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Lin JD, Fu SS, Chen JY, Lee CH, Chau WK, Cheng CW, Wang YH, Lin YF, Fang WF, Tang KT. Clinical Manifestations and Gene Expression in Patients with Conventional Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Carrying the BRAF(V600E) Mutation and BRAF Pseudogene. Thyroid 2016; 26:691-704. [PMID: 26914762 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of BRAF(V600E) with the clinical manifestations of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains controversial. Recent studies have shown that the BRAF pseudogene can activate the MAPK pathway and induce tumorigenesis. This study investigated the association of BRAF(V600E), the BRAF pseudogene, and their mRNA levels with clinical features and thyroid-specific gene expression in conventional PTCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 78 specimens were collected from patients with conventional PTCs. RNA was isolated, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA levels of BRAF, the BRAF pseudogene, and thyroid-specific and tumor-related genes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of BRAF, ERK, sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), thyrotropin receptor, glucose transporter 1, and Ki67 was also performed. RESULTS BRAF(V600E) and the BRAF pseudogene were detected in 73.0% (57/78) and 91.7% (44/48), respectively, of the conventional PTCs. The presence of BRAF(V600E) was not associated with the multiple clinical features assessed or the recurrence rate during 76.9 ± 47.2 months of follow-up. Neither was it associated with IHC staining or tumor-related/thyroid-specific gene expression, except for decreased NIS gene expression. The BRAF pseudogene was not associated with clinical characteristics or thyroid-specific gene expression, except for decreased decoy receptor 3 (DCR3) expression. High BRAF mRNA levels were associated with bilateral and multifocal lesions, and BRAF-pseudogene mRNA levels were positively correlated with BRAF mRNA levels (r = 0.415, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION These results do not support the use of the BRAF(V600E) mutation as a prognostic marker of conventional PTC. However, the association of high BRAF mRNA levels with more advanced clinical features suggests that BRAF mRNA levels might be a more useful clinical marker of PTCs, independent of the BRAF(V600E) mutation status. The correlation between BRAF-pseudogene mRNA levels and BRAF mRNA levels in PTCs is in agreement with the hypothesis that the BRAF pseudogene regulates BRAF expression during tumorigenesis by acting as competitive noncoding RNA. However, additional studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Diann Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- 3 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuai-Shuai Fu
- 4 Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chen
- 5 Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsen Lee
- 5 Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Keung Chau
- 6 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 7 Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 8 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Fang
- 9 Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- 10 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
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van Zeijl CJJ, Surovtseva OV, Kwakkel J, van Beeren HC, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Wiersinga WM, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyrostimulin deficiency does not alter peripheral responses to acute inflammation-induced nonthyroidal illness. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E527-37. [PMID: 25117405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyrostimulin, a putative glycoprotein hormone, comprises the subunits GPA2 and GPB5 and activates the TSH receptor (TSHR). The observation that proinflammatory cytokines stimulate GPB5 transcription suggested a role for thyrostimulin in the pathogenesis of nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). In the present study, we induced acute inflammation by LPS administration to GPB5(-/-) and WT mice to evaluate the role of thyrostimulin in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during NTIS. In addition to serum thyroid hormone concentrations, we studied mRNA expression and activity of deiodinase types I, II, and III (D1, D2, and D3) in peripheral T3 target tissues, including liver, muscle, and white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT), of which the latter three express the TSHR. LPS decreased serum free (f)T4 and fT3 indexes to a similar extent in GPB5(-/-) and WT mice. Serum reverse (r)T3 did not change following LPS administration. LPS also induced significant alterations in tissue D1, D2, and D3 mRNA and activity levels, but only the LPS-induced increase in WAT D2 mRNA expression differed between GPB5(-/-) and WT mice. In conclusion, lacking GPB5 during acute illness does not affect the LPS-induced decrease of serum thyroid hormones while resulting in subtle changes in tissue D2 expression that are unlikely to be mediated via the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine J J van Zeijl
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Joan Kwakkel
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hermina C van Beeren
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wilmar M Wiersinga
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Williams AJ, O'Shea PJ, Williams GR. Complex interactions between thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor signalling. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:410-5. [PMID: 17940472 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282eee92c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors are critically important for normal development. Recent evidence points to complex interactions between thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. We discuss mechanisms of thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor action, and identify downstream signalling responses that offer opportunities for regulatory crosstalk. RECENT FINDINGS Thyroid hormone action is mediated by nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression in response to thyroid hormone. Recent studies have shown thyroid hormone also acts at the cell membrane via the alpha(V)beta(3) integrin receptor and these actions also communicate with nuclear responses to thyroid hormone. Fibroblast growth factors act via receptor tyrosine kinases to stimulate second messenger pathways that also communicate with nuclear events. Several common pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling, are activated by thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor, and may act as points of convergence for interaction in tissues, such as bone, central nervous system and heart, as well as in the extra-cellular matrix and during angiogenesis. SUMMARY Although there is convincing evidence that thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors interact widely, little is known about molecular mechanisms that determine this interplay. Future research in this expanding field may result in identification of new pharmacological targets for manipulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine & MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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