaSR expression dysregulate normal keratinocyte and epidermal Ca2+ signaling, leading to impaired E-cadherin expression, organization, and function. These findings show an innovative mechanism whereby Ca2+- and E-cadherin‒dependent functions are impaired in aging epidermis and suggest a new therapeutic approach by restoring CaSR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC), San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elise Lee
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, UCSF Staff Physician, SF Department of Health Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Liu W, Guo Y, Liu Y, Sun J, Yin X. Calcium-Sensing Receptor of Immune Cells and Diseases. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which was initially found in the parathyroid gland, is ubiquitously expressed and exerts specific functions in multiple cells, including immune cells. CaSR is functionally expressed on neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T lymphocytes, but not B
lymphocytes, and regulates cell functions, such as cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, phenotype switching, and ligand delivery. In these immune cells, CaSR is involved in the development of many diseases, such as sepsis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, rheumatism, myocardial infarction,
diabetes, and peripheral artery disease. Since its discovery, it has been controversial whether CaSR is expressed and plays a role in immune cells. This article reviews current knowledge of the role of CaSR in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yutong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
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12
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Budin C, Staniloaie D, Vasile D, Ilco A, Balan DG, Popa CC, Stiru O, Tulin A, Enyedi M, Miricescu D, Georgescu DE, Georgescu TF, Badiu DC, Mihai DA. Hypocalcemia: A possible risk factor for anastomotic leak in digestive surgery. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:523. [PMID: 33815596 PMCID: PMC8014963 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leaks (ALs) remain the most severe complication in digestive surgery, as well as the most consumptive in terms of human and financial resources. There is an abundance of international research which has focused on identifying and correcting risk factors, and on individualized surgical management as well. The most frequent risk factors are male sex, obesity, diabetes, advanced malignant disease, ASA score, perioperative blood loss or perioperative transfusion, long operation time, emergency operation and altered nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to measure the preoperative serum calcium level and to find a possible correlation between calcium levels and the risk of AL occurrence. A retrospective analysis of medical records for 122 patients who underwent surgical gut resection with anastomosis for different pathologies was carried out. Preoperative serum calcium level and the occurrence of AL was noted. The results revealed that the average value of total blood calcium was 8.78 mg/dl, without a significant difference in sex groups. Hypocalcemia was identified in 44 patients (36.1%). AL was identified in 8 patients (6.6%), with a statistically insignificant difference between male and female patients. The average value of blood calcium in the AL patient group was 8.07 mg/dl, while in patients without AL the average value was 8.83 mg/dl. Hypocalcemia, defined as a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl, was observed in 7 of the 8 patients presenting with AL (87.5%) and 37 patients who did not present with AL (32.5%), a significant difference with which to consider and include hypocalcemia in the group of risk factors for AL (P=0.001). In conclusion, preoperative low serum calcium level can represent a risk factor for AL in digestive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Budin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Staniloaie
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Danut Vasile
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ilco
- Department of General Surgery, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Balan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Constantin Popa
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Stiru
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 'Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu' Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 022322 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Tulin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, 'Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu' Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaly Enyedi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Radiology, 'Victor Babes' Private Medical Clinic, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Eugen Georgescu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor Florin Georgescu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dumitru Cristinel Badiu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of General Surgery, 'Bagdasar-Arseni' Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina-Andrada Mihai
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Prof. N.C. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disease, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Miao D, Goltzman D. Probing the Scope and Mechanisms of Calcitriol Actions Using Genetically Modified Mouse Models. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10434. [PMID: 33553990 PMCID: PMC7839819 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified mice have provided novel insights into the mechanisms of activation and inactivation of vitamin D, and in the process have provided phenocopies of acquired human disease such as rickets and osteomalacia and inherited diseases such as pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets, hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets, and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. Both global and tissue-specific deletion studies leading to decreases of the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D], and/or of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), have demonstrated the primary role of calcitriol and VDR in bone, cartilage and tooth development and in the regulation of mineral metabolism and of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and FGF23, which modulate calcium and phosphate fluxes. They have also, however, extended the spectrum of actions of calcitriol and the VDR to include, among others: modulation, jointly and independently, of skin metabolism; joint regulation of adipose tissue metabolism; cardiovascular function; and immune function. Genetic studies in older mice have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the important role of the calcitriol/VDR pathway in diseases of aging such as osteoporosis and cancer. In the course of these studies in diverse tissues, important upstream and downstream, often tissue-selective, pathways have been illuminated, and intracrine, as well as endocrine actions have been described. Human studies to date have focused on acquired or genetic deficiencies of the prohormone vitamin D or the (generally inactive) precursor metabolite 25-hyrodxyvitamin D, but have yet to probe the pleiotropic aspects of deficiency of the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, in human disease. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshun Miao
- The Research Center for AgingAffiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of MedicineMcGill University Health Centre and McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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14
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Oda Y, Bikle DD. Vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal stem cells and their regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:604-611. [PMID: 32843916 PMCID: PMC7415249 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (SCs) residing in the skin play an essential role for epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound healing. Upon injury, distinct epidermal SCs residing in the interfollicular epidermis and/or hair follicles are activated to proliferate. Subsequently, SCs and progeny migrate, differentiate and restore the epidermis. We review a role of the vitamin D signaling through its receptor of vitamin D receptor (Vdr) in these processes. Vdr conditional knockout (cKO) mouse skin experiences a delay in wound re-epithelialization under low dietary calcium conditions, stimulating our efforts to examine a cooperative role of Vdr with calcium signaling through the calcium sensing receptor in the epidermis. We review the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in different processes essential for injury induced epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound repair. First, we discuss their roles in self-renewal of epidermal SCs through β-catenin signaling. Then, we describe epidermal remodeling, in which SCs and progeny migrate and differentiate to restore the epidermis, events controlled by the E-cadherin mediated adherens junction signaling. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms for vitamin D and calcium signaling to regulate injury induced epidermal regeneration mutually and interdependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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15
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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16
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Lu X, Vick S, Chen Z, Chen J, Watsky MA. Effects of Vitamin D Receptor Knockout and Vitamin D Deficiency on Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing and Nerve Density in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:1042-1051. [PMID: 32139594 PMCID: PMC7171964 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic keratopathy occurs in ∼70% of all people with diabetes. This study was designed to examine the effects of vitamin D receptor knockout (VDR-/-) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on corneal epithelial wound healing and nerve density in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced using the low-dose streptozotocin method. Corneal epithelial wounds were created using an Algerbrush, and wound healing was monitored over time. Corneal nerve density was measured in unwounded mice. VDR-/- and VDD diabetic mice (diabetic for 8 and 20 weeks, respectively) had slower healing ratios than wild-type diabetic mice. VDR-/- and VDD diabetic mice also showed significantly decreased nerve density. Reduced wound healing ratios and nerve densities were not fully rescued by a supplemental diet rich in calcium, lactose, and phosphate. We conclude that VDR-/- and VDD significantly reduce both corneal epithelial wound healing and nerve density in diabetic mice. Because the supplemental diet did not rescue wound healing or nerve density, these effects are likely not specifically related to hypocalcemia. This work supports the hypothesis that low vitamin D levels can exacerbate preexisting ophthalmic conditions, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Sarah Vick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Jie Chen
- Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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17
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Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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18
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Lu X, Watsky MA. Influence of Vitamin D on Corneal Epithelial Cell Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4074-4083. [PMID: 31561249 PMCID: PMC6779066 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have observed noticably weak epithelial attachment in vitamin D receptor knockout mice (VDR KO) undergoing epithelial debridement. We hypothesized that VDR KO negatively affects corneal epithelial cell desmosomes and/or hemidesmosomes. Methods Transcript levels of desmosome and hemidesmosome proteins in VDR KO corneas were assessed by qPCR. Western blotting and immunochemistry were used to detect proteins in cultured cells exposed to 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. Results VDR KO resulted in decreased corneal desmosomal desmoglein 1 (DSG1) and desmocollin 2 (DSC2) mRNA, and hemidesmosomal plectin mRNA. DSG1 and plectin protein expression were reduced in VDR KO corneas. DSG1 protein expression increased in VDR wild types (VDR WT) and VDR KO mouse primary epithelial cells (MPCEC) treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. 24R,25(OH)2D3 treatment resulted in increased plectin and integrin β4 levels in VDR WT MPCEC, and decreased levels in VDR KO MPCEC. Treatment of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) with 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 resulted in increased DSC2 and DSG1 protein expression. Plectin and integrin β4 were only increased in 24R,25(OH)2D3 treated HCEC. Conclusions VDR KO results in reduced desmosomal and hemidesmosomal mRNA and protein levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased DSG1 protein in all cells tested. For hemidesmosome proteins, 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased plectin and integrin β4 protein expression in VDR WT and HCEC, with decreased expression in VDR KO MPCEC. Thus, vitamin D3 is involved in desmosome and hemidesmosome junction formation/regulation, and their decreased expression likely contributes to the loosely adherent corneal epithelium in VDR KO mice. Our data indicate the presence of a VDR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States.,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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19
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Yammine K, Hayek F, Assi C. Is there an association between vitamin D and diabetic foot disease? A meta-analysis. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 28:90-96. [PMID: 31633861 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency is associated with diabetes and with diabetic neuropathy. Some reports stated that vitamin D deficiency is also associated with diabetic foot ulcer and/or infection. Knowing the beneficial effect of vitamin D on wound healing, a quantitative evidence synthesis is needed to look for such association. Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for from inception. The outcomes were set to be either the serum 25(OH)D level or the prevalence of patients with 25(OH)D with severe deficiency. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria with 1,644 patients; 817 diabetic patients with foot ulcers and 827 patients having diabetes without foot complications. The weighted mean differences was -0.93 (95% CI = -1.684 to -0.174, I2 = 97.8%, p = 0.01). The odds ratio of having severe vitamin D deficiency was 3.6 (95% CI = 2.940 to 4.415, I2 = 40.9%, p < 0.0001), in favor of the foot group. The quality of the included studies was found to be good to excellent. Diabetic foot complications are associated with significantly lower levels of vitamin D. Patients with diabetic ulcers or diabetic infection are at higher risk of bearing severe vitamin D deficiency. Knowing the beneficial effect of vitamin D on wound healing, it is likely that recognizing and supplementing with vitamin D could prevent or improve the outcomes of diabetic foot complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaissar Yammine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Diabetic Foot Clinic, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Evidence-Based Anatomy, Sport & Orthopedics Research, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fady Hayek
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chahine Assi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Evidence-Based Anatomy, Sport & Orthopedics Research, Beirut, Lebanon
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20
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Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B, Lips P, Munns CF, Lazaretti-Castro M, Giustina A, Bilezikian J. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1109-1151. [PMID: 30321335 PMCID: PMC6626501 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D-deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Craig F Munns
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Chair of Endocrinology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - John Bilezikian
- Department of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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21
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Tu CL, Celli A, Mauro T, Chang W. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Regulates Epidermal Intracellular Ca 2+ Signaling and Re-Epithelialization after Wounding. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:919-929. [PMID: 30404020 PMCID: PMC6431556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) is a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and its receptor, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), conveys the Ca2+o signals to promote keratinocyte adhesion, differentiation, and survival via activation of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) and E-cadherin-mediated signaling. Here, we took genetic loss-of-function approaches to delineate the functions of CaSR in wound re-epithelialization. Cutaneous injury triggered a robust CaSR expression and a surge of Ca2+i in epidermis. CaSR and E-cadherin were co-expressed at the cell-cell membrane between migratory keratinocytes in the nascent epithelial tongues. Blocking the expression of CaSR or E-cadherin in cultured keratinocytes markedly inhibited the wound-induced Ca2+i propagation and their ability to migrate collectively. Depleting CaSR also suppressed keratinocyte proliferation by downregulating the E-cadherin/epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Blunted epidermal Ca2+i response to wounding and retarded wound healing were observed in the keratinocyte-specific CaSR knockout (EpidCasr-/-) mice, whose shortened neo-epithelia exhibited declined E-cadherin expression and diminished keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, stimulating endogenous CaSR with calcimimetic NPS-R568 accelerated wound re-epithelialization through enhancing the epidermal Ca2+i signals and E-cadherin membrane expression. These findings demonstrated a critical role for the CaSR in epidermal regeneration and its therapeutic potential for improving skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora Mauro
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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22
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Hannan FM, Kallay E, Chang W, Brandi ML, Thakker RV. The calcium-sensing receptor in physiology and in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 15:33-51. [PMID: 30443043 PMCID: PMC6535143 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family C G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and signals via G proteins and β-arrestin. The CaSR has a pivotal role in bone and mineral metabolism, as it regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, urinary Ca2+ excretion, skeletal development and lactation. The importance of the CaSR for these calcitropic processes is highlighted by loss-of-function and gain-of-function CaSR mutations that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, respectively, and also by the fact that alterations in parathyroid CaSR expression contribute to the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, the CaSR is an established therapeutic target for hyperparathyroid disorders. The CaSR is also expressed in organs not involved in Ca2+ homeostasis: it has noncalcitropic roles in lung and neuronal development, vascular tone, gastrointestinal nutrient sensing, wound healing and secretion of insulin and enteroendocrine hormones. Furthermore, the abnormal expression or function of the CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as in asthma, and the CaSR is reported to protect against colorectal cancer and neuroblastoma but increase the malignant potential of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Otero TMN, Canales C, Yeh DD, Elsayes A, Belcher DM, Quraishi SA. Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Development of Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries in Critically Ill Surgical Patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 34:142-147. [PMID: 30101993 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) typically develop following critical illness due to immobility and suboptimal perfusion. Vitamin D helps to maintain epithelial cell integrity, particularly at barrier sites such as skin. It is unclear whether vitamin D status is a modifiable risk factor for HAPIs in critically ill patients. Our goal was to investigate the relationship between admission 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels with the development of HAPIs in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to surgical ICUs at a major teaching hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. To investigate the association of 25OHD levels with subsequent development of HAPIs, we performed logistic regression analyses, controlling for body mass index, Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill score, ICU length of stay, and cumulative ICU caloric or protein deficit. RESULTS A total of 402 patients comprised our analytic cohort. Each unit increment in 25OHD was associated with 11% decreased odds of HAPIs (odds ratio [OR] 0.89; 95% CI 0.840.95). When vitamin D status was dichotomized, patients with 25OHD <20 ng/mL were >2 times as likely to develop HAPIs (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.065.97) compared with patients with 25OHD >20 ng/mL. CONCLUSION In our cohort of critically ill surgical patients, vitamin D status at ICU admission was linked to subsequent development of HAPIs. Randomized, controlled trials are needed to assess whether optimizing 25OHD levels in the ICU can reduce the incidence of HAPIs and improve other clinically relevant outcomes in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M N Otero
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Carney Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cecilia Canales
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - D Dante Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ryder Trauma Center, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Ali Elsayes
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donna M Belcher
- Department of Nutrition and Food Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sadeq A Quraishi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Effects of 1,25 and 24,25 Vitamin D on Corneal Epithelial Proliferation, Migration and Vitamin D Metabolizing and Catabolizing Enzymes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16951. [PMID: 29208972 PMCID: PMC5717139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 on corneal epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and on the vitamin D activating enzyme CYP27B1 (produces 1,25(OH)2D3) and inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 (produces 24R,25(OH)2D3). The role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was also examined. In VDR wildtype mouse corneal epithelial cells (WT), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 protein expression and decreased CYP27B1 expression. In VDR knockout mouse epithelial cells (KO), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 protein expression. 1,25(OH)2D3 did not affect WT cell proliferation, but did stimulate VDR KO cell proliferation. In a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCEC), 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 mRNA and protein expression. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP27B1 mRNA levels in HCEC, but had no effect on CYP27B1 protein levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited HCEC proliferation and stimulated cell migration in primary human epithelial cells. 24,25(OH)2D3, on the other hand, increased both CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 protein expression in WT and VDR KO cells, and stimulated cell proliferation in both WT and KO cells. In HCEC, 24,25(OH)2D3 increased CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 mRNA and protein expression, and stimulated cell migration. In human primary corneal epithelial cells, 24,25(OH)2D3 stimulated migration. We conclude that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is likely involved in corneal epithelial cell regulation independent of 1,25(OH)2D3 or VDR.
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25
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Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D. Vitamin D receptor is present on the neuronal plasma membrane and is co-localized with amyloid precursor protein, ADAM10 or Nicastrin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188605. [PMID: 29176823 PMCID: PMC5703467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study indicated that vitamin D and its receptors are important parts of the amyloid processing pathway in neurons. Yet the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in amyloid pathogenesis is complex and all regulations over the production of amyloid beta cannot be explained solely with the transcriptional regulatory properties of VDR. Given that we hypothesized that VDR might exist on the neuronal plasma membrane in close proximity with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and secretase complexes. The present study primarily focused on the localization of VDR in neurons and its interaction with amyloid pathology-related proteins. The localization of VDR on neuronal membranes and its co-localization with target proteins were investigated with cell surface staining followed by immunofluorescence labelling. The FpClass was used for protein-protein interaction prediction. Our results demonstrated the localization of VDR on the neuronal plasma membrane and the co-localization of VDR and APP or ADAM10 or Nicastrin and limited co-localization of VDR and PS1. E-cadherin interaction with APP or the γ-secretase complex may involve NOTCH1, NUMB, or FHL2, according to FpClass. This suggested complex might also include VDR, which greatly contributes to Ca+2 hemostasis with its ligand vitamin D. Consequently, we suggested that VDR might be a member of this complex also with its own non-genomic action and that it can regulate the APP processing pathway in this way in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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