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Yogeeta F, Rauf SA, Devi M, Imran K, Ahmed R, Aruwani PK, Saad M, Tooba F, Hashmani FZ, Ibrahim M, Kumar N, Shah HH, Hussain T, Haque MA. Prolactinoma: Navigating the Dual Challenge of Side Effects and Treatment Strategies - A Comprehensive Review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:4613-4623. [PMID: 39118737 PMCID: PMC11305738 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review provides a succinct exploration of prolactinoma, the most common pituitary adenoma, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic interventions. Beginning with an overview of its prevalence and aetiology, the review delves into the gender distribution and familial associations of prolactinoma. Clinical presentations, including endocrine disruptions, reproductive health issues, and metabolic disturbances, are examined, emphasizing their impact on hormonal regulation and cardiovascular health. The narrative then navigates through pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and radiation therapy, highlighting their efficacy, side effects, and long-term management challenges. Strategies to mitigate side effects and optimize treatment outcomes are discussed, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in prolactinoma management. This review is a concise yet comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals and researchers, providing insights into prolactinoma's clinical complexities and therapeutic nuances to guide optimal patient care strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Yogeeta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | | | - Muskan Devi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | - Komal Imran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | - Rubayyi Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | | | - Muhammad Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | - Fnu Tooba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | | | - Mufliha Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College
| | - Hussain Haider Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Md Ariful Haque
- Department of Public Health, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology
- Voice of Doctors Research School, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Kim JM, Lee YH, Ku CR, Lee EJ. The cyclic pentapeptide d-Arg3FC131, a CXCR4 antagonist, induces apoptosis of somatotrope tumor and inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Endocrinology 2011; 152:536-44. [PMID: 21147876 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 and its receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in GH production and cell proliferation in normal and tumorous pituitary somatotrope cells. Therefore, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 could be an attractive target for antitumor drugs in patients with acromegaly. A synthetic antagonist of CXCR4, cyclic pentapeptide d-Arg3FC131 (c[Gly1-d-Tyr2-d-Arg3-Arg4-Nal5]) significantly inhibited GH production and proliferation of GH3 somatotrope tumor cells in vitro. It also induced apoptosis of GH3 cells through activation of the caspase-3 pathway. Systemic administration of d-Arg3FC131 inhibited the growth of GH3 cell xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice by inducing apoptosis and suppressing the proliferation of tumor cells. These results indicate that d-Arg3FC131 might have potential for the treatment of pituitary tumors producing excess GH in patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mo Kim
- Severance Hospital Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Gene therapy of benign gynecological diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:822-35. [PMID: 19446586 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is the introduction of genetic material into patient's cells to achieve therapeutic benefit. Advances in molecular biology techniques and better understanding of disease pathogenesis have validated the use of a variety of genes as potential molecular targets for gene therapy based approaches. Gene therapy strategies include: mutation compensation of dysregulated genes; replacement of defective tumor-suppressor genes; inactivation of oncogenes; introduction of suicide genes; immunogenic therapy and antiangiogenesis based approaches. Preclinical studies of gene therapy for various gynecological disorders have not only shown to be feasible, but also showed promising results in diseases such as uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis. In recent years, significant improvement in gene transfer technology has led to the development of targetable vectors, which have fewer side-effects without compromising their efficacy. This review provides an update on developing gene therapy approaches to treat common gynecological diseases such as uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis.
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Cakir M, Grossman AB. Targeting MAPK (Ras/ERK) and PI3K/Akt pathways in pituitary tumorigenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1121-34. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220903170675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hassan MH, Salama SA, Zhang D, Arafa HMM, Hamada FMA, Fouad H, Walker CC, Al-Hendy A. Gene therapy targeting leiomyoma: adenovirus-mediated delivery of dominant-negative estrogen receptor gene shrinks uterine tumors in Eker rat model. Fertil Steril 2009; 93:239-50. [PMID: 19144333 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of gene therapy for uterine fibroids in the Eker rat model using an adenovirus-mediated delivery of a dominant-negative estrogen receptor gene (Ad-DNER). DESIGN Animal study. SETTING University animal laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Twenty-seven female Eker rats. INTERVENTION(S) We randomized Eker rats with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-confirmed uterine leiomyomas to a single treatment of direct intrafibroid injection with Ad-DNER, Ad-bacterial ss-galactosidase, or vehicle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Tumor volumes were determined by MRI scanning and caliper measurement. Samples of serum, fibroid tumors, and various organs were collected at 8, 15, and 30 days after treatment to assess treatment safety and efficacy. RESULT(S) The Ad-DNER treatment significantly decreased uterine fibroid volume by 45%, 80%, and 77.4% of pretreatment volume at days 8, 15, and 30, respectively, and modulated the expression of apoptosis-, proliferation-, and extracellular matrix-related genes' compared with control animals. The Ad-DNER did not produce any toxic effects in nontarget tissues. CONCLUSION(S) The Ad-DNER treatment shrinks Eker rats' fibroids, in part, via modulation of several estrogen-regulated genes. This safe gene therapy approach presents a promising conservative treatment option for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memy H Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Cho MA, Yashar P, Kim SK, Noh T, Gillam MP, Lee EJ, Jameson JL. HoxD10 gene delivery using adenovirus/adeno-associate hybrid virus inhibits the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GH4 pituitary lactotrope tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:371-4. [PMID: 18442473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolactinoma is one of the most common types of pituitary adenoma. It has been reported that a variety of growth factors and cytokines regulating cell growth and angiogenesis play an important role in the growth of prolactinoma. HoxD10 has been shown to impair endothelial cell migration, block angiogenesis, and maintain a differentiated phenotype of cells. We investigated whether HoxD10 gene delivery could inhibit the growth of prolactinoma. Rat GH4 lactotrope tumor cells were infected with adenovirus/adeno-associated virus (Ad/AAV) hybrid vectors carrying the mouse HoxD10 gene (Hyb-HoxD10) or the beta-galactosidase gene (Hyb-Gal). Hyb-HoxD10 expression inhibited GH4 cell proliferation in vitro. The expression of FGF-2 and cyclin D2 was inhibited in GH4 cells infected with Hyb-HoxD10. GH4 cells transduced with Hyb-HoxD10 did not form tumors in nude mice. These results indicate that the delivery of HoxD10 could potentially inhibit the growth of PRL-secreting tumors. This approach may be a useful tool for targeted therapy of prolactinoma and other neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ae Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Pituitary Tumor Clinic, Research Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hassan MH, Salama SA, Arafa HMM, Hamada FMA, Al-Hendy A. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of a dominant-negative estrogen receptor gene in uterine leiomyoma cells abrogates estrogen- and progesterone-regulated gene expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3949-57. [PMID: 17635941 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human uterine leiomyomas are very common smooth muscle cell tumors that occur in reproductive-age women and are the leading reason for performing hysterectomies. The present study was conducted to explore the potential mechanism behind the effects exerted by dominant-negative estrogen receptors (DNERs) delivered by adenovirus to leiomyoma cells to ascertain the utility of DNERs as a novel strategy for treatment of uterine fibroids. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We investigated the ability of DNER to affect estrogen response element (ERE) activity induced by wild-type estrogen receptor (ER) by using the adenovirus ERE luciferase (Ad-ERE-luc) system in ELT3 cells and the effect of graded doses of DNER (10, 50, and 100 plaque-forming units/cell) on the expression of some selected genes controlling cultured human leiomyoma cell proliferation (cyclin D1, Cox2, PCNA, VEGF, and EGF), apoptosis (Bcl2 and Bax), estrogen metabolism (COMT), and extracellular matrix formation (MMP(1)) as well as progesterone receptors (A and B) were assessed using Western blot analysis. These genes are all regulated by estrogen and/or progesterone. RESULTS DNER has the ability to suppress the ERE luc activity induced by wild-type ER (P < 0.01) and significantly (P < 0.05) reverse the expression of all estrogen- and progesterone-regulated genes in this study. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that interruption of the estrogen signaling pathway using DNER results in modulation of both estrogen- and progesterone-regulated genes that control leiomyoma cell apoptosis, proliferation, extracellular matrix formation, progesterone receptors, and estrogen metabolism, which might account for the DNER mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memy H Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-0587, USA
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Othman EER, Salama S, Ismail N, Al-Hendy A. Toward gene therapy of endometriosis: adenovirus-mediated delivery of dominant negative estrogen receptor genes inhibits cell proliferation, reduces cytokine production, and induces apoptosis of endometriotic cells. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:462-71. [PMID: 17343855 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use dominant negative mutants of estrogen receptor genes delivered to endometriosis cells via an adenovirus vector (Ad-DN-ER) to abrogate estrogen action on these cells. DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Patients with ovarian endometriomas provided endometriotic cells, and patients with uterine prolapse or subserous leiomyoma provided control endometrial cells. INTERVENTION(S) Transfection of endometriotic cells by dominant negative estrogen receptor genes via adenovirus vector (Ad-DN-ER). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The main outcome measures were cellular proliferation, cytokine production, and induction of apoptosis in endometriotic cells. RESULT(S) Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor mRNA expression and adenovirus transduction efficiency were significantly higher in endometriotic than normal endometrial cells. Ad-DN-ER-treated endometriotic cells, as compared with control virus-treated cells, showed cell rounding and detachment (cell death), a 72% reduction in the number of viable cells 5 days after transduction, significantly less production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (7.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 152.8 +/- 1.9 pg/mL, respectively), vascular endothelial growth factor (356.2 +/- 11.6 vs. 997.3 +/- 16.5 pg/mL, respectively), and interleukin-6 (268.7 +/- 2.6 vs. 414.5 +/- 3.6 pg/mL, respectively), and a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic cells (51.2 +/- 7.8 vs. 23.8 +/- 1.7, respectively). CONCLUSION(S) An adenovirus can effectively transfect endometriotic cells in vitro. The DN-ER delivered to endometriotic cells via an adenovirus decreases cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and decreases cytokine production. Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy may represent a potential therapeutic option for endometriosis in the future.
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Christin-Maître S, Delemer B, Touraine P, Young J. Prolactinoma and estrogens: pregnancy, contraception and hormonal replacement therapy. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2007; 68:106-12. [PMID: 17540335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The stimulatory role of estrogen on prolactin secretion and on proliferation of lactotropic cells is well established in terms of physiology but could this phenomenon be extended to include harmful effects of estrogens on prolactinoma? The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date assessment of this subject with regard to pregnancy, use of contraceptive pills and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Dopamine agonists allow women presenting prolactinoma to recover their ovulation cycles and become pregnant. There is no adverse data concerning the safety of dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine, if the woman is treated during the first trimester of pregnancy but there is little information regarding the most recent treatments such as cabergoline or quinagolide. In women with microadenomas, pregnancy generally has little impact on their adenoma, delivery is normal and breast-feeding is allowed. Concerning macroprolactinomas, tumor progression during pregnancy is possible and endocrine follow-up remains necessary. Contraceptive pills containing estrogen and progestins are currently the best-tolerated and the most effective contraception. This type of contraceptive has long been avoided in patients presenting prolactinoma. While the literature has little to say on this subject and provides no adverse information, professional experience suggests that this attitude should be amended and that women presenting microprolactinoma should be allowed to use current contraceptive pills (containing 30 microg or less of ethinyl estradiol). The most important problem to overcome with this type of prescription, which masks the clinical consequences of hyperprolactinemia, is the possibility of overlooking hypophyseal disease that could result from this approach. The problem of macroprolactinoma is different; the possibility of prescribing contraceptive pills must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and the impact of the drug on the adenoma must be very closely monitored. Estrogen replacement therapy in patients presenting hypogonadism should be attempted in patients with a history of prolactinoma and standard-monitoring precautions should be taken. In menopausal women, when replacement therapy is desirable, the presence of a microprolactinoma should not by itself avoid this prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christin-Maître
- Service d'endocrinologie, hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
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Song YD, Lee EJ, Yashar P, Pfaff LE, Kim SY, Jameson JL. Islet cell differentiation in liver by combinatorial expression of transcription factors neurogenin-3, BETA2, and RIPE3b1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:334-9. [PMID: 17239820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors, such as PDX-1, that normally mediate pancreatic development are capable of inducing hepatic progenitor cells to differentiate into cells with pancreatic islet characteristics. We hypothesized that simultaneous expression of multiple transcription factors involved in islet development might enhance the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells. Bi- or tri-cistronic constructs were generated in hybrid adenovirus/adeno-associated virus (Ad/AAV) vectors containing neurogenin 3 (NGN3), BETA2 (NeuroD), and RIPE3b1 (MafA), each of which plays a role in islet cell differentiation. These vectors efficiently express multiple transcription factors and stimulate insulin promoter activity in a combinatorial manner. When these multi-cistronic constructs were administered in vivo, they induce hepatic expression of islet-specific markers, including PDX-1, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and islet-amyloid peptide. Administration of the Ad/AAV hybrid vectors to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice reversed hyperglycemia, consistent the differentiation of functional hepatic insulin-secreting cells. These results indicate that Ad/AAV hybrid vectors can be used to administer combinations of factors that induce islet cell differentiation in hepatic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Duk Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Galter Pavillion, Suite 3-150, 251 E. Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611-2908, USA
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Wentz MJ, Jamaluddin M, Garfield RE, Al-Hendy A. Regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in human myometrial cells. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 108:1439-47. [PMID: 17138778 PMCID: PMC4221853 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000243775.73788.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme catalyzes the methylation of the catechol estrogens, 2- or 4-hydroxyestrogen, to 2- or 4-methoxyestrogen. Both the hydroxy estrogens and methoxy estrogens were shown to modulate the effects of estrogen. Because catechol-O-methyltransferase activity controls levels of these metabolites, it may help regulate the cellular estrogenic milieu. In this study, we examined the regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in human myometrial cells. METHODS Catechol-O-methyltransferase expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and luciferase assays in human myometrial cells after treatment with estrogen or progesterone. Catechol-O-methyltransferase expression was measured in cells after treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) alone or with lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor. Luciferase assays were also conducted using human myometrial cells containing an estrogen response element-luciferase reporter gene to measure levels of estrogen-mediated transactivation after treatment with estrogen and increasing concentrations of 2-hydroxestrogen. RESULTS Catechol-O-methyltransferase expression was down-regulated by progesterone or estrogen. Tumor necrosis factor alpha upregulated catechol-O-methyltransferase expression, whereas cotreatment with lactacystin attenuated this response, suggesting that TNFalpha activated nuclear factor kappa B to induce catechol-O-methyltransferase expression. Increased concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrogen attenuated estrogen-mediated transcription in the myometrial cells. CONCLUSION Catechol-O-methyltransferase expression may be regulated in the myometrium to control the local action of estrogen. Low levels of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the myometrium would result in an accumulation of 2-hydroxyestrogen and may antagonize the local effect of estrogen. High levels of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the myometrium would result in lower levels of 2-hydroxyestrogen and may increase sensitivity to estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Wentz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Au WW, Abdou-Salama S, Sierra-Torres CH, Al-Hendy A. Environmental risk factors for prevention and molecular intervention of cervical cancer. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 210:671-678. [PMID: 17157560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is potentially the most preventable and treatable cancer in human but it is a leading cause for cancer morbidity and mortality in women around the world. Therefore, more innovative prevention and treatment protocols need to be developed and implemented. With better understanding of the etiology of the disease, specific prevention protocols that involve life-style modifications to minimize the impact of environmental risk factors can be developed. It may be necessary to implement unique modification protocols for different countries. In addition, antiviral vaccine is a highly promising prevention approach. With respect to therapy, the development of more specific protocols that have fewer side effects is needed. With the availability of sophisticated molecular techniques, a new generation of targeted approach that has the potential to generate outstanding efficacy is being tested. Using the siRNA technology against the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes, specific biological pathways that are essential to the growth and survival of the CC cells can be interrupted. Another promising approach is the molecular intervention of the estrogen pathway by blocking the expression of estrogen receptors. These molecular techniques may work by reactivating endogenous regulatory processes, e.g., the core apoptotic machinery, that can cause self-destruction of the CC cells, thus providing potentially effective molecular therapy. These topics are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Au
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA.
| | - Salama Abdou-Salama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos H Sierra-Torres
- Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Au WW, Abdou-Salama S, Al-Hendy A. Inhibition of growth of cervical cancer cells using a dominant negative estrogen receptor gene. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 104:276-80. [PMID: 17137618 PMCID: PMC1831876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen stimulates human papilloma virus oncogene expression, promotes cervical cancer (CC) cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. Therefore, blockage of estrogen function may have therapeutic application to CC. METHODS CasKi CC cells were transfected with an adenovirus expressing a dominant negative estrogen receptor gene (Ad-ER-DN) and their responses were investigated by RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry and Western blot assays. RESULT Transfected cells showed disturbance of cell colony morphology, reduced HPV E6 and E7 mRNA, interruption of cell proliferation, reduced cyclin D1 protein and expression of apoptosis. CONCLUSION We report, for the first time, the use of Ad-ER-DN to block estrogen receptors which led to dramatic changes in CC cells that are consistent with the possible reactivation of cellular p53 and Rb function. Their reactivation most likely allowed the recognition of existing chromosome abnormalities as a serious stress signal and the initiation of a cascade of cellular events in response to the stress, including the activation of the core apoptotic machinery which led to self-destruction of the CC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Au
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA.
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Abstract
Prolactinomas account for approximately 40% of all pituitary adenomas and are an important cause of hypogonadism and infertility. The ultimate goal of therapy for prolactinomas is restoration or achievement of eugonadism through the normalization of hyperprolactinemia and control of tumor mass. Medical therapy with dopamine agonists is highly effective in the majority of cases and represents the mainstay of therapy. Recent data indicating successful withdrawal of these agents in a subset of patients challenge the previously held concept that medical therapy is a lifelong requirement. Complicated situations, such as those encountered in resistance to dopamine agonists, pregnancy, and giant or malignant prolactinomas, may require multimodal therapy involving surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Progress in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of prolactinomas may enable future development of novel molecular therapies for treatment-resistant cases. This review provides a critical analysis of the efficacy and safety of the various modes of therapy available for the treatment of patients with prolactinomas with an emphasis on challenging situations, a discussion of the data regarding withdrawal of medical therapy, and a foreshadowing of novel approaches to therapy that may become available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Gillam
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a bioactive form of pyridoxine, dose-dependently (10-1000 microm) inhibited cell proliferation in rat pituitary MMQ and GH3 cells and in mouse AtT-20 cells. After 4 d, MMQ cell numbers were reduced by up to 81%, GH3 cell numbers were reduced by up to 64% (P < 0.05), and AtT-20 cell numbers were reduced by up to 90%. Cell proliferation rates recovered and dose-dependently reverted to control levels after PLP withdrawal. After 4 d, PLP (400 and 1000 microm) decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation by up to 71% (P < 0.05). PLP (400-1000 microm) reduced GH3 cell GH and prolactin secretion and AtT-20 cell ACTH secretion (adjusted for cell number) by approximately 70% after 2 d. The 100 microm PLP also inhibited prolactin secretion (65%, P < 0.05) in primary rat pituitary cells treated for 2 d. PLP decreased the percentage of AtT-20 and GH3 cells in S phase and increased those in G0-G1 phase. Furthermore, PLP induced AtT-20 and GH3 cell apoptosis (28 vs. 6, P < 0.05; 26 vs. 3, P < 0.05, respectively) and dose-dependently reduced content of the antiapoptosis gene Bcl-2. These results indicate that pharmacological doses of PLP inhibit pituitary cell proliferation and hormone secretion, in part mediated through PLP-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pyridoxine may therefore be appropriate for testing as a relatively safe drug for adjuvant treatment of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Guang Ren
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Room 2015, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Seilicovich A, Pisera D, Sciascia SA, Candolfi M, Puntel M, Xiong W, Jaita G, Castro MG. Gene therapy for pituitary tumors. Curr Gene Ther 2006; 5:559-72. [PMID: 16457646 PMCID: PMC2696484 DOI: 10.2174/156652305774964721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the most common primary intracranial neoplasms. Although most pituitary tumors are considered typically benign, others can cause severe and progressive disease. The principal aims of pituitary tumor treatment are the elimination or reduction of the tumor mass, normalization of hormone secretion and preservation of remaining pituitary function. In spite of major advances in the therapy of pituitary tumors, for some of the most difficult tumors, current therapies that include medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic methods are often unsatisfactory and there is a need to develop new treatment strategies. Gene therapy, which uses nucleic acids as drugs, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of pituitary tumors that do not respond to classical treatment strategies if the patients become intolerant to the therapy. The development of animal models for pituitary tumors and hormone hypersecretion has proven to be critical for the implementation of novel treatment strategies and gene therapy approaches. Preclinical trials using several gene therapy approaches for the treatment of anterior pituitary diseases have been successfully implemented. Several issues need to be addressed before clinical implementation becomes a reality, including the development of more effective and safer viral vectors, uncovering novel therapeutic targets and development of targeted expression of therapeutic transgenes. With the development of efficient gene delivery vectors allowing long-term transgene expression with minimal toxicity, gene therapy will become one of the most promising approaches for treating pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Seilicovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina.
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17
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Ben-Jonathan N. Dopamine and transforming growth factor-beta1: an odd couple in growth inhibition of the lactotrophs. Endocrinology 2005; 146:4177-8. [PMID: 16166229 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Burdette JE, Jeruss JS, Kurley SJ, Lee EJ, Woodruff TK. Activin A Mediates Growth Inhibition and Cell Cycle Arrest through Smads in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7968-75. [PMID: 16140969 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of growth factors is responsible for a variety of physiologic actions, including cell cycle regulation. Activin is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Activin functions by interacting with its type I and type II receptors to induce phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules known as Smads. Smads regulate transcription of many genes in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. In this study, the role of activin A in growth regulation of breast cancer cells was investigated. Activin stimulated the Smad-responsive promoter, p3TP, 2-fold over control in T47D breast cancer cells. Activin inhibited cellular proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells after 72 hours, an effect that could be abrogated by incubation with the activin type I receptor inhibitor, SB431542. Activin arrested T47D cells in the G0-G1 cell cycle phase. Smad2 and Smad3 were phosphorylated in response to activin and accumulated in the nucleus of treated T47D cells. Infection of T47D cells with adenoviral Smad3 resulted in cell cycle arrest and activation of p3TP-luciferase, whereas a adenoviral dominant-negative Smad3 blocked activin-mediated cell cycle arrest and gene transcription. Activin maintained expression of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors involved in cell cycle control, enhanced expression of p15, reduced cyclin A expression, and reduced phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Smad3 overexpression recapitulated activin-induced p15 expression and repression of cyclin A and Rb phosphorylation. These data indicate that activin A inhibits breast cancer cellular proliferation and activates Smads responsible for initiating cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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19
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Candolfi M, Jaita G, Zaldivar V, Zárate S, Ferrari L, Pisera D, Castro MG, Seilicovich A. Progesterone antagonizes the permissive action of estradiol on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2005; 146:736-43. [PMID: 15528300 PMCID: PMC1242177 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of lactotropes is estrogen dependent and predominant at proestrus. Here we observed that TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml) failed to induce apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats cultured in the presence of progesterone (10(-6) m). However, progesterone blocked the apoptotic effect of TNF-alpha in anterior pituitary cells and lactotropes cultured with 17beta-estradiol (10(-9) m). In addition, 17beta-estradiol induced apoptosis of somatotropes and triggered the proapoptotic action of TNF-alpha in these cells, effects completely blocked by ICI 182 780 (10(-6) m), an estrogen receptor antagonist. Progesterone reverted the permissive effect of 17beta-estradiol on TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of somatotropes. TNF-alpha induced apoptosis of somatotropes from rats killed at proestrus but not at diestrus. The antiprogestine ZK 98,299 (10(-6) m) completely inhibited the protective action of progesterone on TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells, lactotropes, and somatotropes. Although progesterone can interact with glucocorticoid receptors, dexamethasone (10(-6) m) had no effect on TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells, lactotropes, and somatotropes. Our results show that progesterone, by interacting with progesterone receptors, antagonizes the permissive action of estrogens on TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of lactotropes and somatotropes. These observations suggest that the steroid milieu may modulate the apoptotic response of anterior pituitary cells during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Seilicovich
- Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Adriana Seilicovich, Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina. E-mail:
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20
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Al-Hendy A, Lee EJ, Wang HQ, Copland JA. Gene therapy of uterine leiomyomas: adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative estrogen receptor inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191:1621-31. [PMID: 15547533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leiomyomas (fibroids) are common estrogen-dependent uterine tumors with no effective medicinal treatment; hysterectomy is the mainstay of management. STUDY DESIGN This study was undertaken to investigate a potential therapy for leiomyoma; we used a mutated dominant-negative estrogen receptor gene delivered via an adenoviral vector (Ad-ER-DN). RESULTS Ad-ER-DN transduction, in both human and rat leiomyoma cell lines, induced an increase in both caspase-3 levels and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio with evident apoptosis in the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In nude mice, rat leiomyoma cells ex vivo transduced with Ad-ER-DN supported significantly smaller tumors compared with Ad-LacZ-treated cells 5 weeks after implantation. In mice treated by direct intratumor injection into preexisting lesions, Ad-ER-DN caused immediate overall arrest of tumor growth. The Ad-ER-DN-treated tumors demonstrated severely inhibited cell proliferation (BrdU index) and a marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells (TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling index). CONCLUSION Dominant-negative estrogen receptor gene therapy may provide a nonsurgical treatment option for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who want to preserve their uteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex, USA.
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21
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Pisera D, Candolfi M, Navarra S, Ferraris J, Zaldivar V, Jaita G, Castro MG, Seilicovich A. Estrogens sensitize anterior pituitary gland to apoptosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E767-71. [PMID: 15172886 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00052.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis results from a balance between cell proliferation and cell death by apoptosis. Estradiol affects proliferation as well as apoptosis in hormone-dependent tissues. In the present study, we investigated the apoptotic response of the anterior pituitary gland to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cycling female rats, and the influence of estradiol in this response in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The OVX rats were chronically estrogenized with implanted Silastic capsules containing 1 mg of 17beta-estradiol (E2). Cycling or OVX and E2-treated rats were injected with LPS (250 microg/rat ip). Apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method in sections of the anterior pituitary gland and spleen. Chronic estrogenization induced apoptosis in the anterior pituitary gland. Acute endotoxemia triggered apoptosis of cells in the anterior pituitary gland of E2-treated rats but not of OVX rats. No differences were observed in the apoptotic response to LPS in spleen between OVX and E2-treated rats. The apoptotic response of the anterior pituitary to LPS was variable along the estrous cycle, being higher at proestrus than at estrus or diestrus I. Approximately 75% of the apoptotic cells were identified as lactotropes by immunofluorescence. In conclusion, our results indicate that estradiol induces apoptosis and enables the proapoptotic action of LPS in the anterior pituitary gland. Also, our study suggests that estrogens may be involved in anterior pituitary cell renewal during the estrous cycle, sensitizing lactotropes to proapoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pisera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.
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22
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Watanabe T, Akishita M, He H, Miyahara Y, Nagano K, Nakaoka T, Yamashita N, Kozaki K, Ouchi Y. 17 beta-estradiol inhibits cardiac fibroblast growth through both subtypes of estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:454-9. [PMID: 14592435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) remains controversial. This study investigated which subtype of estrogen receptor (ER), ER alpha or ER beta, mediated the effect of E2 on CF growth by the gain of function analysis using an adenovirus vector. One hundred nanomoles per liter of E2 attenuated DNA synthesis by up to 10%, and transactivated the estrogen-responsive element determined by luciferase assay in rat neonatal CFs. We constructed replication-deficient adenoviruses bearing the coding region of human ER alpha, ER beta, or the dominant-negative form of ER beta (designated AxCAER alpha, AxCAER beta, and AxCADNER beta, respectively). When CFs were infected with AxCAER alpha or AxCAER beta at multiplicity of infection of 20 or higher, DNA synthesis was decreased by 50% in response to E2 and the effect was abolished by co-infection with AxCADNER beta. Similarly, transcriptional activity of ER in CFs infected with AxCAER alpha or AxCAER beta was markedly enhanced and co-infection with AxCADNER beta abolished the effects. These results suggest that E2 inhibits CF growth and that both ER subtypes mediate the effect comparably and redundantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokumitsu Watanabe
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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23
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Refojo D, Liberman AC, Giacomini D, Carbia Nagashima A, Graciarena M, Echenique C, Paez Pereda M, Stalla G, Holsboer F, Arzt E. Integrating systemic information at the molecular level: cross-talk between steroid receptors and cytokine signaling on different target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 992:196-204. [PMID: 12794059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An essential event in immune activation is the increase of cytokines in both plasma and immune tissues. Steroid hormones influence several adaptive responses in both health and disease. Cytokines and steroids have an intimate cross-communication in many systems, making possible a satisfactory adaptive response to environmental changes. The ultimate level of integration of the cytokine-steroids cross-talk is the molecular level. We have demonstrated this in four types of cross-talk mechanisms on different cells in which steroids have major roles: (1) The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional interaction in cellular targets of TNF-induced cytotoxicity. TNF potentiates the transactivation activity of GR and the priming with TNF increases the protective action of GR on TNF-induced cytotoxicity. (2) The GR-T cell receptor (TCR) antagonism in GR-TCR-induced T cell apoptosis and its modulation by cAMP. cAMP inhibits the TCR-induced apoptosis through a PKA-CREB-dependent mechanism and potentiates glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by means of a CREB-independent mechanism. (3) The GR influence on Th1-Th2 cytokine expression and differentiation. Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of GATA-3 and T-bet transcription factors. (4) The influence of ER/Smad-4 signaling cross-communication on prolactinoma pathogenesis. Physical and functional interactions between Smad-4 and estrogen receptors take place in prolactinoma cells, providing a molecular explanation to link the tumorigenic action of these two important players of prolactinoma pathogenesis. The molecular cross-talk between steroids and transcription factors is the mechanism that provides the basis for the outcome of adaptive responses integrating the systemic information provided by hormones and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Refojo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, and the Argentine National Research Council, Argentina
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24
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Paez-Pereda M, Giacomini D, Refojo D, Nagashima AC, Hopfner U, Grubler Y, Chervin A, Goldberg V, Goya R, Hentges ST, Low MJ, Holsboer F, Stalla GK, Arzt E. Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in pituitary prolactinoma pathogenesis through a Smad/estrogen receptor crosstalk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1034-9. [PMID: 12552124 PMCID: PMC298721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0237312100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumor development involves clonal expansion stimulated by hormones and growth factorscytokines. Using mRNA differential display, we found that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin is down-regulated in prolactinomas from dopamine D2-receptor-deficient mice. BMP-4 is overexpressed in prolactinomas taken from dopamine D2-receptor-deficient female mice, but expression of the highly homologous BMP-2 does not differ in normal pituitary tissue and prolactinomas. BMP-4 is overexpressed in other prolactinoma models, including estradiol-induced rat prolactinomas and human prolactinomas, compared with normal tissue and other pituitary adenoma types (Western blot analysis of 48 tumors). BMP-4 stimulates, and noggin blocks, cell proliferation and the expression of c-Myc in human prolactinomas, whereas BMP-4 has no action in other human pituitary tumors. GH3 cells stably transfected with a dominant negative of Smad4 (Smad4dn; a BMP signal cotransducer) or noggin have reduced tumorigenicity in nude mice. Tumor growth recovered in vivo when the Smad4dn expression was lost, proving that BMP-4Smad4 are involved in tumor development in vivo. BMP-4 and estrogens act through overlapping intracellular signaling mechanisms on GH3 cell proliferation and c-myc expression: they had additive effects at low concentrations but not at saturating doses, and their action was inhibited by blocking either pathway with the reciprocal antagonist (i.e., BMP-4 with ICI 182780 or 17beta-estradiol with Smad4dn). Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that under BMP-4 stimulation Smad4 and Smad1 physically interact with the estrogen receptor. This previously undescribed prolactinoma pathogenesis mechanism may participate in tumorigenicity in other cells where estrogens and the type beta transforming growth factor family have important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Paez-Pereda
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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25
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Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S. Functional role of estrogen in pituitary tumor pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:277-83. [PMID: 11805140 PMCID: PMC150842 DOI: 10.1172/jci14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary hyperplasia and lactotroph replication are induced by estrogen. The product of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) exhibits in vitro and in vivo transforming activity and induces basic bFGF secretion, thereby modulating pituitary angiogenesis and tumor formation. We demonstrated previously that pituitary pttg is induced by estrogen and bFGF, the latter being expressed in a concordant fashion with pttg in experimental and human pituitary adenomas. We now elucidate the role of estrogen in paracrine regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis by PTTG. Coincident with the circulating rat estradiol surge and maximal pituitary proliferation, pituitary pttg mRNA, bFGF, and VEGF expression increased approximately threefold during proestrus and estrus. Osmotic mini-pump coinfusion of estrogen and antiestrogen abrogated estrogen-induced pituitary pttg expression in vivo, suppressed serum PRL concentrations by 88%, and attenuated prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor growth by 41% in rats. Antiestrogen treatment of primary human pituitary tumor cultures reduced PTTG expression approximately 65%. Pituitary pttg, bFGF, and VEGF are cyclically expressed during the rat estrus cycle, concordantly with estrogen levels. Because anti-estrogens reduced PTTG expression in human pituitary tumors in vitro and suppressed experimental tumor growth in vivo, concomitantly with reduced PRL secretion, these results indicate a role for selective antiestrogens in treating pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Heaney
- Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Lee EJ, Jakacka M, Duan WR, Chien PY, Martinson F, Gehm BD, Jameson JL. Adenovirus-directed Expression of Dominant Negative Estrogen Receptor Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells and Regression of Tumors in Nude Mice. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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