1
|
Stuard WL, Titone R, Robertson DM. The IGF/Insulin-IGFBP Axis in Corneal Development, Wound Healing, and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32194500 PMCID: PMC7062709 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family plays key roles in growth and development. In the cornea, IGF family members have been implicated in proliferation, differentiation, and migration, critical events that maintain a smooth refracting surface that is essential for vision. The IGF family is composed of multiple ligands, receptors, and ligand binding proteins. Expression of IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), IGF type 2 receptor (IGF-2R), and insulin receptor (INSR) in the cornea has been well characterized, including the presence of the IGF-1R and INSR hybrid (Hybrid-R) in the corneal epithelium. Recent data also indicates that each of these receptors display unique intracellular localization. Thus, in addition to canonical ligand binding at the plasma membrane and the initiation of downstream signaling cascades, IGF-1R, INSR, and Hybrid-R also function to regulate mitochondrial stability and nuclear gene expression. IGF-1 and IGF-2, two of three principal ligands, are polypeptide growth factors that function in all cellular layers of the cornea. Unlike IGF-1 and IGF-2, the hormone insulin plays a unique role in the cornea, different from many other tissues in the body. In the corneal epithelium, insulin is not required for glucose uptake, due to constitutive activation of the glucose transporter, GLUT1. However, insulin is needed for the regulation of metabolism, circadian rhythm, autophagy, proliferation, and migration after wounding. There is conflicting evidence regarding expression of the six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which function primarily to sequester IGF ligands. Within the cornea, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 have identified roles in tissue homeostasis. While IGFBP-3 regulates growth control and intracellular receptor localization in the corneal epithelium, both IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 function in corneal fibroblast differentiation and myofibroblast proliferation, key events in stromal wound healing. IGFBP-2 has also been linked to cellular overgrowth in pterygium. There is a clear role for IGF family members in regulating tissue homeostasis in the cornea. This review summarizes what is known regarding the function of IGF and related proteins in corneal development, during wound healing, and in the pathophysiology of disease. Finally, we highlight key areas of research that are in need of future study.
Collapse
|
2
|
Colorectal cancer patients with different C-reactive protein levels and 5-year survival times can be differentiated with quantitative serum proteomics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195354. [PMID: 29630649 PMCID: PMC5891022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 1.4 million people are diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) each year, making it the third most common cancer in the world. Increased screening and therapeutic modalities including improved combination treatments have reduced CRC mortality, although incidence and mortality rates are still increasing in some areas. Serum-based biomarkers are mainly used for follow-up of cancer, and are ideal due to the ease and minimally invasive nature of sample collection. Unfortunately, CEA and other serum markers have too low sensitivity for screening and preoperative diagnostic purposes. Increasing interest is focused on the possible use of biomarkers for predicting treatment response and prognosis in cancer. In this study, we have performed mass spectrometry analysis (UPLC-UDMSE) of serum samples from 19 CRC patients. Increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), which occur during local inflammation and the presence of a systemic inflammatory response, have been linked to poor prognosis in CRC patients. We chose to analyze samples according to CRP values by dividing them into the categories CRP <30 and >30, and, separately, according to short and long 5-year survival. The aim was to discover differentially expressed proteins associated with poor prognosis and shorter survival. We quantified 256 proteins and performed detailed statistical analyses and pathway analysis. We discovered multiple proteins that are up- or downregulated in patients with CRP >30 as compared to CRP <30 and in patients with short as compared to long 5-year survival. Pathways that were enriched include LXR/RXR activation, FXR/RXR activation, complement and coagulation cascades and acute phase signaling response, with some of the proteins we identified having roles in these pathways. In this study, we have identified multiple proteins, of which a few have been previously identified as potential biomarkers, and others that have been identified as potential biomarkers for CRC for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. While these proteins still need to be validated in larger patient series, this pilot study will pave the way for future studies aiming to provide better biomarkers for patients with CRC.
Collapse
|
3
|
A combined biomarker panel shows improved sensitivity for the early detection of ovarian cancer allowing the identification of the most aggressive type II tumours. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:666-674. [PMID: 28664912 PMCID: PMC5572165 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an urgent need for biomarkers for the early detection of ovarian cancer (OC). The purpose of this study was to assess whether changes in serum levels of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78), calprotectin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) are observed before clinical presentation and to assess the performance of these markers alone and in combination with CA125 for early detection. Methods: This nested case–control study used samples from the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening trial. The sample set consisted of 482 serum samples from 49 OC subjects and 31 controls, with serial samples spanning up to 7 years pre-diagnosis. The set was divided into the following: (I) a discovery set, which included all women with only two samples from each woman, the first at<14 months and the second at >32 months to diagnosis; and (ii) a corroboration set, which included all the serial samples from the same women spanning the 7-year period. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, SHBG, GRP78, calprotectin and IGFBP2 were measured using ELISA. The performance of the markers to detect cancers pre-diagnosis was assessed. Results: A combined threshold model IGFBP2 >78.5 ng ml−1 : LCAT <8.831 μg ml−1 : CA125 >35 U ml−1 outperformed CA125 alone for the earlier detection of OC. The threshold model was able to identify the most aggressive Type II cancers. In addition, it increased the lead time by 5–6 months and identified 26% of Type I subjects and 13% of Type II subjects that were not identified by CA125 alone. Conclusions: Combined biomarker panels (IGFBP2, LCAT and CA125) outperformed CA125 up to 3 years pre-diagnosis, identifying cancers missed by CA125, providing increased diagnostic lead times for Type I and Type II OC. The model identified more aggressive Type II cancers, with women crossing the threshold dying earlier, indicating that these markers can improve on the sensitivity of CA125 alone for the early detection of OC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal gynecologic cancer and is an important source of cancer-related mortality, particularly in developed countries. Despite substantial research examining adiposity (primarily adult body mass index [BMI]), the overall evidence suggests only a weak positive association between adiposity and risk of ovarian cancer, with stronger associations observed for population-based case-control studies compared to prospective studies. Ovarian cancer is not one disease and emerging data suggest that higher BMI may only be associated with risk of certain histologic subtypes, including low-grade serous and invasive mucinous tumors. Interestingly, some larger studies and meta-analyses have reported a stronger relationship with premenopausal ovarian cancers, which are more likely to be of these subtypes. Relatively few studies have conducted detailed examinations of other adiposity-related factors such as measures of abdominal adiposity, early-life body size and weight change. While the underlying mechanisms that may relate adiposity to risk are unclear, increased inflammatory biomarkers have been associated with risk and hormonal factors, including androgen levels, may be important for the development of mucinous tumors. Future research should leverage the large sample sizes of consortia to evaluate associations by key tumor characteristics as well as consider patterns of weight change over the life course with both ovarian cancer risk and survival.
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomsen J, Hjortebjerg R, Espelund U, Ørtoft G, Vestergaard P, Magnusson NE, Conover CA, Tramm T, Hager H, Høgdall C, Høgdall E, Oxvig C, Frystyk J. PAPP-A proteolytic activity enhances IGF bioactivity in ascites from women with ovarian carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32266-78. [PMID: 26336825 PMCID: PMC4741676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action through proteolysis of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-4. In experimental animals, PAPP-A accelerates ovarian tumor growth by this mechanism. To investigate the effect of PAPP-A in humans, we compared serum and ascites from 22 women with ovarian carcinoma. We found that ascites contained 46-fold higher PAPP-A levels as compared to serum (P < 0.001). The majority (80%) of PAPP-A was enzymatically active. This is supported by the finding that ascites contained more cleaved than intact IGFBP-4 (P < 0.03). Ascites was more potent than serum in activating the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in vitro (+31%, P < 0.05); in 8 of 22 patients by more than two-fold. In contrast, ascites contained similar levels of immunoreactive IGF-I, and lower levels of IGF-II (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of IGF-IR in all but one tumor, whereas all tumors expressed PAPP-A, IGFBP-4, IGF-I and IGF-II. Addition of recombinant PAPP-A to ascites increased the cleavage of IGFBP-4 and enhanced IGF-IR activation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, human ovarian tumors express PAPP-A, IGFBP-4 and IGFs and these proteins are also present in ascites. We suggest that both soluble PAPP-A in ascites and tissue-associated PAPP-A serve to increase IGF bioactivity and, thereby, to stimulate IGF-IR-mediated tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Thomsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ulrick Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ørtoft
- Department of Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Poul Vestergaard
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nils E Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hager
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Høgdall
- Clinic of Gynecology, Juliane Marie Centret, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Q, Bian CE, Peng H, He L, Zhao X. Association of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 with the risk of ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:623-628. [PMID: 26137278 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its main binding protein (IGFBP-3) in blood have been associated with the risk of several types of cancer. However, epidemiological studies have inconsistent results regarding the association of circulating IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels with ovarian cancer risk. A systematic review of the prospective studies was conducted using meta-analysis to evaluate the existing evidence. Pubmed and Embase databases were searched to identify the relevant studies published before May 1, 2014. Four highly qualified studies with a total of 627 cases and 1,358 controls were finally included in the meta-analysis. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted by combining study-specific odds ratios (ORs) of ovarian cancer for the highest verses lowest exposure levels. A dose-response association was further assessed by relating the log of ORs for different exposure levels. As a result, the pooled ORs for the highest verses lowest categories of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51-1.40]/0.78 (95% CI, 0.43-1.40). In the subgroup analyses, the pooled ORs of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 were 1.89 (95% CI, 0.64-5.59)/1.08 (95% CI, 0.50-2.32) for the subgroup with cases diagnosed at <55 years, and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.50-1.08)/0.98 (95% CI, 0.73-1.33) for the subgroup with cases diagnosed at ≥55 years. No linear association between circulating IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels and ovarian cancer risk was identified. As no significant association of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 with ovarian cancer risk was identified in the present meta-analysis of existing studies, more studies with greater quality are required in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - C E Bian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pickard A, McCance DJ. IGF-Binding Protein 2 - Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:25. [PMID: 25774149 PMCID: PMC4343188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in cancer is unclear. In general, IGFBP2 is considered to be oncogenic and its expression is often observed to be elevated in cancer. However, there are a number of conflicting reports in vitro and in vivo where IGFBP2 acts in a tumor suppressor manner. In this mini-review, we discuss the factors influencing the variation in IGFBP2 expression in cancer and our interpretation of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- *Correspondence: Adam Pickard, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL, UK e-mail:
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribeiro JR, Freiman RN. Estrogen signaling crosstalk: Implications for endocrine resistance in ovarian cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:160-73. [PMID: 24565562 PMCID: PMC4127339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-estrogen therapies is a prominent challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Tumors develop endocrine resistance by acquiring adaptations that help them rely on alternative oncogenic signaling cascades, which crosstalk with estrogen signaling pathways. An understanding of estrogen signaling crosstalk with these growth promoting cascades is essential in order to maximize efficacy of anti-estrogen treatments in ovarian cancer. Herein, we provide an overview of estrogen signaling in ovarian cancer and discuss the major challenges associated with anti-estrogen therapies. We also review what is currently known about how genomic and non-genomic estrogen signaling pathways crosstalk with several major oncogenic signaling cascades. The insights provided here illustrate existing strategies for targeting endocrine resistant ovarian tumors and may help identify new strategies to improve the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Ribeiro
- Brown University, Pathobiology Graduate Program, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Richard N Freiman
- Brown University, Pathobiology Graduate Program, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The six members of the family of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) were originally characterized as passive reservoirs of circulating IGFs, but they are now understood to have many actions beyond their endocrine role in IGF transport. IGFBPs also function in the pericellular and intracellular compartments to regulate cell growth and survival - they interact with many proteins, in addition to their canonical ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. Intranuclear roles of IGFBPs in transcriptional regulation, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage repair point to their intimate involvement in tumour development, progression and resistance to treatment. Tissue or circulating IGFBPs might also be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clinical significance of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulinlike growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3125-32. [PMID: 24254307 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its primary binding protein IGFBP-3 play an important role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in many tumors, including ovarian cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. A total of 50 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of EOC were enrolled into this study. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were determined by the solid-phase sandwich ELISA method. Twenty age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the analysis. Median age of patients was 56.5 years old (range 22 to 83 years). Majority of the patients had advanced disease (FIGO stage III-IV; 90%). No significant difference was observed in baseline serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels between EOC patients and healthy controls (p = 0.99 and p = 0.80, respectively). The young patients had higher serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Patients with normal CA-125 levels had higher serum IGFBP-3 concentrations compared with those with higher CA-125 levels (p = 0.008). However, no other clinical variables including histology, tumor grade, stage of disease, and response to chemotherapy were found to be correlated with serum IGF assays (p > 0.05). A trend to significant relationship was found between the serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (r(s) = 0.212, p = 0.07). The patients with elevated serum IGF-1 levels had favorable progression-free and overall survivals than those with lower levels (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). However, serum IGFBP-3 concentrations were found to have no prognostic role for both survivals (p = 0.12 and p = 0.26, respectively). In conclusion, elevated serum level of IGF-1 is associated with favorable progression-free and overall survivals in EOC patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sehgal P, Kumar N, Praveen Kumar VR, Patil S, Bhattacharya A, Vijaya Kumar M, Mukherjee G, Kondaiah P. Regulation of protumorigenic pathways by insulin like growth factor binding protein2 and its association along with β-catenin in breast cancer lymph node metastasis. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:63. [PMID: 23767917 PMCID: PMC3698021 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin like growth factor binding proteins modulate the mitogenic and pro survival effects of IGF. Elevated expression of IGFBP2 is associated with progression of tumors that include prostate, ovarian, glioma among others. Though implicated in the progression of breast cancer, the molecular mechanisms involved in IGFBP2 actions are not well defined. This study investigates the molecular targets and biological pathways targeted by IGFBP2 in breast cancer. Methods Transcriptome analysis of breast tumor cells (BT474) with stable knockdown of IGFBP2 and breast tumors having differential expression of IGFBP2 by immunohistochemistry was performed using microarray. Differential gene expression was established using R-Bioconductor package. For validation, gene expression was determined by qPCR. Inhibitors of IGF1R and integrin pathway were utilized to study the mechanism of regulation of β-catenin. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining was performed on breast tumors and experimental cells, respectively for β-catenin and IGFBP2 expression. Results Knockdown of IGFBP2 resulted in differential expression of 2067 up regulated and 2002 down regulated genes in breast cancer cells. Down regulated genes principally belong to cell cycle, DNA replication, repair, p53 signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, Wnt signaling. Whole genome expression analysis of breast tumors with or without IGFBP2 expression indicated changes in genes belonging to Focal adhesion, Map kinase and Wnt signaling pathways. Interestingly, IGFBP2 knockdown clones showed reduced expression of β- catenin compared to control cells which was restored upon IGFBP2 re-expression. The regulation of β-catenin by IGFBP2 was found to be IGF1R and integrin pathway dependent. Furthermore, IGFBP2 and β-catenin are co-ordinately overexpressed in breast tumors and correlate with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion This study highlights regulation of β-catenin by IGFBP2 in breast cancer cells and most importantly, combined expression of IGFBP2 and β-catenin is associated with lymph node metastasis of breast tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sehgal
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ladd JJ, Busald T, Johnson MM, Zhang Q, Pitteri SJ, Wang H, Brenner DE, Lampe PD, Kucherlapati R, Feng Z, Prentice RL, Hanash SM. Increased plasma levels of the APC-interacting protein MAPRE1, LRG1, and IGFBP2 preceding a diagnosis of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:655-64. [PMID: 22277732 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal blood collections from cohort studies provide the means to search for proteins associated with disease before clinical diagnosis. We investigated plasma samples from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohort to determine quantitative differences in plasma proteins between subjects subsequently diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and matched controls that remained cancer-free during the period of follow-up. Proteomic analysis of WHI samples collected before diagnosis of CRC resulted in the identification of six proteins with significantly (P < 0.05) elevated concentrations in cases compared with controls. Proteomic analysis of two CRC cell lines showed that five of the six proteins were produced by cancer cells. Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (MAPRE1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were individually assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 58 pairs of newly diagnosed CRC samples and controls and yielded significant elevations (P < 0.05) among cases relative to controls. A combination of these four markers resulted in a receiver operating characteristics curve with an area under the curve value of 0.841 and 57% sensitivity at 95% specificity. This combination rule was tested in an independent set of WHI samples collected within 7 months before diagnosis from cases and matched controls resulting in 41% sensitivity at 95% specificity. A panel consisting of CEA, MAPRE1, IGFBP2, and LRG1 has predictive value in prediagnostic CRC plasmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Ladd
- Molecular Diagnostics Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Potential markers for detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:475983. [PMID: 21577260 PMCID: PMC3090619 DOI: 10.1155/2011/475983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current screening techniques as well as novel biomarkers and their potential role in early detection of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common reproductive cancers and has the highest mortality rate amongst gynecologic cancers. Because most ovarian cancer diagnoses occur in the late stages of the disease, five-year survival rates fall below 20%. To improve survival rates and to lower mortality rates for ovarian cancer, improved detection at early stages of the disease is needed. Current screening approaches include tumor markers, ultrasound, or a combination. Efforts are underway to discover new biomarkers of ovarian cancer in order to surmount the obstacles in early-stage diagnosis. Among serum protein markers, HE4 and mesothelin can augment CA125 detection providing higher sensitivity and specificity due to the presence of these proteins in early-stage ovarian cancer. Detection testing that includes methylation of the MCJ gene and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is correlated to poor prognosis and may predict patient survival outcome. Detection testing of biomarkers with long-term stability and combination panels of markers, will likely lead to effective screening strategies with high specificity and sensitivity for early detection of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Migita T, Narita T, Asaka R, Miyagi E, Nagano H, Nomura K, Matsuura M, Satoh Y, Okumura S, Nakagawa K, Seimiya H, Ishikawa Y. Role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 in lung adenocarcinoma: IGF-independent antiapoptotic effect via caspase-3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1756-66. [PMID: 20150439 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and mitogenesis. Secreted IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are important modulators of IGF bioavailability; however, their intracellular functions remain elusive. We sought to assess the antiapoptotic properties of intracellular IGFBP-2 in lung adenocarcinomas. IGFBP-2 overexpression resulted in a decrease in procaspase-3 expression; however, it did not influence the phosphorylation status of either IGF receptor or its downstream targets, including Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Apoptosis induced by camptothecin was significantly inhibited by IGFBP-2 overexpression in NCI-H522 cells. Conversely, selective knockdown of IGFBP-2 using small-interfering RNA resulted in an increase in procaspase-3 expression and sensitization to camptothecin-induced apoptosis in NCI-H522 cells. LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase, caused a decrease in IGFBP-2 levels and enhanced apoptosis in combination with camptothecin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that intracellular IGFBP-2 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinomas compared with normal epithelium. Intracellular IGFBP-2 and procaspase-3 were expressed in a mutually exclusive manner. These findings suggest that intracellular IGFBP-2 regulates caspase-3 expression and contributes to the inhibitory effect on apoptosis independent of IGF. IGFBP-2, therefore, may offer a novel therapeutic target and serve as an antiapoptotic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
|
15
|
Beauchamp MC, Yasmeen A, Knafo A, Gotlieb WH. Targeting insulin and insulin-like growth factor pathways in epithelial ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:257058. [PMID: 20069126 PMCID: PMC2804114 DOI: 10.1155/2010/257058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies, due in part to the diagnosis at an advanced stage caused by the lack of specific signs and symptoms and the absence of reliable tests for screening and early detection. Most patients will respond initially to treatment but about 70% of them will suffer a recurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed to overcome chemoresistance observed in ovarian cancer patients. Evidence accumulates suggesting that the insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF) pathways could act as a good therapeutic target in several cancers, including ovarian cancer. In this paper, we will focus on the role of insulin/IGF in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Ariane Knafo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Walter H. Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Integrated proteomic analysis of human cancer cells and plasma from tumor bearing mice for ovarian cancer biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7916. [PMID: 19936259 PMCID: PMC2775948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the human plasma proteome represents a substantial challenge for biomarker discovery. Proteomic analysis of genetically engineered mouse models of cancer and isolated cancer cells and cell lines provide alternative methods for identification of potential cancer markers that would be detectable in human blood using sensitive assays. The goal of this work is to evaluate the utility of an integrative strategy using these two approaches for biomarker discovery. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated a strategy that combined quantitative plasma proteomics of an ovarian cancer mouse model with analysis of proteins secreted or shed by human ovarian cancer cells. Of 106 plasma proteins identified with increased levels in tumor bearing mice, 58 were also secreted or shed from ovarian cancer cells. The remainder consisted primarily of host-response proteins. Of 25 proteins identified in the study that were assayed, 8 mostly secreted proteins common to mouse plasma and human cancer cells were significantly upregulated in a set of plasmas from ovarian cancer patients. Five of the eight proteins were confirmed to be upregulated in a second independent set of ovarian cancer plasmas, including in early stage disease. Conclusions/Significance Integrated proteomic analysis of cancer mouse models and human cancer cell populations provides an effective approach to identify potential circulating protein biomarkers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin Y, Jiang T, Zhou K, Xu L, Chen B, Li G, Qiu X, Jiang T, Zhang W, Song SW. Plasma IGFBP-2 levels predict clinical outcomes of patients with high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2009; 11:468-76. [PMID: 19164435 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) is a malignancy-associated protein measurable in tumors and blood. Increased IGFBP-2 is associated with shortened survival of advanced glioma patients. Thus, we examined plasma IGFBP-2 levels in glioma patients and healthy controls to evaluate its value as a plasma biomarker for glioma. Plasma IGFBP-2 levels in 196 patients with newly diagnosed glioma and 55 healthy controls were analyzed using an IGFBP-2 ELISA kit. Blood was collected before surgery, after two-cycle adjuvant chemotherapy, and at recurrence. Plasma IGFBP-2 levels were correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) using Cox regression analyses. We found that preoperative plasma IGFBP-2 levels were significantly higher in high-grade glioma patients (n = 43 for grade III glioma; n = 72 for glioblastoma multiforme [GBM]) than in healthy controls (n = 55; p < 0.001) and low-grade (grade II) glioma patients (n = 81; p < 0.001). No significant differences in preoperative plasma IGFBP-2 levels were observed between grade III glioma and GBM patients or between grade II glioma patients and healthy controls. After recurrence, plasma IGFBP-2 levels were significantly increased in GBM patients (n = 26; p < 0.001). Preoperative plasma IGFBP-2 levels were significantly correlated with DFS in GBM patients (hazard ratio, 1.404; 95% confidence interval, 1.078-1.828; p = 0.012). We conclude that preoperative plasma IGFBP-2 levels are significantly higher in high-grade glioma patients than in low-grade glioma patients and healthy subjects, and are significantly correlated with recurrence and DFS in patients with GBM. Longitudinal studies with a larger study population are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- LIAMA Center for Computational Medicine, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyako K, Cobb LJ, Francis M, Huang A, Peng B, Pintar JE, Ariga H, Cohen P. PAPA-1 Is a nuclear binding partner of IGFBP-2 and modulates its growth-promoting actions. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:169-75. [PMID: 19095771 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) have multiple cellular effects, which occur by both IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. IGFBP-2 is involved in the regulation of both normal and carcinogenic cell growth. To further understand the actions of IGFBP-2, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to search for intracellular partner proteins using a human prostate cDNA library. We isolated Pim-1-associated protein-1 (PAP-1)-associated protein-1 (PAPA-1) as an IGFBP-2-binding protein, whose expression and subcellular localization is regulated by both IGFBP-2 and androgens. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay confirmed the interaction in vitro, and confocal microscopy showed the colocalization of IGFBP-2 and PAPA-1 in the nucleus. Suppression of PAPA-1 by small interfering RNA treatment enhanced the growth-promoting effect of IGFBP-2. Conversely, IGFBP-2-promoted bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into LNCaP cells was abrogated by the simultaneous overexpression of myc-hPAPA-1. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from IGFBP-2 knockout mouse showed diminished growth activity compared with wild type, and expression of FLAG-mPAPA-1 decreased cell proliferation in IGFBP-2 knockout, but not control mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These studies suggest that the growth-promoting role of IGFBP-2 in prostate cancer is inhibited by its intracellular interaction with PAPA-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyako
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marucci G, Morandi L, Magrini E, Farnedi A, Franceschi E, Miglio R, Calò D, Pession A, Foschini MP, Eusebi V. Gene expression profiling in glioblastoma and immunohistochemical evaluation of IGFBP-2 and CDC20. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:599-609. [PMID: 18953566 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-nine glial tumours (28 glioblastomas (GB) and 11 low-grade gliomas) were investigated with DNA microarrays to reveal a possible specific gene expression profile. Unsupervised classification through hierarchical cluster analysis identified two groups of tumours, the first composed of low-grade gliomas and the second mainly composed of GB. Nine genes were identified as most informative: seven were over-expressed in low-grade gliomas and under-expressed in GB; on the contrary, two genes, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) and cell division cycle 20 homologue (CDC20), were over-expressed in GB and under-expressed in low-grade tumours. This same genetic profile was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry for IGFBP-2 was positive in 88.8% of the cases of GB and in only one low-grade glioma, whilst CDC20 immunostained 74.1% of the cases of GB and none low-grade glioma. This was confirmed in an additional series of cases studied with immunohistochemistry only. In conclusion, over-expression of mRNA levels of IGFBP-2 and CDC20 is highly related to GB, IGFBP-2 and CDC-20 gene and protein expressions are strongly correlated, and IGFBP-2 and CDC20 immunopositivity can be useful for the identification of GB in small biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marucci
- Section of Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dunlap SM, Celestino J, Wang H, Jiang R, Holland EC, Fuller GN, Zhang W. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 promotes glioma development and progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11736-41. [PMID: 17606927 PMCID: PMC1913900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703145104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is associated with progression in many types of human cancer. In this study we used a glial-specific transgenic mouse model to examine the active role of IGFBP2 in tumorigenesis and progression. Our studies show that IGFBP2 coexpression results in progression to a higher-grade glioma in platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFB)-driven tumors. These anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are characterized by increased cellularity, vascular proliferation, small regions of necrosis, increased mitotic activity, and increased activation of the Akt pathway. Combined expression of IGFBP2 or Akt with K-Ras was required to form astrocytomas, indicating that activation of two separate pathways is necessary for gliomagenesis. In ex vivo experiments, blockade of Akt by an inhibitor led to decreased viability of cells coexpressing IGFBP2 versus PDGFB expression alone. Thus, this study provides definitive evidence that IGFBP2 plays a key role in activation of the Akt pathway and collaborates with K-Ras or PDGFB in the development and progression of two major types of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Dunlap
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Joseph Celestino
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Hua Wang
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gregory N. Fuller
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 85, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: or
| | - Wei Zhang
- *Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 85, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi LH, Zhu XQ, Zhao GH, Xia YB, Zhang YS. Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in gastric carcinoma and its relationship with cell proliferation. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:6285-9. [PMID: 17072950 PMCID: PMC4088135 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i39.6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance and to explore its relationship with cell proliferation.
METHODS: Expressions of IGFBP-2 and Ki-67 in 118 cases of gastric carcinoma and 40 cases of normal gastric mucosa were detected by EnVision immunohistochemical technique.
RESULTS: Expression of IGFBP-2 in gastric carcinoma was higher than that in normal gastric mucosa (P < 0.01). There was no difference between high- and low-grade gastric carcinoma (P > 0.05). Expression of IGFBP-2 in advanced gastric carcinoma was higher than that in early gastric carcinoma (P < 0.05). Expression of IGFBP-2 in gastric carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01). IGFBP-2 expression was a positively related to the clinical stage of gastric carcinoma (P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between IGFBP-2 and Ki-67 (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: IGFBP-2 may be involved in carcino-genesis and progression of gastric carcinoma by promoting cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hui Shi
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang W, Wang H, Song SW, Fuller GN. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2: gene expression microarrays and the hypothesis-generation paradigm. Brain Pathol 2006; 12:87-94. [PMID: 11770904 PMCID: PMC8095777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of modern medicine is to identify key genes and their products that are altered in the diseased state and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development, progression, and resistance to therapy. This is a daunting task given the exceptionally high complexity of the human genome. The paradigm for research has historically been hypothesis-driven despite the fact that the hypotheses under scrutiny often rest on tenuous subjective grounds or are derived from and dependent on chance observation. The imminent deciphering of the complete human genome, coupled with recent advances in high-throughput bioanalytical technology, has made possible a new paradigm in which data-based hypothesis-generation is the initial step in the investigative process, followed by hypothesis-testing. Genomics technologies are the primary source of the new hypothesis-generating capabilities that are now empowering biomedical researchers. The synergistic interaction between contemporary genomics technologies and the hypothesis-generation paradigm is well-illustrated by the discovery and subsequent ongoing study of the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in human glioma biology. Using gene expression microarray technology, the IGFBP2 gene was recently found to be highly and differentially overexpressed in the most advanced grade of human glioma, glioblastoma. Based on this discovery, subsequent functional studies were initiated that suggest that IGFBP2 overexpression may contribute to the invasive nature of glioblastoma, and that IGFBP2 may exert its function via a newly identified novel binding protein. The IGFBP2 story is but one example of the power and potential of the new molecular methodologies that are transforming modern diagnostic and investigative neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee EJ, Mircean C, Shmulevich I, Wang H, Liu J, Niemistö A, Kavanagh JJ, Lee JH, Zhang W. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 promotes ovarian cancer cell invasion. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:7. [PMID: 15686601 PMCID: PMC549074 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is overexpressed in ovarian malignant tissues and in the serum and cystic fluid of ovarian cancer patients, suggesting an important role of IGFBP2 in the biology of ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of increased IGFBP2 in ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS Using western blotting and tissue microarray analyses, we showed that IGFBP2 was frequently overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas compared with normal ovarian tissues. Furthermore, IGFBP2 was significantly overexpressed in invasive serous ovarian carcinomas compared with borderline serous ovarian tumors. To test whether increased IGFBP2 contributes to the highly invasive nature of ovarian cancer cells, we generated IGFBP2-overexpressing cells from an SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line, which has a very low level of endogenous IGFBP2. A Matrigel invasion assay showed that these IGFBP2-overexpressing cells were more invasive than the control cells. We then designed small interference RNA (siRNA) molecules that attenuated IGFBP2 expression in PA-1 ovarian cancer cells, which have a high level of endogenous IGFBP2. The Matrigel invasion assay showed that the attenuation of IGFBP2 expression indeed decreased the invasiveness of PA-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS We therefore showed that IGFBP2 enhances the invasion capacity of ovarian cancer cells. Blockage of IGFBP2 may thus constitute a viable strategy for targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Lee
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 135–710, Korea
| | - Cristian Mircean
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Institute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilya Shmulevich
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Antti Niemistö
- Institute of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - John J Kavanagh
- Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Je-Ho Lee
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 135–710, Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vorwerk P, Wex H, Hohmann B, Mohnike K, Schmidt U, Mittler U. Expression of components of the IGF signalling system in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Mol Pathol 2002; 55:40-5. [PMID: 11836446 PMCID: PMC1187145 DOI: 10.1136/mp.55.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system have been reported for different tumours. They are of particular interest in the search for new prognostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer. In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) the amount of "tumour mass" at diagnosis can exceed 1 kg. To understand the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine potential of the malignant transformed progenitor cells, the ability of these cells to express components of the IGF system needs to be investigated. AIM To characterise the expression pattern of genes of the IGF system in malignant lymphoblasts of children suffering from ALL. METHODS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of Ficoll separated mononuclear cells from 142 children with ALL, 127 cord blood samples, and 55 blood samples of age matched controls were studied. RESULTS The expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5), and CTGF (IGFBP-rP2) was seen in a higher proportion of mononuclear cells of patients with ALL than in controls. Patients with ALL who were in continuous remission had a lower percentage of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 expressing mononuclear cells at diagnosis than did those who developed a relapse. Only malignant lymphoblasts of B cell origin showed expression of CTGF (IGFBP-rP2). Malignant lymphoblasts of T cell origin more often expressed IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5, whereas IGF-II and IGFBP-3 expression was seen more often in lymphoblasts of B cell origin. CONCLUSIONS Malignant lymphoblasts of patients with ALL express components of the IGF system and therefore promote their own growth in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Whether these components will be useful as prognostic factors in the stratification of ALL treatment in children needs to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Vorwerk
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Emanuel-Larisch-Weg 17-19, D-39112 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zumkeller W. IGFs and IGFBPs: surrogate markers for diagnosis and surveillance of tumour growth? Mol Pathol 2001; 54:285-8. [PMID: 11577168 PMCID: PMC1187083 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.5.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) constitute the IGF system. Comprehensive data indicate that these factors play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. Epidemiological data indicate that cancer risk is associated with high serum IGF-I values. Because dysregulation of the IGF system is a frequent pattern in malignancy, IGFs/IGFBPs might represent novel tumour markers that could be useful both for diagnosis and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zumkeller
- Department of Paediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|