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Abstract
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare cause of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS), which mainly occurs in children and young adults. Treatment options with proven clinical efficacy for PPNAD include adrenalectomy (bilateral or unilateral adrenalectomy) and drug treatment to control hypercortisolemia. Previously, the main treatment of PPNAD is bilateral adrenal resection and long-term hormone replacement after surgery. In recent years, cases reports suggest that unilateral or subtotal adrenal resection can also lead to long-term remission in some patients without the need for long-term hormone replacement therapy. Medications for hypercortisolemia, such as Ketoconazole, Metyrapone and Mitotane et.al, have been reported as a preoperative transition for in some patients with severe hypercortisolism. In addition, tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, COX2 inhibitor Celecoxib, somatostatin and other drugs targeting the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the disease are under study, which are expected to be applied to the clinical treatment of PPNAD in the future. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on treatment of PPNAD, in which options of surgical methods, research results of drugs acting on possible pathogenic mechanisms, and the management during gestation are described in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunran Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence Dr. Guixia Wang The First Hospital of Jilin
UniversityDepartment of Endocrinology and
MetabolismNO.1 Xinmin
Street130021
ChangchunChina+86 431
8878-2078+86 431 8878-6066
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Zheng HT, Zhuang ZX, Chen CJ, Liao HY, Chen HL, Hsueh HC, Chen CF, Chen SE, Huang SY. Effects of acute heat stress on protein expression and histone modification in the adrenal gland of male layer-type country chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6499. [PMID: 33753796 PMCID: PMC7985386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland responds to heat stress by epinephrine and glucocorticoid release to alleviate the adverse effects. This study investigated the effect of acute heat stress on the protein profile and histone modification in the adrenal gland of layer-type country chickens. A total of 192 roosters were subject to acute heat stress and thereafter classified into a resistant or susceptible group according to body temperature change. The iTRAQ analysis identified 80 differentially expressed proteins, in which the resistant group had a higher level of somatostatin and hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase but a lower parathymosin expression in accordance with the change of serum glucocorticoid levels. Histone modification analysis identified 115 histone markers. The susceptible group had a higher level of tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and showed a positive crosstalk with K36me and K37me in the H3 tails. The differential changes of body temperature projected in physiological regulation at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suggest the genetic heterogeneity in basic metabolic rate and efficiency for heat dissipation to acclimate to thermal stress and maintain body temperature homeostasis. The alteration of adrenal H3K27me3 level was associated with the endocrine function of adrenal gland and may contribute to the thermotolerance of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Teng Zheng
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhuang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh–Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Liao
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chun Hsueh
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Ambrogio AG, Cavagnini F. Role of "old" pharmacological agents in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:957-65. [PMID: 27086313 PMCID: PMC4987391 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the management of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), its treatment remains a challenge. When surgery has been unsuccessful or unfeasible as well in case of recurrence, the "old" pharmacological agents represent an important alternative for both ACTH-dependent and independent hypercortisolism. Especially in the latter, the advent of novel molecules directly targeting ACTH secretion has not outweighed the "old" drugs, which continue to be largely employed and have recently undergone a reappraisal. This review provides a survey of the "old" pharmacological agents in the treatment of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Ambrogio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Cavagnini
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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