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Markatos C, Biniari G, Chepurny OG, Karageorgos V, Tsakalakis N, Komontachakis G, Vlata Z, Venihaki M, Holz GG, Tselios T, Liapakis G. Cytotoxic Activity of Novel GnRH Analogs Conjugated with Mitoxantrone in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:4127. [PMID: 39274973 PMCID: PMC11397358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (GnRH-R) is highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells (OCC), and it is an important molecular target for cancer therapeutics. To develop a new class of drugs targeting OCC, we designed and synthesized Con-3 and Con-7 which are novel high-affinity GnRH-R agonists, covalently coupled through a disulfide bond to the DNA synthesis inhibitor mitoxantrone. We hypothesized that Con-3 and Con-7 binding to the GnRH-R of OCC would expose the conjugated mitoxantrone to the cellular thioredoxin, which reduces the disulfide bond of Con-3 and Con-7. The subsequent release of mitoxantrone leads to its intracellular accumulation, thus exerting its cytotoxic effects. To test this hypothesis, we determined the cytotoxic effects of Con-3 and Con-7 using the SKOV-3 human OCC. Treatment with Con-3 and Con-7, but not with their unconjugated GnRH counterparts, resulted in the accumulation of mitoxantrone within the SKOV-3 cells, increased their apoptosis, and reduced their proliferation, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 0.6-0.9 µM. It is concluded that Con-3 and Con-7 act as cytotoxic "prodrugs" in which mitoxantrone is delivered in a GnRH-R-specific manner and constitute a new class of lead compounds for use as anticancer drugs targeting ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markatos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Biniari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikos Tsakalakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Komontachakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Vlata
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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De K, Tanbir SKE, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid-Based Nanocarrier by Targeting with LHRH Peptide: A Promising Approach for Prostate Cancer Radio-Imaging and Therapy. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4128-4146. [PMID: 38920398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalently detected malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LHRH) receptors are overexpressed in such cancer cells, to which the LHRH-decapeptide can specifically bind. A lipid-polyethylene glycol-conjugated new LHRH-decapeptide analogue (D-P-HLH) was synthesized and characterized. D-P-HLH-coated and anticancer drug doxorubicin (DX)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (F-DX-SLN) were formulated by the cold homogenization technique and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, and drug-release profile studies. F-DX-SLN allows site-specific DX delivery by reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. Cancer cells could precisely take up F-DX-SLN by targeting specific receptors, boosting the cytotoxicity at the tumor site. The efficacy of F-DX-SLN on PC3/SKBR3 cells by the MTT assay revealed that F-DX-SLN was more cytotoxic than DX and/or DX-SLN. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopic studies further support F-DX-SLNs' increased intracellular absorption capability in targeting LHRH overexpressed cancer cells. F-DX-SLN ensured high apoptotic potential, noticeably larger mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization action, as well as the activation of caspases, a longer half-life, and greater plasma concentration. F-DX-SLN/DX-SLN was radiolabeled with technetium-99m; scintigraphic imaging studies established its tumor selectivity in PC3 tumor-bearing nude mice. The efficacy of the formulations in cancer treatment, in vivo therapeutic efficacy tests, and histopathological studies were also conducted. Results clearly indicate that F-DX-SLN exhibits sustained and superior targeted administration of anticancer drugs, thus opening up the possibility of a drug delivery system with precise control and targeting effects. F-DX-SLN could also provide a nanotheranostic approach with improved efficacy for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakali De
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - S K Eashayan Tanbir
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samarendu Sinha
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Hospital, 3081 Nayabad, Kolkata 700094, India
| | - Soma Mukhopadhyay
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Hospital, 3081 Nayabad, Kolkata 700094, India
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Feng K, Zhou S, Sheng Y, Lu K, Li C, Liu W, Kong H, Liu H, Mu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang J. Disulfidptosis-Related LncRNA Signatures for Prognostic Prediction in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102095. [PMID: 38833825 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Disulfidptosis is a prevalent apoptotic mechanism, intrinsically linked to cancer prognosis. However, the specific involvement of disulfidptosis-related long non-coding RNA (DRLncRNAs) in Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains incompletely understood. This study aims to elucidate the potential prognostic significance of disulfidptosis-related LncRNAs in KIRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression profiles and clinical data of KIRC patients were retrieved from the TCGA database to discern differentially expressed DRLncRNAs correlated with overall survival. Cox univariate analysis, Lasso Regression, and Cox multivariate analysis were used to construct a clinical prediction model. RESULTS Six signatures, namely FAM83C.AS1, AC136475.2, AC121338.2, AC026401.3, AC254562.3, and AC000050.2, were established to evaluate overall survival (OS) in the context of Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) in this study. Survival analysis and ROC curves demonstrated the strong predictive performance of the associated signature. The nomogram exhibited accurate prognostic predictions for overall patient survival, offering substantial clinical utility. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that risk signals were enriched in various immune-related pathways. Furthermore, the risk features exhibited significant correlations with immune cells, immune function, immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoints. CONCLUSION This study has unveiled, for the first time, six disulfdptosis-related LncRNA signatures, laying a solid foundation for enhanced and precise prognostic predictions in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Sheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- International Office, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haoxiang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Qingxiang Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jingwen Wang
- The second affiliated hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Solidoro R, Centonze A, Miciaccia M, Baldelli OM, Armenise D, Ferorelli S, Perrone MG, Scilimati A. Fluorescent imaging probes for in vivo ovarian cancer targeted detection and surgery. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1800-1866. [PMID: 38367227 DOI: 10.1002/med.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer, with a survival rate of approximately 40% at five years from the diagno. The first-line treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy (platinum- and taxane-based drugs). To date, the main prognostic factor is related to the complete surgical resection of tumor lesions, including occult micrometastases. The presence of minimal residual diseases not detected by visual inspection and palpation during surgery significantly increases the risk of disease relapse. Intraoperative fluorescence imaging systems have the potential to improve surgical outcomes. Fluorescent tracers administered to the patient may support surgeons for better real-time visualization of tumor lesions during cytoreductive procedures. In the last decade, consistent with the discovery of an increasing number of ovarian cancer-specific targets, a wide range of fluorescent agents were identified to be employed for intraoperatively detecting ovarian cancer. Here, we present a collection of fluorescent probes designed and developed for fluorescence-guided ovarian cancer surgery. Original articles published between 2011 and November 2022 focusing on fluorescent probes, currently under preclinical and clinical investigation, were searched in PubMed. The keywords used were targeted detection, ovarian cancer, fluorescent probe, near-infrared fluorescence, fluorescence-guided surgery, and intraoperative imaging. All identified papers were English-language full-text papers, and probes were classified based on the location of the biological target: intracellular, membrane, and extracellular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Solidoro
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Centonze
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Morena Miciaccia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Olga Maria Baldelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Armenise
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Savina Ferorelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Garg K, Kumar A, Kizhakkethil V, Kumar P, Singh S. Overlap in oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways associated with areca nut and nicotine exposure. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2024; 2:187-194. [PMID: 39027148 PMCID: PMC11252521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance, and is also a major preventable cause of cancer. Unlike other psychoactive substances, such as nicotine, the mechanisms underlying addiction to areca nuts and related oncogenesis remain elusive. Recent reports suggest a possible overlap in the mechanisms of action of nicotine and areca nuts in the human body. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interactome of human proteins associated with areca nut exposure and the intricate similarities and differences in the effects of the two psychoactive substances on humans. Methods A list of proteins associated with areca nut use was obtained from the available literature using terms from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional enrichment were analyzed. The results obtained for both psychoactive substances were compared. Results Given the limited number of common proteins (36/226, 16%) in the two sets, a substantial overlap (612/1176 nodes, 52%) was observed in the PPI networks, as well as in Gene Ontology. Areca nuts mainly affect signaling pathways through three hub proteins (alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, tumor protein 53, and interleukin-6), which are common to both psychoactive substances, as well as two unique hub proteins (epidermal growth factor receptor and master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism). Areca nut-related proteins are associated with unique pathways, such as extracellular matrix organization, lipid storage, and metabolism, which are not found in nicotine-associated proteins. Conclusions Areca nuts affect regulatory mechanisms, leading to systemic toxicity and oncogenesis. Areca nuts also affect unique pathways that can be studied as potential markers of exposure, as well as targets for anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krati Garg
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Vidisha Kizhakkethil
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632024, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
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Darwish DG, El-Sherief HAM, Abdel-Aziz SA, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. A decade's overview of 2-aminothiophenes and their fused analogs as promising anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300758. [PMID: 38442316 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, cancer has been a challenging domain for medicinal chemists as it is an international health concern. In association, small molecules such as 2-aminothiophenes and their derivatives showed significant antitumor activity through variable modes of action. Therefore, this article aims to review the advances regarding these core scaffolds over the past 10 years, where 2-aminothiophenes and their fused analogs are classified and discussed according to their biological activity and mode of action, in the interest of boosting new design pathways for medicinal chemists to develop targeted antitumor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia G Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hany A M El-Sherief
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt
| | - Salah A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Ibrahim AA, Nsairat H, Al-Sulaibi M, El-Tanani M, Jaber AM, Lafi Z, Barakat R, Abuarqoub DA, Mahmoud IS, Obare SO, Aljabali AAA, Alkilany AM, Alshaer W. Doxorubicin conjugates: a practical approach for its cardiotoxicity alleviation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:399-422. [PMID: 38623735 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2343882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Doxorubicin (DOX) emerges as a cornerstone in the arsenal of potent chemotherapeutic agents. Yet, the clinical deployment of DOX is tarnished by its proclivity to induce severe cardiotoxic effects, culminating in heart failure and other consequential morbidities. In response, a panoply of strategies has undergone rigorous exploration over recent decades, all aimed at attenuating DOX's cardiotoxic impact. The advent of encapsulating DOX within lipidic or polymeric nanocarriers has yielded a dual triumph, augmenting DOX's therapeutic efficacy while mitigating its deleterious side effects. AREAS COVERED Recent strides have spotlighted the emergence of DOX conjugates as particularly auspicious avenues for ameliorating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These conjugates entail the fusion of DOX through physical or chemical bonds with diminutive natural or synthetic moieties, polymers, biomolecules, and nanoparticles. This spectrum encompasses interventions that impinge upon DOX's cardiotoxic mechanism, modulate cellular uptake and localization, confer antioxidative properties, or refine cellular targeting. EXPERT OPINION The endorsement of DOX conjugates as a compelling stratagem to mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity resounds from this exegesis, amplifying safety margins and the therapeutic profile of this venerated chemotherapeutic agent. Within this ambit, DOX conjugates stand as a beacon of promise in the perpetual pursuit of refining chemotherapy-induced cardiac compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Alqader Ibrahim
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mazen Al-Sulaibi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Areej M Jaber
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rahmeh Barakat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duaa Azmi Abuarqoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ismail Sami Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sherine O Obare
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Peng J, Liu Q, Pu T, Zhang M, Zhang M, Du M, Li G, Zhang X, Xu C. Targeted Imaging of Endometriosis and Image-Guided Resection of Lesions Using Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue-Modified Indocyanine Green. Mol Imaging 2023; 2023:6674054. [PMID: 38089464 PMCID: PMC10713253 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6674054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we utilized gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue-modified indocyanine green (GnRHa-ICG) to improve the accuracy of intraoperative recognition and resection of endometriotic lesions. Methods Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) expression was detected in endometriosis tissues and cell lines via immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The in vitro binding capacities of GnRHa, GnRHa-ICG, and ICG were determined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In vivo imaging was performed in mouse models of endometriosis using a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system and fluorescence navigation system. The ex vivo binding capacity was determined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Results GnRHa-ICG exhibited a significantly stronger binding capacity to endometriotic cells and tissues than ICG. In mice with endometriosis, GnRHa-ICG specifically imaged endometriotic tissues (EMTs) after intraperitoneal administration, whereas ICG exhibited signals in the intestine. GnRHa-ICG showed the highest fluorescence signals in the EMTs at 2 h and a good signal-to-noise ratio at 48 h postadministration. Compared with traditional surgery under white light, targeted NIRF imaging-guided surgery completely resected endometriotic lesions with a sensitivity of 97.3% and specificity of 77.8%. No obvious toxicity was observed in routine blood tests, serum biochemicals, or histopathology in mice. Conclusions GnRHa-ICG specifically recognized and localized endometriotic lesions and guided complete resection of lesions with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qiyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Tao Pu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ming Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Fanis P, Neocleous V, Papapetrou I, Phylactou LA, Skordis N. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRHR) and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15965. [PMID: 37958948 PMCID: PMC10650312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sexual and reproductive development is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is primarily controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acting on its receptor (GnRHR). Dysregulation of the axis leads to conditions such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and delayed puberty. The pathophysiology of GnRHR makes it a potential target for treatments in several reproductive diseases and in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. GnRHR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and its GnRH ligand, when bound, activates several complex and tissue-specific signaling pathways. In the pituitary gonadotrope cells, it triggers the G protein subunit dissociation and initiates a cascade of events that lead to the production and secretion of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) accompanied with the phospholipase C, inositol phosphate production, and protein kinase C activation. Pharmacologically, GnRHR can be modulated by synthetic analogues. Such analogues include the agonists, antagonists, and the pharmacoperones. The agonists stimulate the gonadotropin release and lead to receptor desensitization with prolonged use while the antagonists directly block the GnRHR and rapidly reduce the sex hormone production. Pharmacoperones include the most recent GnRHR therapeutic approaches that directly correct the misfolded GnRHRs, which are caused by genetic mutations and hold serious promise for CHH treatment. Understanding of the GnRHR's genomic and protein structure is crucial for the most appropriate assessing of the mutation impact. Such mutations in the GNRHR are linked to normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and lead to various clinical symptoms, including delayed puberty, infertility, and impaired sexual development. These mutations vary regarding their mode of inheritance and can be found in the homozygous, compound heterozygous, or in the digenic state. GnRHR expression extends beyond the pituitary gland, and is found in reproductive tissues such as ovaries, uterus, and prostate and non-reproductive tissues such as heart, muscles, liver and melanoma cells. This comprehensive review explores GnRHR's multifaceted role in human reproduction and its clinical implications for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Irene Papapetrou
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Nicos Skordis
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Paediatrics, Nicosia 2024, Cyprus
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11
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Biniari G, Markatos C, Nteli A, Tzoupis H, Simal C, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Karageorgos V, Pirmettis I, Petrou P, Venihaki M, Liapakis G, Tselios T. Rational Design, Synthesis and Binding Affinity Studies of Anthraquinone Derivatives Conjugated to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogues towards Selective Immunosuppression of Hormone-Dependent Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15232. [PMID: 37894912 PMCID: PMC10607160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is pivotal in regulating human reproduction and fertility through its specific receptors. Among these, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (GnRHR I), which is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family, is expressed on the surface of both healthy and malignant cells. Its presence in cancer cells has positioned this receptor as a primary target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Moreover, the extensive regulatory functions of GnRH have underscored decapeptide as a prominent vehicle for targeted drug delivery, which is accomplished through the design of appropriate conjugates. On this basis, a rationally designed series of anthraquinone/mitoxantrone-GnRH conjugates (con1-con8) has been synthesized herein. Their in vitro binding affinities range from 0.06 to 3.42 nM, with six of them (con2-con7) demonstrating higher affinities for GnRH than the established drug leuprolide (0.64 nM). Among the mitoxantrone based GnRH conjugates, con3 and con7 show the highest affinities at 0.07 and 0.06 nM, respectively, while the disulfide bond present in the conjugates is found to be readily reduced by the thioredoxin (Trx) system. These findings are promising for further pharmacological evaluation of the synthesized conjugates with the prospect of performing future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Biniari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
| | - Christos Markatos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Agathi Nteli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
| | - Haralambos Tzoupis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
| | - Carmen Simal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
| | - Alexios Vlamis-Gardikas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (G.B.); (A.N.); (H.T.); (C.S.); (A.V.-G.)
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12
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Shi Z, Wu Y, Zhuo Q, Zuo Y, Lin J, Shi H, Zhou H, Xu Z. Comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress-related lncRNA signatures in glioma reveals the discrepancy of prognostic and immune infiltration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7731. [PMID: 37173373 PMCID: PMC10182081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to the process of reactive oxide species (ROS) increase in human body due to various factors, which leads to oxidative damage in human tissues. Current studies have confirmed that sustained oxidative stress is one of the distinctive features throughout the development of tumors. Numerous reports have shown that lncRNAs can regulate the process of oxidative stress through multiple pathways. However, the relationship between glioma-associated oxidative stress and lncRNAs is not clearly investigated. RNA sequencing data of GBM (glioblastoma) and LGG (low grade glioma) and corresponding clinical data were retrieved from the TCGA database. Oxidative stress related lncRNAs (ORLs) were identified by Pearson correlation analysis. Prognostic models for 6-ORLs were structured in the training cohort by univariate Cox regression analysis, multivariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO regression analysis. We constructed the nomogram and verified its predictive efficacy by Calibration curves and DCA decision curves. The biological functions and pathways of 6-ORLs-related mRNAs were inferred by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Immune cell abundance and immune function associated with risk score (RS) were estimated by ssGSEA, CIBERSORT and MCPcounter synthetically. External validation of the signature was completed using the CGGA-325 and CGGA-693 datasets. 6-ORLs signature-AC083864.2, AC107294.1, AL035446.1, CRNDE, LINC02600, and SNAI3-AS1-were identified through our analysis as being predictive of glioma prognosis. Kaplan-Meier and ROC curves indicated that the signature has a dependable predictive efficacy in the TCGA training cohort, validation cohort and CGGA-325/CGGA-693 test cohort. The 6-ORLs signature were verified to be independent prognostic predictors by multivariate cox regression and stratified survival analysis. Nomogram built with risk scores had strong predictive efficacy for patients' overall survival (OS). The outcomes of the functional enrichment analysis revealing potential molecular regulatory mechanisms for the 6-ORLs. Patients in the high-risk subgroup presented a significant immune microenvironment of macrophage M0 and cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration which was associated with a poorer prognosis. Finally, the expression levels of 6-ORLs in U87/U251/T98/U138 and HA1800 cell lines were verified by RT-qPCR. The nomogram in this study has been made available as a web version for clinicians. This 6-ORLs risk signature has the capabilities to predict the prognosis of glioma patients, assist in evaluating immune infiltration, and assess the efficacy of various anti-tumor systemic therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Shi
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchan Zhuo
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Zuo
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Lin
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadi Shi
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hechao Zhou
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zumin Xu
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Casati L, Ciceri S, Maggi R, Bottai D. Physiological and Pharmacological overview of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115553. [PMID: 37075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide responsible for the control of the reproductive functions. It shows C- and N-terminal aminoacid modifications and two other distinct isoforms have been so far identified. The biological effects of GnRH are mediated by binding to high-affinity G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR), showing characteristic very short C tail. In mammals, including humans, GnRH-producing neurons originate in the embryonic nasal compartment and during early embryogenesis they undergo rapid migration towards the hypothalamus; the increasing knowledge of such mechanisms improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infertility. The pharmacological use of GnRH, or its synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists or antagonists, provides a valid tool for reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction technology (ART). The presence of GnRHR in several organs and tissues indicates additional functions of the peptide. The identification of a GnRH/GnRHR system in the human endometrium, ovary, and prostate has extended the functions of the peptide to the physiology and tumor transformation of such tissues. Likely, the activity of a GnRH/GnRHR system at the level of the hippocampus, as well as its decreased expression in mice brain aging, raised interest in its possible involvement in neurogenesis and neuronal functions. In conclusion, GnRH/GnRHR appears to be a fascinating biological system that exerts several possibly integrated pleiotropic actions in the complex control of reproductive functions, tumor growth, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of GnRH and the pharmacological applications of its synthetic analogs in the management of reproductive and non-reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy.
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
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14
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Garrido MP, Hernandez A, Vega M, Araya E, Romero C. Conventional and new proposals of GnRH therapy for ovarian, breast, and prostatic cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1143261. [PMID: 37056674 PMCID: PMC10086188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1143261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have been used to treat androgen or estrogen-dependent tumors. However, emerging evidence shows that the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) is overexpressed in several cancer cells, including ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancer cells, suggesting that GnRH analogs could exert direct antitumoral actions in tumoral tissues that express GnRH-R. Another recent approach based on this knowledge was the use of GnRH peptides for developing specific targeted therapies, improving the delivery and accumulation of drugs in tumoral cells, and decreasing most side effects of current treatments. In this review, we discuss the conventional uses of GnRH analogs, together with the recent advances in GnRH-based drug delivery for ovarian, breast, and prostatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P. Garrido
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Vega
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Romero
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041192. [PMID: 36831534 PMCID: PMC9953833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse" of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells. Specifically, healthy cells display a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to the high accumulation of zinc that impairs the activity of m-aconitase, the enzyme of the TCA cycle responsible for the oxidation of citrate. During the early phase of cancer development, intracellular zinc levels decrease leading to the reactivation of m-aconitase, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. PCa cells change their metabolic features again when progressing to the late stage of cancer. In particular, the Warburg effect was consistently shown to be the main metabolic feature of late-stage PCa cells. However, accumulating evidence sustains that both the TCA cycle and the OXPHOS pathway are still present and active in these cells. The androgen receptor axis as well as mutations in mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic rewiring were shown to play a key role in PCa cell metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondrial structural dynamics, such as biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, were also observed in PCa cells. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in PCa during tumor development and progression; their role as effective molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa patients is also discussed.
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16
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Liu Y, Han J, Kong T, Xiao N, Mei Q, Liu J. DriverMP enables improved identification of cancer driver genes. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad106. [PMID: 38091511 PMCID: PMC10716827 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is widely regarded as a complex disease primarily driven by genetic mutations. A critical concern and significant obstacle lies in discerning driver genes amid an extensive array of passenger genes. FINDINGS We present a new method termed DriverMP for effectively prioritizing altered genes on a cancer-type level by considering mutated gene pairs. It is designed to first apply nonsilent somatic mutation data, protein‒protein interaction network data, and differential gene expression data to prioritize mutated gene pairs, and then individual mutated genes are prioritized based on prioritized mutated gene pairs. Application of this method in 10 cancer datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrated its great improvements over all the compared state-of-the-art methods in identifying known driver genes. Then, a comprehensive analysis demonstrated the reliability of the novel driver genes that are strongly supported by clinical experiments, disease enrichment, or biological pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS The new method, DriverMP, which is able to identify driver genes by effectively integrating the advantages of multiple kinds of cancer data, is available at https://github.com/LiuYangyangSDU/DriverMP. In addition, we have developed a novel driver gene database for 10 cancer types and an online service that can be freely accessed without registration for users. The DriverMP method, the database of novel drivers, and the user-friendly online server are expected to contribute to new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jiyun Han
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Tongxin Kong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Nannan Xiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qinglin Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
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17
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Munj SA, Taz TA, Arslanturk S, Heath EI. Biomarker-driven drug repurposing on biologically similar cancers with DNA-repair deficiencies. Front Genet 2022; 13:1015531. [PMID: 36583025 PMCID: PMC9792769 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1015531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar molecular and genetic aberrations among diseases can lead to the discovery of jointly important treatment options across biologically similar diseases. Oncologists closely looked at several hormone-dependent cancers and identified remarkable pathological and molecular similarities in their DNA repair pathway abnormalities. Although deficiencies in Homologous Recombination (HR) pathway plays a significant role towards cancer progression, there could be other DNA-repair pathway deficiencies that requires careful investigation. In this paper, through a biomarker-driven drug repurposing model, we identified several potential drug candidates for breast and prostate cancer patients with DNA-repair deficiencies based on common specific biomarkers and irrespective of the organ the tumors originated from. Normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the performance of the drug repurposing model. Our results showed that Mitoxantrone and Genistein were among drugs with high therapeutic effects that significantly reverted the gene expression changes caused by the disease (FDR adjusted p-values for prostate cancer =1.225e-4 and 8.195e-8, respectively) for patients with deficiencies in their homologous recombination (HR) pathways. The proposed multi-cancer treatment framework, suitable for patients whose cancers had common specific biomarkers, has the potential to identify promising drug candidates by enriching the study population through the integration of multiple cancers and targeting patients who respond poorly to organ-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeya Awadhut Munj
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tasnimul Alam Taz
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Suzan Arslanturk
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Suzan Arslanturk,
| | - Elisabeth I. Heath
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
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18
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Salas A, García-García P, Díaz-Rodríguez P, Évora C, Almeida TA, Delgado A. New local ganirelix sustained release therapy for uterine leiomyoma. Evaluation in a preclinical organ model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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19
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Sun C, Huang Y, Jiang C, Li Z. Updates on fluorescent probes and open-field imaging methods for fluorescence-guided cytoreductive surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer: A review. BJOG 2022; 129 Suppl 2:50-59. [PMID: 36485071 PMCID: PMC10107465 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-guided surgery has emerged as a promising imaging technique for real-time intraoperative tumour delineation and visualisation of submillimetre tumour masses in cytoreductive surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Researchers have developed several EOC-targeted fluorescent probes, most of which are currently in the preclinical stage. Interestingly, imaging devices designed for open surgery are proof of concept. This review summarises the recent advances in EOC-targeted fluorescent probes and open-field fluorescence imaging strategies and discusses the challenges and potential solutions for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongen Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Sun J, Li L, Chen H, Gan L, Guo X, Sun J. Identification and Validation of an m7G-Related lncRNAs Signature for Prognostic Prediction and Immune Function Analysis in Endometrial Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081301. [PMID: 35893039 PMCID: PMC9330151 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: N7-methylguanosine is a novel kind of internal modification that is widespread in human mRNA. The relationship between m7G-related lncRNAs (MRL) and endometrial cancer remains unknown. The aim of our study is to explore a predictive prognosis MRL signature in endometrial cancer and identify the underlying biological mechanism. Methods: We obtained RNA-seq profiles, clinical data, and information on somatic mutations from the TCGA database and obtained m7G-related genes from a previous study. MRLs were identified through a co-expression network. The prognostic model was constructed based on 10 m7G-related lncRNAs. Differentially expressed genes between low- and high-risk groups were identified for further analysis, consisting of functional enrichment analysis, immune function analysis, somatic mutation analysis, and potential drugs exploration. Results: We constructed a 10-MRLs signature. According to the risk score, the signature was classified into high- and low-risk groups. The signature had a reliable capacity for predicting the prognosis of endometrial cancer patients. The findings about differentially expressed genes were also of great significance for therapeutic treatments for endometrial cancer and gave novel insights into exploring the underlying molecular mechanism. Conclusion: The prognostic model based on 10 MRLs is a reliable and promising approach for predicting clinical outcomes and suggesting therapeutic methods for endometrial cancer patients.
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21
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Pnueli L, Melamed P. Epigenetic repression of gonadotropin gene expression via a GnRH-mediated DNA delivery system. Gene Ther 2022; 29:294-303. [PMID: 35301447 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive axis is activated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gonadotropes to secrete hormones that drive gonadal function and steroidogenesis. Thus repression of this axis, which is conserved across mammals and sexes, can reduce steroid levels and/or prevent reproduction. Steroid-dependent pathologies, including various cancers, are commonly treated with GnRH super-analogs which have long-term side-effects, while humane solutions for controlling reproduction in domestic and wild animal populations are lacking. GnRH-conjugated toxins are undergoing clinical trials for GnRHR-expressing cancer cells, and have been examined for gonadotrope ablation in animals, but showed low and/or transient effects and administration of toxins has many potential complications. Here we exploit GnRH targeting to gonadotropes to deliver DNA encoding an effector that induces gonadotropin gene repressive epigenetic modifications which are perpetuated over time. Several layers of specificity are endowed through targeting to GnRHR-expressing cells and due to local cleavage of the peptide packaging the DNA; the DNA-encoded effector is expressed and directed to the target genes by the DNA binding domain of a highly specific transcription factor. This design has multiple advantages over existing methods of shutting down the reproductive axis, and its modular design should allow adaptation for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Pnueli
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Philippa Melamed
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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22
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Chen CP, Lu X. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor inhibits triple-negative breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221082895. [PMID: 35264044 PMCID: PMC8918972 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221082895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) is expressed in several malignant tumors and inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells, but its role in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) is unclear. This study investigated the biological effects of GnRHR and their influence on TNBC prognosis. METHODS The GSE21653 database was used to obtain information about GnRHR expression and clinicopathological factors in patients with TNBC. GnRHR was activated in cultured MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells by leuprolide acetate and antagonized by elagolix sodium. Cell proliferation was assessed by the cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Cell metastasis was detected by the wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. GnRHR protein expression was determined by western blotting. RESULTS GnRHR mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients with TNBC than in hormone receptor+/human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2- and HER2+ patients with breast cancer. Patients with high GnRHR expression had significantly better disease-free survival than those with lower expression. Activated GnRHR significantly inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, increased apoptosis, and enhanced GnRHR protein expression levels. CONCLUSION GnRHR inhibits TNBC proliferation and metastasis, suggesting it could be targeted for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Wang L, Chen H, Wang F, Zhang X. The development of peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) strategies for paclitaxel. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:147-161. [PMID: 35130795 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2039621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paclitaxel is a powerful and effective anti-tumor drug with wide clinical application. However, there are still some limitations, including poor water solubility, low specificity, and susceptibility to drug resistance. The peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) represent a rising class of therapeutic drugs, which combines small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs with highly flexible peptides through a cleavable or non-cleavable linker. When this strategy is applied, the therapeutic effects of paclitaxel can be improved. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the application of the PDCs strategy in paclitaxel, including two parts: the tumor targeting peptide-paclitaxel conjugates and the cell penetrating peptide-paclitaxel conjugates. EXPERT OPINION Combining drugs with multifunctional peptides covalently is an effective strategy for delivering paclitaxel to tumors. Depending on different functional peptides, conjugates can increase the water solubility of paclitaxel, tumor permeability of paclitaxel, the accumulation of paclitaxel in tumor tissues, and enhance the antitumor effect of paclitaxel. In addition, due to the change of cell entry mechanism, partial conjugates can restore the therapeutic activity of paclitaxel against resistant tumors. Notably, in order to better translate into the clinical field in the future, more research should be conducted to ensure the safety and effectiveness of peptide-paclitaxel conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longkun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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Aimagambetova G, Terzic S, Laganà AS, Bapayeva G, la Fleur P, Terzic M. Contemporary Fertility-Sparing Management Options of Early Stage Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer in Young Nulliparous Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 35011935 PMCID: PMC8746136 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) has been increasing in recent years, especially in high-income countries. The disease commonly affects peri- and postmenopausal women; however, about 5% of women are diagnosed with EC in their reproductive age. Due to both the increasing incidence of EC among reproductive age women and trends to delayed childbearing, fertility-sparing treatment for young patients with EC has become extremely important for researchers and practitioners. Because the classic treatment with total hysterectomy and bilateral saplingo-oophorectomy is not an appropriate approach for young women demanding fertility preservation, several fertility-sparing options have been developed and summarized in this review. Utilization of different medications and their combination (progestagens, gonadotropin releasing hormones analogues, and metformin in different formulations) are tested and found as efficient for fertility-sparing treatment. New minimally invasive surgical techniques, combined with progestagens, are also confirmed as valuable. There are many novel conservative and surgical treatment approaches under investigation. Assuming that molecular biomarkers can be both diagnostic and prognostic to assist in prediction of response to a certain therapy, prognostic risk groups' stratification along with specific biomarkers' identification will ensure low recurrence and decrease mortality rates in young women with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhanat Aimagambetova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sanja Terzic
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (P.l.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Gauri Bapayeva
- National Research Center of Mother and Child Health, Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health, University Medical Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Philip la Fleur
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (P.l.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Milan Terzic
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.T.); (P.l.F.); (M.T.)
- National Research Center of Mother and Child Health, Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health, University Medical Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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De K. Decapeptide Modified Doxorubicin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery System against Prostate Cancer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13194-13207. [PMID: 34723562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing instances of prostate cancer with poor prognosis have become a challenging task in cancer therapy. Luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LHRH) receptors are overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids exhibit superiority in terms of retention/circulation in biological systems. PEGylated dipalmitoylphosphatedylethanolamine (DPPE-PEG), covalently linked with 6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic-acid, was conjugated with new LHRH-receptor positive peptide analog (DPPE-PEG-HYNIC-d-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-d-Asn-Leu-d-Gln-Pro-Gly-NH2). Surface modified doxorubicin (DOX) loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) was prepared using soylecithin, stearic acid and Poloxamer-188 by solvent emulsification/evaporation method for targeted delivery of DOX into prostate cancer cells. SLN, DOX loaded SLN (DSLN) and surface modified DSLN (M-DSLN) were characterized by means of their size, zeta potential, morphology, storage time, drug payload, and subsequent release kinetics studies. Homogeneity of surface morphology, upon modification of SLN, was revealed from the dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopic studies. Homogeneous adsolubilization of DOX throughout the hydrophobic moiety of SLN was established by the differential scanning calorimetric studies. Release of DOX were sustained in DSLN and M-DSLN. Cellular uptake and in vitro activities of formulations against LHRH positive PC3/SKBR3 cancer cell lines revealed higher cellular internalization, cytotoxicity that followed the sequence DOX < DSLN < M-DSLN. Dye staining and flow cytometry studies revealed higher apoptosis in cancer cells. Such receptor specific drug delivery systems are considered to have substantial potential in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakali De
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal India
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26
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Yu Y, Liu A, Dhawan G, Mei H, Zhang W, Izawa K, Soloshonok VA, Han J. Fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2020: Synthesis and biological activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Tan YG, Xu XL, Cao HY, Zhou W, Yin ZZ. Effect of age at first egg on reproduction performance and characterization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101325. [PMID: 34274568 PMCID: PMC8313835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important indicator of sexual maturity of hens, age at first egg (AFE) is significantly associated with reproduction performance. In this study, 400 hens were divided into 6 groups based on AFE to analyze the difference of reproduction performance, reproduction hormone levels and the characterization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in chickens. The results showed that the egg production of the hens in the late-maturing groups was significantly lower than that of the ones in other groups and the precocious hens had a lower egg production rate. The hens in late-maturing group had a lower fertility rate, LH levels and shorter duration of peak of egg production (PEP), the precocious hens had lower PRL levels. In addition, the characterization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis showed that the individuals with normal AFE had higher GNRH, GNRHR, ESR1, KITLG, and CYP11A1 expression levels than late-maturing and precocious individuals, which indicated that the chickens with normal AFE advantages on reproduction regulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Tan
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - X L Xu
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - H Y Cao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - W Zhou
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Z Z Yin
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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28
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Li H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Qi X. Hormone therapy for ovarian cancer: Emphasis on mechanisms and applications (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:223. [PMID: 34435651 PMCID: PMC8424487 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the leading cause of mortality due to gynecological malignancies. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that steroid hormones released from the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis can play a role in stimulating or inhibiting OC progression, with gonadotropins, estrogens and androgens promoting OC progression, while gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and progesterone may be protective factors in OC. Experimental studies have indicated that hormone receptors are expressed in OC cells and mediate the growth stimulatory or growth inhibitory effects of hormones on these cells. Hormone therapy agents have been evaluated in a number of clinical trials. The majority of these trials were conducted in patients with relapsed or refractory OC with average efficacy and limited side-effects. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which hormones affect cell growth may improve the efficacy of hormone therapy. In the present review article, the role of hormones (GnRH, gonadotropins, androgens, estrogens and progestins) and their receptors in OC tumorigenesis, and hormonal therapy in OC treatment is discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children and Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children and Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children and Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children and Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Abstract
The world of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has opened up massive new prospects in understanding the regulation of gene expression. Not only are there seemingly almost infinite numbers of lncRNAs in the mammalian cell, but they have highly diverse mechanisms of action. In the nucleus, some are chromatin-associated, transcribed from transcriptional enhancers (eRNAs) and/or direct changes in the epigenetic landscape with profound effects on gene expression. The pituitary gonadotrope is responsible for activation of reproduction through production and secretion of appropriate levels of the gonadotropic hormones. As such, it exemplifies a cell whose function is defined through changes in developmental and temporal patterns of gene expression, including those that are hormonally induced. Roles for diverse distal regulatory elements and eRNAs in gonadotrope biology have only just begun to emerge. Here, we will present an overview of the different kinds of lncRNAs that alter gene expression, and what is known about their roles in regulating some of the key gonadotrope genes. We will also review various screens that have detected differentially expressed pituitary lncRNAs associated with changes in reproductive state and those whose expression is found to play a role in gonadotrope-derived nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. We hope to shed light on this exciting new field, emphasize the open questions, and encourage research to illuminate the roles of lncRNAs in various endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Refael
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Philippa Melamed
- Faculty of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Correspondence: Philippa Melamed, PhD, Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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30
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Walkiewicz D, Wicik Z, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathway affects the function of human EBV-transformed B lymphocytes in an age-independent way. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111471. [PMID: 34256116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune system function changes during aging, but the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood. The present study identified pathways that are associated with age-associated changes in human B lymphocytes. Initial in silico analysis of 1355 genes involved in aging revealed the strongest association (p = 4.36E-21) with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) pathway. Extended analysis of 2736 aging-related genes using updated databases confirmed such association (p = 2.41E-16). Genes involved in both aging and the GnRHR pathway were significantly involved in lymphocyte B and T activation and aging-related phenotypes, including hyperinsulinemia and diabetes, arthritis, cerebrovascular disease, and cancers. We, therefore, examined non-tumorigenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocyte cell lines that originated from 12 young subjects (20-31 years old) and 10 centenarians (100-102 years old). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I) and GnRHR levels did not depend on the age of the cell donors. Inhibition of the GnRHR pathway age-independently decreased cell proliferation (p < 0.001) and increased apoptosis (p < 0.001). However, the decrease in immunoglobulin G synthesis (p < 0.01) was twice as high in centenarian cells than in young cells. In conclusion, the GnRHR pathway regulated essential properties of B lymphocytes. However, upon EBV transformation, memory class-switched B cells became the dominant cell subpopulation. Therefore, the observed effects of GnRHR inhibition were attributable to this subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Walkiewicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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31
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Kougioumtzi A, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Vrettos EI, Sayyad N, Sakka M, Stathopoulos P, Mantzaris MD, Ganai AM, Karpoormath R, Vartholomatos G, Tsikaris V, Lazarides T, Murphy C, Tzakos AG. Development of novel GnRH and Tat 48-60 based luminescent probes with enhanced cellular uptake and bioimaging profile. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9215-9224. [PMID: 34125130 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop photostable chromophores for bioimaging with respect to the classically utilized green fluorescent dye fluorescein. Along these lines, we utilized a phosphorescent carboxy-substituted ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl and mcb = 4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) complex. We developed two luminescent peptide conjugates of the cell-penetrating peptide Tat48-60 consisting of either [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ or 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5(6)-FAM) tethered on the Lys50 of the peptide through amide bond. We confirmed the efficient cellular uptake of both bioconjugates in HeLa cells by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry and proved that the ruthenium-based chromophore possesses enhanced photostability compared to a 5(6)-FAM-based peptide, after continuous laser scanning. Furthermore, we designed and developed a luminescent agent with high photostability, based on the ruthenium core, that could be selectively localized in cancer cells overexpressing the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R). To achieve this, we took advantage of the tumor-homing character of d-Lys6-GnRH which selectively recognizes the GnRH-R. The [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+-d-Lys6-GnRH peptide conjugate was synthesized, and its cellular uptake was evaluated through flow cytometric analysis and live-cell imaging in HeLa and T24 bladder cancer cells as negative and positive controls of GnRH-R, respectively. Besides the selective targeting that the specific conjugate could offer, we also recorded high internalization levels in T24 bladder cancer cells. The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl peptide-based conjugates we developed is an intriguing approach that offers targeted cell imaging in the Near Infrared region, and simultaneously paves the way for further advancements in the dynamic studies on cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Mariana Sakka
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Stathopoulos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Michalis D Mantzaris
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Vassilios Tsikaris
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodore Lazarides
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece. and University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
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32
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Wu Y, Liu Z, Tang D, Liu H, Luo S, Stinchcombe TE, Glass C, Su L, Lin L, Christiani DC, Wang Q, Wei Q. Potentially functional variants of HBEGF and ITPR3 in GnRH signaling pathway genes predict survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Transl Res 2021; 233:92-103. [PMID: 33400994 PMCID: PMC8184605 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling pathway controls reproductive functions and cancer growth and progression. However, few studies investigated roles of genetic variants of GnRH pathway genes in survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, we first evaluated associations between 22,528 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 101 GnRH pathway genes and survival of 1185 NSCLC patients using a dataset from Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We found 572 SNPs to be significantly associated with overall survival (OS) of NSCLC (P ≤ 0.05, Bayesian false discovery probability ≤0.80). We then validated these SNPs in another dataset with 984 NSCLC patients from the Harvard Lung Cancer Susceptibility Study. Finally, two independent SNPs (HBEGF rs4150236G>A and ITPR3 rs116454384C>T) remained significantly associated with NSCLC OS in the combined analysis with hazards ratios of 0.84 (95% confidence interval = 0.76-0.92, P = 0.0003) and 0.85 (0.78-0.94, 0.0012), respectively; their genetic score (the number of protective genotypes) was associated with a better OS and disease-specific survival (Ptrend = 0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively). Further expression quantitative trail loci analysis showed a significant correlation between ITPR3 rs116454384 T allele and an increased mRNA expression level in both whole blood and normal lung tissue, and high ITPR3 mRNA expression levels in tumors were associated with a better survival of NSCLC patients. Because ITPR3 mutations were rare in tumors, ITPR3 rs116454384C>T likely had an effect on cancer progression by regulating the gene expression. Therefore, genetic variants of HBEGF rs4150236G>A and ITPR3 rs116454384C>T may be predictors for NSCLC survival, but HBEGF rs4150236G>A functional relevance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dongfang Tang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas E Stinchcombe
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carolyn Glass
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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33
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Ueda T, Shiraishi T, Ito S, Ohashi M, Matsugasumi T, Yamada Y, Fujihara A, Hongo F, Okihara K, Ukimura O. Abiraterone acetate versus bicalutamide in combination with gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist therapy for high risk metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10094. [PMID: 33980956 PMCID: PMC8115638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of abiraterone acetate with that of bicalutamide in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist treatment for patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). A total of 149 patients with mHSPC who underwent treatment at our hospital and affiliated hospitals between December 2013 and July 2020 were retrospectively identified. Fifty patients were administered abiraterone acetate (1000 mg/day) plus prednisolone (5 mg/day) with a GnRH antagonist (degarelix) (group A), and 99 patients were administered bicalutamide (80 mg/day) with a GnRH antagonist (group B). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival (PSA-PFS) was significantly longer in group A than in group B. Abiraterone acetate therapy and Gleason score were significant independent factors of PSA-PFS. Using propensity score matching, 56 matched patients were obtained. The PSA-PFS (p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0071) of patients with high-risk mHSPC were significantly longer in group A of matched patients. Abiraterone acetate therapy and Gleason score were significant independent factors for PSA-PFS in matched patients. The PSA-PFS and OS of patients treated with abiraterone acetate in combination with a GnRH antagonist were significantly better than those treated with bicalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Takumi Shiraishi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Saya Ito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Munehiro Ohashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toru Matsugasumi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuko Fujihara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Fumiya Hongo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Koji Okihara
- Department of Urology, North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Yosano-Gun, Kyoto, 629-2261, Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM), Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Oduwole OO, Poliandri A, Okolo A, Rawson P, Doroszko M, Chrusciel M, Rahman NA, Serrano de Almeida G, Bevan CL, Koechling W, Huhtaniemi IT. Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes growth of human prostate cancer cell line-derived tumor xenografts. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21464. [PMID: 33724574 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002168rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical castration in prostate cancer can be achieved with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. Their effects differ by the initial flare of gonadotropin and testosterone secretion with agonists and the immediate pituitary-testicular suppression by antagonists. While both suppress luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initially, a rebound in FSH levels occurs during agonist treatment. This rebound is potentially harmful, taken the expression of FSH receptors (R) in prostate cancer tissue. We herein assessed the role of FSH in promoting the growth of androgen-independent (PC-3, DU145) and androgen-dependent (VCaP) human prostate cancer cell line xenografts in nude mice. Gonadotropins were suppressed with the GnRH antagonist degarelix, and effects of add-back human recombinant FSH were assessed on tumor growth. All tumors expressed GnRHR and FSHR, and degarelix treatment suppressed their growth. FSH supplementation reversed the degarelix-evoked suppression of PC-3 tumors, both in preventive (degarelix and FSH treatment started upon cell inoculation) and therapeutic (treatments initiated 3 weeks after cell inoculation) setting. A less marked, though significant FSH effect occurred in DU145, but not in VCaP xenografts. FSHR expression in the xenografts supports direct FSH stimulation of tumor growth. Testosterone supplementation, to maintain the VCaP xenografts, apparently masked the FSH effect on their growth. Treatment with the LH analogue hCG did not affect PC-3 tumor growth despite their expression of luteinizing hormone/choriongonadotropin receptor. In conclusion, FSH, but not LH, may directly stimulate the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer, suggesting that persistent FSH suppression upon GnRH antagonist treatment offers a therapeutic advantage over agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayiwola O Oduwole
- Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Okolo
- Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phil Rawson
- Central Biomedical Services, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Milena Doroszko
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Nafis A Rahman
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Koechling
- Non-Clinical Development, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Patel A, Dhande R, Thakkar H. Development of intravaginal rod insert bearing liposomal raloxifene hydrochloride and Leuprolide acetate as a potential carrier for uterine targeting. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:653-663. [PMID: 33772288 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This project aimed at the formulation of dual drug entrapped liposomes held as freeze-dried intravaginal rod insert (IVR), to be administered by vaginal route for uterine targeting. METHODS Liposomes were formulated by dehydration-rehydration method using 3 : 1 molar ratio of1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : Cholesterol. Characterization was done for vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology and % loading. KEY FINDINGS Spherical and discrete vesicles of size 354 nm were observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. The entrapment efficiency of 90.91% and 74.3% w/w was obtained for Raloxifene Hydrochloride (RLX) and Leuprolide acetate (LA) respectively. Drug release was sustained for 6 days. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results showed that dual drug entrapped liposomal formulation show significant cytotoxicity, as also confirmed by higher apoptosis in cell cycle analysis and apoptosis studies (FACS) analysis. Pharmacodynamic studies in New Zealand white female rabbits revealed that intravaginal administration of RLX-LA entrapped liposomal formulation shows considerable fibroid regression. CONCLUSIONS Uterine targeting of liposomal RLX-LA suggests its potential to solve the limitations of the presently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Patel
- Shri G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Centre for Postgraduate Studies in Pharmacy, TIFAC Core in NDDS, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, India
| | - Rahul Dhande
- Shri G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Centre for Postgraduate Studies in Pharmacy, TIFAC Core in NDDS, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, India
| | - Hetal Thakkar
- Shri G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Centre for Postgraduate Studies in Pharmacy, TIFAC Core in NDDS, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, India
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Cohen L, Livney YD, Assaraf YG. Targeted nanomedicine modalities for prostate cancer treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 56:100762. [PMID: 33857756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cause of death amongst men in the USA. Therapy of PC has been transformed in the past decade by introducing novel therapeutics, advanced functional imaging and diagnostic approaches, next generation sequencing, as well as improved application of existing therapies in localized PC. Treatment of PC at the different stages of the disease may include surgery, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, although ADT has proven efficacious in PC treatment, its effectiveness may be temporary, as these tumors frequently develop molecular mechanisms of therapy resistance, which allow them to survive and proliferate even under conditions of testosterone deprivation, inhibition of androgen receptor signaling, or cytotoxic drug treatment. Importantly, ADT was found to induce key alterations which frequently result in the formation of metastatic tumors displaying a therapy refractory phenotype. Hence, to overcome these serious therapeutic impediments, novel PC cell-targeted therapeutic strategies are being developed. These include diverse platforms enabling specific enhanced antitumor drug uptake and increased intracellular accumulation. Studies have shown that these novel treatment modalities lead to enhanced antitumor activity and diminished systemic toxicity due to the use of selective targeting and decreased drug doses. The underlying mechanism of targeting and internalization is based upon the interaction between a selective ligand, conjugated to a drug-loaded nanoparticle or directly to an anti-cancer drug, and a specific plasma membrane biomarker, uniquely overexpressed on the surface of PC cells. Another targeted therapeutic approach is the delivery of unique anti-oncogenic signaling pathway-based therapeutic drugs, which are selectively cytotoxic to PC cells. The current paper reviews PC targeted modalities reported in the past 6 years, and discusses both the advantages and limitations of the various targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Cohen
- The Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav D Livney
- The Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100876. [PMID: 33045257 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in multiple human reproductive tissues, including the ovary, endometrium and myometrium. Recently, new analogs (agonists and antagonists) and modes of GnRH have been developed for clinical application during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Additionally, the analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH suppress gonadotropin secretion and regulate the functions of the reproductive axis. GnRH signaling is primarily involved in the direct control of female reproduction. The cellular mechanisms and action of the GnRH/GnRH receptor system have been clinically applied for the treatment of reproductive disorders and have widely been introduced in ART. New GnRH analogs, such as long-acting GnRH analogs and oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists, are being continuously developed for clinical application. The identification of the upstream regulators of GnRH, such as kisspeptin and neurokinin B, provides promising potential to develop these upstream regulator-related analogs to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada.
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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Aspects and Biological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249511. [PMID: 33327545 PMCID: PMC7765031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone receptors (GnRH-R) mediate the activity of the hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH, thus playing a key role in the regulation of the reproductive axis. Early-stage prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on serum androgen levels, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), based on GnRH agonists and antagonists, represents the standard therapeutic approach for PCa patients. Unfortunately, the tumor often progresses towards the more aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage. GnRH receptors are also expressed in CRPC tissues, where their binding to both GnRH agonists and antagonists is associated with significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects, mediated by the Gαi/cAMP signaling cascade. GnRH agonists and antagonists are now considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for CRPC patients with many clinical trials demonstrating that the combined use of these drugs with standard therapies (i.e., docetaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone) significantly improves disease-free survival. In this context, GnRH-based bioconjugates (cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to a GnRH-based decapeptide) have been recently developed. The rationale of this treatment is that the GnRH peptide selectively binds to its receptors, delivering the cytotoxic drug to CRPC cells while sparing nontumor cells. Some of these compounds have already entered clinical trials.
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Vrettos EI, Karampelas T, Sayyad N, Kougioumtzi A, Syed N, Crook T, Murphy C, Tamvakopoulos C, Tzakos AG. Development of programmable gemcitabine-GnRH pro-drugs bearing linker controllable "click" oxime bond tethers and preclinical evaluation against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113018. [PMID: 33223264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are gaining considerable attention as anti-neoplastic agents. However, their development is often laborious and time-consuming. Herein, we have developed and preclinically evaluated three PDCs with gemcitabine as the anticancer cytotoxic unit and D-Lys6-GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone; GnRH) as the cancer-targeting unit. These units were tethered via acid-labile programmable linkers to guide a differential drug release rate from the PDC through a combination of ester or amide and "click" type oxime ligations. The pro-drugs were designed to enable the selective targeting of malignant tumor cells with linker guided differential drug release rates. We exploited the oxime bond responsiveness against the acidic pH of the tumor microenvironment and the GnRH endocytosis via the GnRH-R GPCR which is overexpressed on cancer cells. The challenging metabolic properties of gemcitabine were addressed during design of the PDCs. We developed a rapid (1 hour) and cost-effective "click" oxime bond ligation platform to assemble in one-pot the 3 desired PDCs that does not require purification, surpassing traditional time-ineffective and low yield methods. The internalization of the tumor-homing peptide unit in cancer cells, overexpressing the GnRH-R, was first validated through confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Subsequently, the three PDCs were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative effect in prostate cancer cells. Their stability and the release of gemcitabine over time were monitored in vitro in cell culture and in human plasma using LC-MS/MS. We then assessed the ability of the developed PDCs to internalize in prostate cancer cells and to release gemcitabine. The most potent analog, designated GOXG1, was used for pharmacokinetic studies in mice. The metabolism of GOXG1 was examined in liver microsomes, as well as in buffers mimicking the pH of intracellular organelles, resulting in the identification of two metabolites. The major metabolite at low pH emanated from the cleavage of the pH-labile oxime bond, validating our design approach. NMR spectroscopy and in vitro radioligand binding assays were exploited for GOXG1 to validate that upon conjugating the drug to the peptide, the peptide microenvironment responsible for its GnRH-R binding is not perturbed and to confirm its high binding potency to the GnRH-R. Finally, the binding of GOXG1 to the GnRH-R and the associated elicitation of testosterone release in mice were also determined. The facile platform established herein for the rapid assembly of PDCs with linker controllable characteristics from aldehyde and aminooxy units through rapid "click" oxime ligation, that does not require purification steps, could pave the way for a new generation of potent cancer therapeutics, diagnostics and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodoros Karampelas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation ofthe Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Forth, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Dept of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Timothy Crook
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Dept of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Carol Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Forth, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation ofthe Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
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Han X, Wang D, Zhao P, Liu C, Hao Y, Chang L, Zhao J, Zhao W, Mu L, Wang J, Li H, Kong Q, Han J. Inference of Subpathway Activity Profiles Reveals Metabolism Abnormal Subpathway Regions in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1549. [PMID: 33072547 PMCID: PMC7533644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most malignant form of glioma and represents 81% of malignant brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Like most cancers, GBM causes metabolic recombination to promote cell survival, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells. In this study, we propose a method for constructing the metabolic subpathway activity score matrix to accurately identify abnormal targets of GBM metabolism. By integrating gene expression data from different sequencing methods, our method identified 25 metabolic subpathways that were significantly abnormal in the GBM patient population, and most of these subpathways have been reported to have an effect on GBM. Through the analysis of 25 GBM-related metabolic subpathways, we found that (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene, which was at the central region of the sterol biosynthesis subpathway, may have a greater impact on the entire pathway, suggesting a potential high association with GBM. Analysis of CCK8 cell activity indicated that (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene can indeed inhibit the activity of U87-MG cells. By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene not only arrested the U87-MG cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase but also induced cell apoptosis. These results confirm the reliability of our proposed metabolic subpathway identification method and suggest that (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene has potential therapeutic value for GBM. In order to make the method more broadly applicable, we have developed an R system package crmSubpathway to perform disease-related metabolic subpathway identification and it is freely available on the GitHub (https://github.com/hanjunwei-lab/crmSubpathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Bureau, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Chonghui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiarui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Yan W, Cheng L, Wang W, Wu C, Yang X, Du X, Ma L, Qi S, Wei Y, Lu Z, Yang S, Shao Z. Structure of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor GnRH1R reveals an unusual ligand binding mode. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5287. [PMID: 33082324 PMCID: PMC7576152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, is the main regulator of the reproductive system, acting on gonadotropic cells by binding to the GnRH1 receptor (GnRH1R). The GnRH-GnRH1R system is a promising therapeutic target for maintaining reproductive function; to date, a number of ligands targeting GnRH1R for disease treatment are available on the market. Here, we report the crystal structure of GnRH1R bound to the small-molecule drug elagolix at 2.8 Å resolution. The structure reveals an interesting N-terminus that could co-occupy the enlarged orthosteric binding site together with elagolix. The unusual ligand binding mode was further investigated by structural analyses, functional assays and molecular docking studies. On the other hand, because of the unique characteristic of lacking a cytoplasmic C-terminal helix, GnRH1R exhibits different microswitch structural features from other class A GPCRs. In summary, this study provides insight into the ligand binding mode of GnRH1R and offers an atomic framework for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaozhe Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Hoppenz P, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Peptide-Drug Conjugates and Their Targets in Advanced Cancer Therapies. Front Chem 2020; 8:571. [PMID: 32733853 PMCID: PMC7359416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer became recently the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Even though standard treatments achieve significant effects in growth inhibition and tumor elimination, they cause severe side effects as most of the applied drugs exhibit only minor selectivity for the malignant tissue. Hence, specific addressing of tumor cells without affecting healthy tissue is currently a major desire in cancer therapy. Cell surface receptors, which bind peptides are frequently overexpressed on cancer cells and can therefore be considered as promising targets for selective tumor therapy. In this review, the benefits of peptides as tumor homing agents are presented and an overview of the most commonly addressed peptide receptors is given. A special focus was set on the bombesin receptor family and the neuropeptide Y receptor family. In the second part, the specific requirements of peptide-drug conjugates (PDC) and intelligent linker structures as an essential component of PDC are outlined. Furthermore, different drug cargos are presented including classical and recent toxic agents as well as radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the last part, boron neutron capture therapy as advanced targeted cancer therapy is introduced and past and recent developments are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoppenz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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44
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Xiong J, Xue Y, Xia Y, Zhao J, Wang Y. Identification of key microRNAs of plasma extracellular vesicles and their diagnostic and prognostic significance in melanoma. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:464-482. [PMID: 33313406 PMCID: PMC7706137 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most highly metastatic, aggressive and fatal malignant tumors in skin cancer. This study employs bioinformatics to identify key microRNAs and target genes (TGs) of plasma extracellular vesicles (pEVs) and their diagnostic and prognostic significance in melanoma. The gene expression microarray dataset (GSE100508) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential analysis of miRNAs in pEVs was performed to compare melanoma samples and healthy samples. Then, TGs of the differential miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in melanoma were selected, and differential genes were analyzed by bioinformatics (including Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, protein–protein interaction network and prognostic analysis). A total of 55 DE-miRNAs were found, and 3,083 and 1,351 candidate TGs were diagnostically correlated with the top ten upregulated DE-miRNAs and all downregulated DE-miRNAs, respectively. Prognostic analysis results showed that high expression levels of hsa-miR-550a-3p, CDK2 and POLR2A and low expression levels of hsa-miR-150-5p in melanoma patients were associated with significantly reduced overall survival. In conclusion, bioinformatics analysis identified key miRNAs and TGs in pEVs of melanoma, which may represent potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- Department of General Practice, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuchong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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45
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Worm DJ, Els‐Heindl S, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Targeting of peptide‐binding receptors on cancer cells with peptide‐drug conjugates. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Worm
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els‐Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University Leipzig Germany
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46
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Xu X, Yang K, Zhang F, Liu W, Wang Y, Yu C, Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang C, Nenadic G, Tao D, Zhou X, Shang H, Chen J. Identification of herbal categories active in pain disorder subtypes by machine learning help reveal novel molecular mechanisms of algesia. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104797. [PMID: 32278044 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent and poorly controlled, of which the accurate underlying mechanisms need be further elucidated. Herbal drugs have been widely used for controlling various pain disorders. The systematic integration of pain herbal data resources might be promising to help investigate the molecular mechanisms of pain phenotypes. Here, we integrated large-scale bibliographic literatures and well-established data sources to obtain high-quality pain relevant herbal data (i.e. 426 pain related herbs with their targets). We used machine learning method to identify three distinct herb categories with their specific indications of symptoms, targets and enriched pathways, which were characterized by the efficacy of treatment to the chronic cough related neuropathic pain, the reproduction and autoimmune related pain, and the cancer pain, respectively. We further detected the novel pathophysiological mechanisms of the pain subtypes by network medicine approach to evaluate the interactions between herb targets and the pain disease modules. This work increased the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pain subtypes that herbal drugs are participating and with the ultimate aim of developing novel personalized drugs for pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Kuo Yang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, TCM-X Centre/Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Changying Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, DaLian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Goran Nenadic
- Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dacheng Tao
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Xuezhong Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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47
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Liu Q, Zhou X, Feng W, Pu T, Li X, Li F, Kang Y, Zhang X, Xu C. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Specific Recognition and Localization of Peritoneal Metastases of Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:266. [PMID: 32185134 PMCID: PMC7059204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peritoneal dissemination is common in advanced ovarian cancer. The completeness of cytoreduction is an independent prognostic factor. The intraoperative fluorescence imaging via tumor-specific near-infrared fluorophore might improve staging and surgical completeness. A promising target for ovarian cancer is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). This study aimed to develop a GnRHR-targeted near-infrared imaging probe for the detection of peritoneal metastases of ovarian cancer. Methods: Indocyanine green (ICG) was conjugated with GnRH antagonist peptide to develop an ovarian cancer-selective fluorescence probe GnRHa-ICG. GnRHR expression was detected in ovarian cancer tissues. The binding capacity of GnRHa-ICG and ICG was detected in both cancer cell lines and mouse models of peritoneal metastatic ovarian cancer using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Results: Tissue microarray analysis revealed the overexpression of GnRHR in ovarian cancer. GnRH-ICG exhibited the binding capacity in a panel of cancer cell lines with different expression levels of GnRHR. In ovarian cancer mouse models, GnRHa-ICG signals were detected in peritoneal tumor lesions rather than normal peritoneal and intestines tissues. ICG showed intensive fluorescence signals in intestines. The tumor-to-muscle ratio and tumor-to-intestine ratio of GnRHa-ICG was 7.41 ± 2.82 and 4.37 ± 1.66, higher than that of ICG (4.60 ± 0.50 and 0.57 ± 0.06) at 2 h post administration. The fluorescence signal of peritoneal metastases peaked in intensity at 2 h and maintained for up to 48 h. ICG also showed a weak signal in the tumor lesions due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, but the intensity decreased quickly within 48 h. Conclusions: The developed GnRHR-targeted imaging agent GnRHa-ICG could specifically detected peritoneal tumor lesions from normal peritoneal and intestines tissues because of the modification of GnRHa to ICG. The plateau period of GnRHa-ICG accumulation may be feasible for clinical applications in fluorescence-guided surgery. Our GnRHR imaging concept may be effective in other hormone-related tumors with upregulated GnRHR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Pu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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48
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Ge H, Yan Y, Yue C, Liang C, Wu J. Long Noncoding RNA LINC00265 Targets EGFR and Promotes Deterioration of Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Study Based on Data Mining and in vitro Validation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10681-10692. [PMID: 31824175 PMCID: PMC6901053 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s227482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LncRNAs are found to be aberrantly expressed in human cancers and could function as potential oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. LINC00265 is a newly discovered LncRNA and its function in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. Methods Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were performed to investigate the expression, clinical significance and potential biologic functions of LINC00265 in CRC based on the data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). To further investigate the potential role of LINC00265 in CRC, we knocked down the LINC00265 expression in HT29 cells. The cell proliferation, invasion, cycle distribution, and apoptosis were evaluated in control, NC and siRNA groups. Additionally, effect of LINC00265 on the expression of EGFR was also measured. Results The expression level of LINC00265 is increased in CRC tissues. Elevated level of LINC00265 is correlated with lymph node metastases and advanced pathological stage. We obtained 269 LINC00265 related genes; the results of functional analysis of these genes revealed that LINC00265 might involve in carcinogenesis of CRC. In addition, further experiments indicated that LINC00265 knockdown impaired cell proliferation and invasion, promoted cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in HT29 cells. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that downregulation of LINC00265 suppressed the expression of EGFR. Conclusion Our results indicate that LINC00265 induces cell proliferation, migration and inhibits CRC cells apoptosis by targeting EGFR. LINC00265 could be served as a diagnostic factor and therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Quality Control Department, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaosen Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojie Liang
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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49
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Murányi J, Varga A, Gyulavári P, Pénzes K, Németh CE, Csala M, Pethő L, Csámpai A, Halmos G, Peták I, Vályi-Nagy I. Novel Crizotinib-GnRH Conjugates Revealed the Significance of Lysosomal Trapping in GnRH-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225590. [PMID: 31717403 PMCID: PMC6888004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several promising anti-cancer drug–GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) conjugates have been developed in the last two decades, although none of them have been approved for clinical use yet. Crizotinib is an effective multi-target kinase inhibitor, approved against anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- or ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS-1)-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); however, its application is accompanied by serious side effects. In order to deliver crizotinib selectively into the tumor cells, we synthesized novel crizotinib analogues and conjugated them to a [d-Lys6]–GnRH-I targeting peptide. Our most prominent crizotinib–GnRH conjugates, the amide-bond-containing [d-Lys6(crizotinib*)]–GnRH-I and the ester-bond-containing [d-Lys6(MJ55*)]–GnRH-I, were able to bind to GnRH-receptor (GnRHR) and exert a potent c-Met kinase inhibitory effect. The efficacy of compounds was tested on the MET-amplified and GnRHR-expressing EBC-1 NSCLC cells. In vitro pharmacological profiling led to the conclusion that that crizotinib–GnRH conjugates are transported directly into lysosomes, where the membrane permeability of crizotinib is diminished. As a consequence of GnRHR-mediated endocytosis, GnRH-conjugated crizotinib bypasses its molecular targets—the ATP-binding site of RTKs— and is sequestered in the lysosomes. These results explained the lower efficacy of crizotinib–GnRH conjugates in EBC-1 cells, and led to the conclusion that drug escape from the lysosomes is a major challenge in the development of clinically relevant anti-cancer drug–GnRH conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Murányi
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Attila Varga
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Pál Gyulavári
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kinga Pénzes
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Csilla E. Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Lilla Pethő
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Peták
- Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd., H1024 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Vályi-Nagy
- Central Hospital of Southern Pest National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, H1097 Budapest, Hungary;
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50
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Wang Y, Huang T, Sun X, Wang Y. Identification of a potential prognostic lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA signature in endometrial cancer based on the competing endogenous RNA network. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18845-18853. [PMID: 31338870 PMCID: PMC6771803 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors. The roles of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in this disease, however, remain unclear. In this study, we constructed a ceRNA network to reveal the core ceRNAs in endometrial cancer. Differentially expressed genes were summarized from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, whereupon 140 genes were identified for building the network. Further correlation, survival, and enrichment analyses suggested that these genes may help towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of endometrial cancer. After validation of the findings with the GSE17025 data set, LINC00958, microRNA-761, and DOLPP1 were highlighted as the critical genes in the ceRNA network. Our work suggests that LINC00958 may regulate DOLPP1 by "sponging" miR-761 in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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