Progesterone and mifepristone regulate L-type amino acid transporter 2 and 4F2 heavy chain expression in uterine leiomyoma cells

SLC7A8 overexpression inhibits the growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma and is correlated with a dismal prognosis

BACKGROUND

Overexpression of solute carrier family 7 member 8 (SLC7A8) has been shown to relate to the survival time and tumor progression in cancer patients. However, the role of SLC7A8 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still obscure.

METHOD

The relationships between SLC7A8 expression in LUAD tissues and clinical values as well as immune infiltration were explored through bioinformatics. The functions and pathways of SLC7A8 in LUAD were investigated using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Western blotting, and other methods.

RESULTS

We found that the expression of SLC7A8 was decreased significantly in LUAD tissues compared with normal tissues, which was related to the dismal survival time and disease progression. Moreover, it carried diagnostic value in LUAD and was a risk factor for dismal prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the expression level of SLC7A8 carried significant diagnostic value in LUAD. Overexpression of SLC7A8 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells, likely through a mechanism involving the cell cycle. SLC7A8 expression in LUAD was significantly correlated with the infiltration of immune cells, especially B cells, interstitial dendritic cells, mast cells, CD56 bright cells, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, T follicular helper cells, T helper 2 and 17 cells, and immune factors.

CONCLUSION

The downregulation of SLC7A8 was related to a dismal prognosis and immune cell infiltration in LUAD. Increasing the expression of SLC7A8 inhibited the growth and migration of LUAD cells, thereby improving the prognosis of patients.

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate promotes uterine leiomyoma cell survival through tryptophan-kynurenine-AHR pathway activation

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common tumor in women and causes severe morbidity in 15 to 30% of reproductive-age women. Epidemiological studies consistently indicate a correlation between leiomyoma development and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemical phthalates, especially di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, among the most commonly encountered phthalate metabolites, we found the strongest association between the urine levels of mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), the principal DEHP metabolite, and the risk of uterine leiomyoma diagnosis (n = 712 patients). The treatment of primary leiomyoma and smooth muscle cells (n = 29) with various mixtures of phthalate metabolites, at concentrations equivalent to those detected in urine samples, significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis. MEHHP had the strongest effects on both cell viability and apoptosis. MEHHP increased cellular tryptophan and kynurenine levels strikingly and induced the expression of the tryptophan transporters SLC7A5 and SLC7A8, as well as, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine that is the endogenous ligand of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). MEHHP stimulated nuclear localization of AHR and up-regulated the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, two prototype targets of AHR. siRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of SLC7A5/SLC7A8, TDO2, or AHR abolished MEHHP-mediated effects on leiomyoma cell survival. These findings indicate that MEHHP promotes leiomyoma cell survival by activating the tryptophan-kynurenine-AHR pathway. This study pinpoints MEHHP exposure as a high-risk factor for leiomyoma growth, uncovers a mechanism by which exposure to environmental phthalate impacts leiomyoma pathogenesis, and may lead to the development of novel druggable targets.

Protein kinase C activation upregulates human L-type amino acid transporter 2 function

L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter, whose function regulation system remains unclarified. Since protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate the functions of various transporters, we investigated whether human LAT2 (hLAT2) function is regulated by PKC. In mouse proximal tubule S2 cells, hLAT2 transport activity was upregulated by PKC activation. However, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of hLAT2 was not affected by PKC activation and that the upregulation was independent of the three potential PKC consensus sites in the hLAT2 amino acid sequence. Moreover, we found that PKC activation upregulated the Vmax value for hLAT2-mediated alanine transport, which was not accompanied by the induction of hLAT2 membrane insertion. In conclusion, we showed that hLAT2 function is upregulated by PKC activation, which is not related to either the de novo synthesis, the phosphorylation or the membrane insertion of hLAT2.

Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Utility

Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are a new class of compounds developed to target the progesterone receptor (PR) with a mix of agonist and antagonist properties. These compounds have been introduced for the treatment of several gynecological conditions based on the critical role of progesterone in reproduction and reproductive tissues. In patients with uterine fibroids, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate have consistently demonstrated efficacy, and vilaprisan is currently under investigation, while studies of asoprisnil and telapristone were halted for safety concerns. Mifepristone demonstrated utility for the management of endometriosis, while data are limited regarding the efficacy of asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, telapristone, and vilaprisan for this condition. Currently, none of the SPRMs have shown therapeutic success in treating endometrial cancer. Multiple SPRMs have been assessed for efficacy in treating PR-positive recurrent breast cancer, with in vivo studies suggesting a benefit of mifepristone, and multiple in vitro models suggesting the efficacy of ulipristal acetate and telapristone. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate, vilaprisan, and asoprisnil effectively treated heavy menstrual bleeding (HBM) in patients with uterine fibroids, but limited data exist regarding the efficacy of SPRMs for HMB outside this context. A notable class effect of SPRMs are benign, PR modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs) due to the actions of the compounds on the endometrium. Both mifepristone and ulipristal acetate are effective for emergency contraception, and mifepristone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to its additional antiglucocorticoid effect. Based on current evidence, SPRMs show considerable promise for treatment of several gynecologic conditions.

The solute carrier SLC7A8 is a marker of favourable prognosis in ER-positive low proliferative invasive breast cancer

PURPOSE

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of various subtypes, with different prognostic and therapeutic outcomes. The amino acid transporter, SLC7A8, is overexpressed in oestrogen receptor-positive BC. However, the consequence of this overexpression, in terms of disease prognosis, is still obscure. This study aimed to evaluate the biological and prognostic value of SLC7A8 in BC with emphasis on the intrinsic molecular subtypes.

METHODS

SLC7A8 was assessed at the genomic, using METABRIC data (n = 1980), and proteomic, using immunohistochemistry and TMA (n = 1562), levels in well-characterised primary BC cohorts. SLC7A8 expression was examined with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtypes, and patient outcome.

RESULTS

SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein expression were strongly associated with good prognostic features, including small tumour size, low tumour grade, and good Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) (all P < 0.05). Expression of SLC7A8 mRNA was higher in luminal tumours compared to other subtypes (P < 0.001). High expression of SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein was associated with good patient outcome (P ≤ 0.001) but only in the low proliferative ER+/luminal A tumours (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein were independent factors for longer breast cancer specific survival (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03), respectively.

CONCLUSION

SLC7A8 appears to play a role in BC and is a marker for favourable prognosis in the most predominant, ER+ low proliferative/luminal A, BC subtype. Functional assessment is necessary to reveal the specific role played by SLC7A8 in ER+ BC.

Mifepristone inhibits IGF-1 signaling pathway in the treatment of uterine leiomyomas

Purpose

To investigate the role of IGF-1 signaling pathway in the treatment of uterine leiomyomas with mifepristone.

Patients and methods

From October 2015 to December 2018, 50 patients with uterine leiomyoma were included in this study. Overexpression or siRNA of IGF-1 in primary human uterine leiomyoma cells were treated with or without mifepristone. MTT was used to evaluate cell viability in assays of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. IGF-1 expression in the cells was measured with real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting and manipulated with lentivirus ectopic overexpression or siRNA silencing.

Results

Inhibition of cell viability by mifepristone was found dependent on drug concentration and treatment time. IGF-1 and phosphorylation-ERK1/2 expression were decreased, while phosphorylation-AKT expression was increased after mifepristone treatment. IGF-1 significantly promoted cell growth, while IGF-1 knockdown and mifepristone showed synergistic inhibition effects on cell growth. The overexpression of IGF-1 reversed the inhibition of cell growth and ERK1/2 phosphorylation but showed no effect on AKT phosphorylation.

Conclusion

Our study for the first time demonstrated that IGF-1 signaling via ERK1/2 appears to be an important target of mifepristone in the treatment of uterine leiomyomas, which may provide a new approach to avoid leiomyoma re-growth after cessation of mifepristone.

LAT2 regulates glutamine-dependent mTOR activation to promote glycolysis and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Reprogrammed energy metabolism has become an emerging hallmark of cancer in recent years. Transporters have been reported to be amino acid sensors involved in controlling mTOR recruitment and activation, which is crucial for the growth of both normal and tumor cells. L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2), encoded by the SLC7A8 gene, is a Na⁺-independent neutral amino acid transporter and is responsible for transporting neutral amino acids, including glutamine, which can activate mTOR. Previous studies have shown that LAT2 was overexpressed in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. However, the role of LAT2 in chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer remains uncertain and elusive.

METHODS

The effects of LAT2 on biological behaviors were analyzed. LAT2 and LDHB levels in tissues were detected, and the clinical value was evaluated.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that LAT2 emerged as an oncogenic protein and could decrease the gemcitabine sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The results of a survival analysis indicated that high expression levels of both LAT2 and LDHB predicted a poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we found that LAT2 could promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, activate glycolysis and alter glutamine metabolism to activate mTOR in vitro and in vivo. Next, we found that gemcitabine combined with an mTOR inhibitor (RAD001) could reverse the decrease in chemosensitivity caused by LAT2 overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LAT2 could regulate two glutamine-dependent positive feedback loops (the LAT2/p-mTOR^Ser2448 loop and the glutamine/p-mTOR^Ser2448/glutamine synthetase loop) to promote glycolysis and decrease gemcitabine (GEM) sensitivity in pancreatic cancer.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our data reveal that LAT2 functions as an oncogenic protein and could regulate glutamine-dependent mTOR activation to promote glycolysis and decrease GEM sensitivity in pancreatic cancer. The LAT2-mTOR-LDHB pathway might be a promising therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids are the most frequent gynecologic tumor, affecting 70% to 80% of women over their lifetime. Although these tumors are benign, they can cause significant morbidity and may require invasive treatments such as myomectomy and hysterectomy. Many risk factors for these tumors have been identified, including environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as genistein and diethylstilbestrol. Uterine development may be a particularly sensitive window to environmental exposures, as some perinatal EDC exposures have been shown to increase tumorigenesis in both rodent models and human epidemiologic studies. The mechanisms by which EDC exposures may increase tumorigenesis are still being elucidated, but epigenetic reprogramming of the developing uterus is an emerging hypothesis. Given the remarkably high incidence of uterine fibroids and their significant impact on women's health, understanding more about how prenatal exposures to EDCs (and other environmental agents) may increase fibroid risk could be key to developing prevention and treatment strategies in the future.

L-type amino acid transport and cancer: targeting the mTORC1 pathway to inhibit neoplasia

The L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na(+)-independent transporters, which deliver neutral amino acids into cells. The four LATs, LAT1 (SLC7A5), LAT2 (SLC7A8), LAT3 (SLC43A1) and LAT4 (SLC43A2), are responsible for the majority of cellular leucine uptake. They show increased expression in many cancers, and are critical for control of protein translation and cell growth through the mTORC1 pathway. The increased transporter expression observed in cancers is regulated by transcriptional pathways such as hormone receptors, c-myc and nutrient starvation responses. We review the expression and function of the LAT family in cancer, as well as the recent development of specific inhibitors targeting LAT1 or LAT3. These LAT family inhibitors may be useful adjuvant therapeutics in multiple cancers.

Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations

BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age yet the etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions remain poorly understood. Age, African ancestry, nulliparity and obesity have been identified as predisposing factors for uterine fibroids. Symptomatic tumors can cause excessive uterine bleeding, bladder dysfunction and pelvic pain, as well as associated reproductive disorders such as infertility, miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, there are limited noninvasive therapies for fibroids and no early intervention or prevention strategies are readily available. This review summarizes the advances in basic, applied and translational uterine fibroid research, in addition to current and proposed approaches to clinical management as presented at the 'Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: 3rd NIH International Congress'. Congress recommendations and a review of the fibroid literature are also reported. METHODS This review is a report of meeting proceedings, the resulting recommendations and a literature review of the subject. RESULTS The research data presented highlights the complexity of uterine fibroids and the convergence of ethnicity, race, genetics, epigenetics and environmental factors, including lifestyle and possible socioeconomic parameters on disease manifestation. The data presented suggest it is likely that the majority of women with uterine fibroids will have normal pregnancy outcomes; however, additional research is warranted. As an alternative to surgery, an effective long-term medical treatment for uterine fibroids should reduce heavy uterine bleeding and fibroid/uterine volume without excessive side effects. This goal has not been achieved and current treatments reduce symptoms only temporarily; however, a multi-disciplined approach to understanding the molecular origins and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, as presented in this report, makes our quest for identifying novel targets for noninvasive, possibly nonsystemic and effective long-term treatment very promising. CONCLUSIONS The Congress facilitated the exchange of scientific information among members of the uterine leiomyoma research and health-care communities. While advances in research have deepened our knowledge of the pathobiology of fibroids, their etiology still remains incompletely understood. Further needs exist for determination of risk factors and initiation of preventive measures for fibroids, in addition to continued development of new medical and minimally invasive options for treatment.

Comparison of the inhibitory effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), antiprogesterone on myoma cell proliferation in vitro

Uterine myomas are the most common gynecologic tumor in women of reproductive age. Treatment options of uterine myomas consist of surgical, medical and interventional therapy such as uterine artery embolization or myolysis. Given that it is the most common type of tumor in women of reproductive age, the treatment of uterine myomas must prioritize uterine conservation. There are several drugs for medical treatment of uterine myoma such as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and antiprogesterone. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of GnRH agonist, SERM, and antiprogesterone in the treatment of uterine myomas in vitro. The effect of drugs was evaluated through the cell viability assay in cultured leiomyoma cells, western blot analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and BCL-2 protein expression. As a result, mifepristone single-treated group represents the most significant reduction in myoma cell viability and proliferation. When pretreated with leuprolide acetate, raloxifene shows more significant reduction in myoma cell viability and proliferation than mifepristone. This study suggests one of the possible mechanisms how medications act on uterine myoma, especially at the molecular level.

Increased expression of system large amino acid transporter (LAT)-1 mRNA is associated with invasive potential and unfavorable prognosis of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background

The system L amino acid transporter (LAT) has an important role in the transport of various amino acids, and there have been reports about the relation of this system to cancer. Although LATs are highly expressed in the kidneys, little is known about their influence on human renal cancer.

Methods

To clarify the role of LATs in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we investigated the expression of mRNAs for LAT1, LAT2, LAT3, LAT4, and 4F2hc in clear cell RCC tissues. The mRNAs of these five genes were analyzed by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in matched sets of tumor and non-tumor tissues obtained at operation from 82 Japanese patients with clear cell RCC. We also measured phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (Ser-235/236) proteins levels in 18 paired tumor and non-tumor tissues of the patients by Western blotting.

Results

Expression of LAT1 mRNA was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared with non-tumor tissue, while expression of LAT2 and LAT3 mRNAs was reduced. There was no difference in the expression of LAT4 and 4F2hc mRNAs between tumor and non-tumor tissues. Increased expression of LAT1 mRNA was associated with less differentiated tumors, local invasion, microscopic vascular invasion, and metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that a higher serum LAT1 mRNA level was associated with a shorter overall survival time. Phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein levels were associated with metastatic potential. LAT1 mRNA levels positively correlated with phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein proteins levels in primary tumors.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that LAT1 mRNA is related to the invasive and progressive potential of clear cell RCC.

Uterine fibroids: pathogenesis and interactions with endometrium and endomyometrial junction

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids or myomas) are benign tumors of uterus and clinically apparent in a large part of reproductive aged women. Clinically, they present with a variety of symptoms: excessive menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhoea and intermenstrual bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, and pressure symptoms such as a sensation of bloatedness, increased urinary frequency, and bowel disturbance. In addition, they may compromise reproductive functions, possibly contributing to subfertility, early pregnancy loss, and later pregnancy complications. Despite the prevalence of this condition, myoma research is underfunded compared to other nonmalignant diseases. To date, several pathogenetic factors such as genetics, microRNA, steroids, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components have been implicated in the development and growth of leiomyoma. This paper summarizes the available literature regarding the ultimate relative knowledge on pathogenesis of uterine fibroids and their interactions with endometrium and subendometrial myometrium.

L-Leucine and L-isoleucine enhance growth of BBN-induced urothelial tumors in the rat bladder by modulating expression of amino acid transporters and tumorigenesis-associated genes

We investigated the underlying mechanisms of L-leucine and L-isoleucine mediated promotion of bladder carcinogenesis using an initiation-promotion model. Rats were administered N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine for 4 weeks and then fed AIN-93G basal diet or diet supplemented with L-leucine or L-isoleucine for 8 weeks followed by the basal diet for another 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, week 20, there was a significant elevation of papillary and nodular (PN) hyperplasia multiplicity in the amino acid groups. L-Leucine and L-isoleucine transporters were up-regulated in PN hyperplasias and/or bladder tumors compared with concomitant normal-appearing bladder urothelium at weeks 12 and/or 20 in all groups. In addition, in normal-appearing bladder urothelium, significantly increased mRNA levels of y+LAT1, LAT2, LAT4, and 4F2hc were observed in the amino acid groups compared with the BBN control group at both weeks 12 and 20, and increased mRNA levels of LAT1 were observed at week 20. Furthermore, up-regulation of TNF-α, c-fos, β-catenin, p53, p21(Cip1/WAF1), cdk4, cyclin D1 and caspase 3 in the amino acid groups was detected in normal-appearing bladder urothelium. Overall, our results indicate that supplementation with l-leucine or l-isoleucine enhanced growth of bladder urothelial tumors by triggering expression of amino acid transporters and tumorigenesis-associated genes.

Uterine leiomyoma: available medical treatments and new possible therapeutic options

CONTEXT

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids or myomas) are benign tumors of the uterus and are clinically apparent in up to 25% of reproductive-age women. Heavy or abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss are generally associated with leiomyoma. Although surgical and radiological therapies are frequently used for the management of this tumor, medical therapies are considered the first-line treatment of leiomyoma.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS

A review was conducted of electronic and print data comprising both original and review articles on pathophysiology and medical treatments of uterine leiomyoma retrieved from the PubMed or Google Scholar database up to June 2012. These resources were integrated with the authors' knowledge of the field.

CONCLUSION

To date, several pathogenetic factors such as genetic factors, epigenetic factors, estrogens, progesterone, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components have been implicated in leiomyoma development and growth. On the basis of current hypotheses, several medical therapies have been investigated. GnRH agonist has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration for reducing fibroid volume and related symptoms. In addition, the FDA also approved an intrauterine device, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena), for additional use to treat heavy menstrual bleeding in intrauterine device users only. Currently, mifepristone, asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, and epigallocatechin gallate have been shown to be effective for fibroid regression and symptomatic improvement which are all in clinical trial. In addition, some synthetic and natural compounds as well as growth factor inhibitors are now under laboratory investigation, and they could serve as future therapeutic options.

The role of progesterone signaling in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas are benign tumors that originate from the myometrium. Evidence points to ovarian steroid hormones, in particular, progesterone as major promoters of leiomyoma development and growth. While progesterone action in leiomyomas involves the classical nuclear receptor effects on gene regulation, there is growing evidence that signaling pathways are directly activated by the progesterone receptor (PR) and that PR can interact with growth factor signaling systems to promote proliferation and survival of leiomyomas. Studies investigating the genomic and non-genomic actions of PR and its role in leiomyoma growth are summarized here. Studies testing various selective progesterone receptor modulators for the treatment of leiomyomas are also highlighted. An increased understanding of the mechanisms associated with progesterone-driven growth of leiomyomas is critical in order to develop more efficient and targeted therapies for this prevalent disease.

Proceedings from theNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development conference on the Uterine Fibroid Research Update Workshop

The purpose of the National Institutes of Health conference Fibroid Research Workshop in September 2007 was to bring Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-funded fibroid investigators together to discuss basic science and clinical research advances on uterine leiomyomata. General topics included advances in epidemiology, etiology, therapeutic approaches, and clinical trial challenges; suggestions for advancement of basic understanding, clinical intervention, clinical trials, and future directions were highlighted.

The selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB4124 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in uterine leiomyoma cells

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of selective P receptor (PR) modulator CDB4124 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in cultured human uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle (LSM) cells and control myometrial smooth muscle (MSM) cells in matched uteri.

DESIGN

Laboratory research.

SETTING

Academic medical center.

PATIENT(S)

Premenopausal women (n = 12) undergoing hysterectomy for leiomyoma-related symptoms.

INTERVENTION(S)

Treatment of primary LSM and MSM cells with CDB4124 (10(-8)-10(-6) M) or vehicle for 24, 48, or 72 hours.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Western blot for protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cleaved polyadenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose polymerase, Bcl-2, and Krüppel-like transcription factor 11; 93-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate viable cell numbers; and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) levels.

RESULT(S)

Treatment with CDB4124 significantly decreased levels of the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, the number of viable LSM cells, and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. On the other hand, treatment with CDB4124 increased levels of the apoptosis marker cleaved polyadenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose polymerase and the tumor suppressor Krüppel-like transcription factor 11 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in LSM cells. In matched MSM cells, however, CDB4124 did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis.

CONCLUSION(S)

CDB4124 selectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in LSM but not in MSM cells.