1
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Rodríguez A, Velázquez J, González L, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Dixon B, Miyares FH, Morales A, González O, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. PACAP modulates the transcription of TLR-1/TLR-5/MyD88 pathway genes and boosts antimicrobial defenses in Clarias gariepinus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:150-159. [PMID: 34146673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that belongs to the secretin/glucagon/GHRH/VIP superfamily. Some of these molecules have antimicrobial activity and they are capable of stimulating the immune system. The present work studied the antibacterial and immunostimulatory activity of PACAP-38 from African catfish Clarias gariepinus against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vivo test. PACAP-38 improved antimicrobial activity of skin mucus molecules against P. aeruginosa. The peptide modulates the gene expression profile of TLR-1, TLR-5, MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-ɑ, IL-8, pardaxin, hepcidin and G/C-type lysozymes in skin, spleen and head kidney. The influenced exerted depended on the time after infection and tissue analyzed. This study provides the first evidence of a link between PACAP and antimicrobial peptides hepcidin and pardaxin. Our results suggest further use of PACAP as antimicrobial agent that could potentially be used to control disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alianet Rodríguez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Fidel Herrera Miyares
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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2
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Sun S, Diggins NH, Gunderson ZJ, Fehrenbacher JC, White FA, Kacena MA. No pain, no gain? The effects of pain-promoting neuropeptides and neurotrophins on fracture healing. Bone 2020; 131:115109. [PMID: 31715336 PMCID: PMC6934100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and neurotrophins are key regulators of peripheral nociceptive nerves and contribute to the induction, sensitization, and maintenance of pain. It is now known that these peptides also regulate non-neuronal tissues, including bone. Here, we review the effects of numerous neuropeptides and neurotrophins on fracture healing. The neuropeptides calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) have varying effects on osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity. Ultimately, CGRP and SP both accelerate fracture healing, while VIP and PACAP seem to negatively impact healing. Unlike the aforementioned neuropeptides, the neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have more uniform effects. Both factors upregulate osteoblastic activity, osteoclastic activity, and, in vivo, stimulate osteogenesis to promote fracture healing. Future research will need to clarify the exact mechanism by which the neuropeptides and neurotrophins influence fracture healing. Specifically, understanding the optimal expression patterns for these proteins in the fracture healing process may lead to therapies that can maximize their bone-healing capabilities and minimize their pain-promoting effects. Finally, further examination of protein-sequestering antibodies and/or small molecule agonists and antagonists may lead to new therapies that can decrease the rate of delayed union/nonunion outcomes and fracture-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyup Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Nicklaus H Diggins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Zachary J Gunderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Fletcher A White
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA; Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA; Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA.
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3
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Lugo JM, Tafalla C, Oliva A, Pons T, Oliva B, Aquilino C, Morales R, Estrada MP. Evidence for antimicrobial and anticancer activity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) from North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Its potential use as novel therapeutic agent in fish and humans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:559-570. [PMID: 30481557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a regulatory neuropeptide that belongs to the secretin/glucagon superfamily, of which some members have shown antimicrobial activities. Contrasting to mammals, published studies on the action of PACAP in non-mammalian vertebrate immune system remain scarce. Some of our recent studies added this peptide to the growing list of mediators that allow cross-talk between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems in teleost fish. Regulation of PACAP and expression of its receptor genes has been demonstrated during an immune response mounted against acute bacterial infection in fish, though the direct effect of PACAP against fish pathogenic bacteria has never been addressed. Current work provides evidence of antimicrobial activity of Clarias gariepinus PACAP against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi of interest for human medicine and aquaculture, in which computational prediction studies supported the putative PACAP therapeutic activity. Results also indicated that catfish PACAP not only exhibits inhibitory effects on pathogen growth, but also affects the proliferation of human non-small cell lung cancer cell line H460 in a dose-dependent manner. The observed cytotoxic activity of catfish PACAP against human tumor cells and pathogenic microorganisms, but not healthy fish and mammalian erythrocytes support a potential physiological role of this neuropeptide in selective microbial and cancer cell killing. All together, our findings extend the mechanisms by which PACAP could contribute to immune responses, and open up new avenues for future therapeutic application of this bioactive neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Maria Lugo
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Aquatic Biotechnology Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, 10600, Cuba; Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayme Oliva
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Veterinary Clinical Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Tirso Pons
- Structural Biology and BioComputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brizaida Oliva
- Pharmaceutical Department. Laboratory of Cancer Biology. Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Carolina Aquilino
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynold Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Aquatic Biotechnology Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Aquatic Biotechnology Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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4
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Amso Z, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:579-640. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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5
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VIP deficient mice exhibit resistance to lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxemia with an intrinsic defect in proinflammatory cellular responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36922. [PMID: 22615845 PMCID: PMC3355097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with immunomodulatory properties. The administration of this peptide has been shown to have beneficial effects in murine models of inflammatory diseases including septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. However, the role of the endogenous peptide in inflammatory disease remains obscure because VIP-deficient mice were recently found to exhibit profound resistance in a model of MS. In the present study, we analyzed the response of female VIP deficient (KO) mice to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We observed significant resistance to LPS in VIP KO mice, as evidenced by lower mortality and reduced tissue damage. The increased survival was associated with decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-12) in sera and peritoneal suspensions of these mice. Moreover, the expression of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA was reduced in peritoneal cells, spleens and lungs from LPS-treated VIP KO vs. WT mice, suggesting that the resistance might be mediated by an intrinsic defect in the responsiveness of immune cells to endotoxin. In agreement with this hypothesis, peritoneal cells isolated from VIP KO naive mice produced lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to LPS in vitro. Finally, decreased NF-κB pathway activity in peritoneal cells was observed both in vivo and in vitro, as determined by assay of phosphorylated I-κB. The results demonstrate that female VIP KO mice exhibit resistance to LPS-induced shock, explainable in part by the presence of an intrinsic defect in the responsiveness of inflammatory cells to endotoxin.
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6
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Joo KM, Chung YH, Kim MK, Nam RH, Lee BL, Lee KH, Cha CI. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptor) in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2004; 476:388-413. [PMID: 15282712 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To examine the distributions of VIP/PACAP receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors) in the brain and to identify the cell types that express these receptors, we performed immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence in the rat brain with specific antibodies. The immunohistochemistry revealed that the receptors had distinctive, complementary, and overlapping distribution patterns. High levels of the VPAC1 receptor were expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, deep cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The VPAC2 receptors were concentrated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdalar regions, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, hypothalamus, and brainstem. On the other hand, the PAC1 receptors had a more restricted distribution pattern in the brain, and high levels of the PAC1 receptors were confined to the cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, epithalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and white matter of many brain regions. Also, many fibers expressing the PAC1 receptors were observed in various areas, i.e., the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The double immunofluorescence showed that the VIP/PACAP receptors were confined to the neuroglia as well as the neurons. All three types of the VIP/PACAP receptors were expressed in the astrocytes, and the PAC1 receptors were also expressed in the oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that VIP and PACAP exert their functions through their receptors in specific locations in different combinations. We hope that this first demonstration of the distributions of the VIP/PACAP receptors provides data useful in the investigation of the mechanisms of the many functions of VIP and PACAP in the brain, which require further elucidation.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/classification
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Tissue Distribution
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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7
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Kawakami M, Kimura T, Kishimoto Y, Tatekawa T, Baba Y, Nishizaki T, Matsuzaki N, Taniguchi Y, Yoshihara S, Ikegame K, Shirakata T, Nishida S, Masuda T, Hosen N, Tsuboi A, Oji Y, Oka Y, Ogawa H, Sonoda Y, Sugiyama H, Kawase I, Soma T. Preferential expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor VPAC1 in human cord blood-derived CD34+CD38- cells: possible role of VIP as a growth-promoting factor for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:912-21. [PMID: 14999295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells such as severe combined immunodeficiency- repopulating cells and long-term culture-initiating cells are enriched in CD34+CD38- cells derived from various stem cell sources. In this study, to elucidate the features of such primitive cells at the molecular level, we tried to isolate genes that were preferentially expressed in umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+CD38- cells by subtractive hybridization. The gene for VPAC1 receptor, a receptor for the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), was thereby isolated and it was shown that this gene was expressed in both CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38+ CB cells and that the expression levels were higher in CD34+CD38- CB cells. Next, we assessed the effects of VIP on the proliferation of CD34+ CB cells using in vitro culture systems. In serum-free single-cell suspension culture, VIP enhanced clonal growth of CD34+ CB cells in synergy with FLT3 ligand (FL), stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO). In serum-free clonogenic assays, VIP promoted myeloid (colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM)) and mixed (CFU-Mix) colony formations. Furthermore, in Dexter-type long-term cultures, VIP increased colony-forming cells at week 5 of culture. These results suggest that VIP functions as a growth-promoting factor of CB-derived hematopoetic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawakami
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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8
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Rogers KA, Titus RG. Immunomodulatory effects of Maxadilan and Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary gland lysates on human primary in vitro immune responses. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:127-34. [PMID: 12911520 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of Leishmania-infected sand flies. Here we show for the first time the ability of Maxadilan (Max), a vasodilatory peptide isolated from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, and salivary gland lysate (SGL) from Phlebotomus papatasi to decrease the secretion of Type 1 cytokines and to enhance the production of the Type 2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes. We found Max decreased the secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-12p40 by PBMC and TNF-alpha by monocytes. SGL reduced the production of IFN-gamma by PBMC. In contrast, production of the Type 2 cytokine IL-6 was increased in Max or SGL-exposed cells. Finally, we determined that Max interacts with human cells through at least the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor. These results show that sand fly salivary gland components have an immunomodulatory effect on human cells, and this has important implications for the development of vaccines against leishmaniasis for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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9
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Guilpin VO, Swardson-Olver C, Nosbisch L, Titus RG. Maxadilan, the vasodilator/immunomodulator from Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly saliva, stimulates haematopoiesis in mice. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:437-46. [PMID: 12406198 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protozoal parasites of the genus Leishmania are transmitted to their vertebrate host within the saliva of the sand fly during a blood meal. The saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis contains maxadilan, a potent vasodilator and immunomodulator. Maxadilan has been shown to enhance the virulence of L. major in all strains of laboratory mice when injected along with the organism. Increased haematopoiesis has been associated with enhanced susceptibility to Leishmania organisms. Here, we show that maxadilan alone stimulates bone marrow haematopoiesis through its ability to stimulate interleukin-6 production by bone marrow stromal cells. Moreover, these effects of maxadilan are mediated through the interaction of maxadilan with the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor. These data suggest that increasing haematopoiesis may be yet another way that maxadilan enhances susceptibility of mice to Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie O Guilpin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA
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10
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Lundberg P, Lerner UH. Expression and regulatory role of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide in bone cells. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 58:98-103. [PMID: 12203709 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An intense network of nerve fibers can be demonstrated in skeletal tissues, not only in the periosteum but also within cortical bone, growth plate, and bone marrow. This neuro-osteogenic network expresses a restricted number of signalling molecules, including neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and neurotrophins. Several lines of evidence indicate that receptors for these molecules are present on bone cells and that activation of these receptors leads to changes in bone cell activities. In addition, deletion of signalling molecules has been shown to alter bone metabolism. In the present review, these studies are summarized with a focus on distribution and effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide.
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11
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Danaher RJ, Savells-Arb AD, Black SA, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. Herpesvirus quiescence in neuronal cells IV: virus activation induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) involves the protein kinase A pathway. J Neurovirol 2001; 7:163-8. [PMID: 11517389 DOI: 10.1080/13550280152058825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a naturally occurring peptide found in the central nervous system that plays a role in somatosensory processing and activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). Because activation of PKA or PKC results in reactivation of HSV-1 from latently infected embryonic neuronal cells, PACAP was used to evaluate HSV-1 activation from quiescently infected (QIF)-PC12 cells. Our studies demonstrate that physiologically relevant concentrations of PACAP38 and PACAP27 induce HSV-1 activation from QIF-PC12 cell cultures in a dose-dependent fashion. PACAP-induced activation of virus was significantly impaired by the PKA-inhibitor, H-89 (20 microM), whereas treatment with the PKC-inhibitor, GF109203X (1 microM), was without affect. Additionally, direct activation of PKA with cAMP analogs, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)- and dibutyryl-cAMP, only partially mimicked the effect of PACAP on virus activation. Taken together, PACAP induced HSV-1 activation from QIF-PC12 cells involves the PKA and possibly cAMP-independent pathways. This report is the first to demonstrate that PACAP induces HSV-1 activation from a quiescent state and that this in vitro cell model is useful for studying early inductive events that lead to virus production from quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Danaher
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0297, USA
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12
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Sherwood NM, Krueckl SL, McRory JE. The origin and function of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/glucagon superfamily. Endocr Rev 2000; 21:619-70. [PMID: 11133067 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/ glucagon superfamily includes nine hormones in humans that are related by structure, distribution (especially the brain and gut), function (often by activation of cAMP), and receptors (a subset of seven-transmembrane receptors). The nine hormones include glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GH-releasing hormone (GRF), peptide histidine-methionine (PHM), PACAP, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The origin of the ancestral superfamily members is at least as old as the invertebrates; the most ancient and tightly conserved members are PACAP and glucagon. Evidence to date suggests the superfamily began with a gene or exon duplication and then continued to diverge with some gene duplications in vertebrates. The function of PACAP is considered in detail because it is newly (1989) discovered; it is tightly conserved (96% over 700 million years); and it is probably the ancestral molecule. The diverse functions of PACAP include regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in some cell populations. In addition, PACAP regulates metabolism and the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems, although the physiological event(s) that coordinates PACAP responses remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Sherwood
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Ransjö M, Lie A, Mukohyama H, Lundberg P, Lerner UH. Microisolated mouse osteoclasts express VIP-1 and PACAP receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274:400-4. [PMID: 10913350 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal tissue contains a network of nerve fibers expressing several neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the related peptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP). These peptides have been demonstrated to regulate osteoclast formation and osteoclast activity. Using atomic force microscopy and by analysing changes of the intracellular calcium concentrations, we have recently demonstrated that multinucleated rat osteoclasts have cell membrane binding sites recognising VIP and PACAP. In the present study, we have further studied the expression of VIP receptor subtypes in mouse bone marrow cultures and isolated osteoclasts. A micromanipulation technique was used to isolate pure populations of osteoclasts formed in PTH-stimulated mouse bone marrow cultures. By reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we studied the expression of mRNA for VIP-1, VIP-2, and PACAP receptors. The purity of the microisolated osteoclasts was determined by studying the expression of specific mRNA associated with the phenotypic trait of osteoclasts or osteoblasts/stromal cells. In this study, we show that mouse osteoclasts express VIP-1 and PACAP, but not VIP-2, receptor mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mice
- Micromanipulation
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/cytology
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ransjö
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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14
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Schmidt-Choudhury A, Meissner J, Seebeck J, Goetzl EJ, Xia M, Galli SJ, Schmidt WE, Schaub J, Wershil BK. Stem cell factor influences neuro-immune interactions: the response of mast cells to pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide is altered by stem cell factor. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1999; 83:73-80. [PMID: 10511460 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(99)00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells degranulation can be elicited by a number of biologically important neuropeptides, but the mechanisms involved in mast cell-neuropeptide interactions have not been fully elucidated. Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as c-kit or kit ligand, induces multiple effects on mast cells, including proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and prevents apoptosis. We investigated the ability of SCF to affect mast cell responsiveness to the neuropeptides pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). PACAP 1-27, PACAP1-38, or VIP failed to induced preformed mediator release from mouse bone-marrow-cultured mast cells (BMCMC) derived in concanavalin A-stimulated spleen conditioned medium (CM). By contrast, BMCMC grown in SCF-containing medium or freshly isolated peritoneal mast cells exhibited significant 3H-hydroxytrypamine (5-HT) release in response to PACAP peptides or VIP. Deoxyglucose and the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin significantly inhibited PACAP-induced 5-HT release indicating that the central event induced by PACAP peptides was exocytosis. The G(alpha)i inhibitor, pertussis toxin, significantly diminished PACAP-induced 5-HT release from BMCMCs in SCF suggesting the involvement of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Western blot analysis using antibodies directed against the human VIP type I/PACAP type II receptor demonstrated a 70-72 kD immunoreactive protein expressed in greater amounts in BMCMC grown in SCF compared with BMCMC in CM. We conclude that SCF induces a mast cell population that is responsive to PACAPs and VIP involving a heterotrimeric G-protein-dependent mechanism.
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15
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Grimaldi M, Cavallaro S. Functional and molecular diversity of PACAP/VIP receptors in cortical neurons and type I astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:2767-72. [PMID: 10457173 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we determined the mRNA-expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons and type I astrocytes, and investigated the effects of PACAP38 on adenylyl cyclase, inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and intracellular calcium homeostasis. PACAP38 elicited a concentration-dependent (1 nM-100 nM) increase in inositol phosphate levels and [Ca2+]i in neurons but not in type I astrocytes. The PACAP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, was characterized by a spike, compatible with inositol trisphosphate (IP3) -induced calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, and a plateau phase, sustained by activation of capacitative calcium entry triggered by depletion of IP3-sensitive calcium stores. In the absence of extracellular calcium, only the spike phase was present while the plateau phase was clearly reduced. In addition, thapsigargin pretreatment abolished the PACAP38-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Treatment with 1 microM VIP did not affect [Ca2+]i in either neurons or type I astrocytes, clearly indicating the coupling of PAC1-HOP subtype to phospholipase-C in neurons. In addition, as previously reported, PACAP38 stimulated cAMP formation in both neurons and type I astrocytes. Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found mRNA-expression of PAC1 (PACAP - HOP variant) and VPAC2 in neurons, PAC1 (PACAP - R variant), VPAC1 and VPAC2 in astrocytes. These data indicate both a functional and molecular diversity of PACAP and VIP receptors in these cell types and support the view that the PAC1-HOP variant may be responsible for phospholipase-C activation and [Ca2+]i elevation in cortical neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Genetic Variation
- Intracellular Membranes/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Osmolar Concentration
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grimaldi
- Laboratory of Adaptive Systems, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Isumi Y, Minamino N, Kubo A, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Yoshioka M, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Adrenomedullin stimulates interleukin-6 production in Swiss 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:325-31. [PMID: 9514921 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) has very recently been demonstrated to be produced and secreted from fibroblasts. The production of AM in the fibroblasts is augmented by inflammation-related substances, and Swiss 3T3 fibroblast cells express AM specific receptors coupled with adenylate cyclase. To assess the functions of AM secreted from fibroblasts, we measured the effect of AM on production in Swiss 3T3 cells of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a typical cytokine involved in the general inflammatory reactions. AM stimulated basal secretion of IL-6 5.5-fold, while other peptides elicited much weaker stimulatory effects. The effect of AM was inhibited with an AM receptor antagonist and a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor. Furthermore, AM remarkably potentiated stimulatory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide on IL-6 production. This stimulatory effect of AM was induced through activation of gene transcription, which reached maximum within 30 min. These findings verify that AM is a rapid and extraordinarily potent regulator of IL-6 production in Swiss 3T3 cells acting through the cAMP-PKA pathway. The data thus obtained suggest that AM is a peptidergic regulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Isumi
- National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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