1
|
Bering T, Hertz H, Rath MF. The Circadian Oscillator of the Cerebellum: Triiodothyronine Regulates Clock Gene Expression in Granule Cells in vitro and in the Cerebellum of Neonatal Rats in vivo. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706433. [PMID: 34776993 PMCID: PMC8578874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, but an SCN-dependent molecular circadian oscillator is present in the cerebellar cortex. Recent findings suggest that circadian release of corticosterone is capable of driving the circadian oscillator of the rat cerebellum. To determine if additional neuroendocrine signals act to shape cerebellar clock gene expression, we here tested the role of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in regulation of the cerebellar circadian oscillator. In cultured cerebellar granule cells from mixed-gender neonatal rats, T3 treatment affected transcript levels of the clock genes Per2, Arntl, Nr1d1, and Dbp, suggesting that T3 acts directly on granule cells to control the circadian oscillator. We then used two different in vivo protocols to test the role of T3 in adult female rats: Firstly, a single injection of T3 did not influence clock gene expression in the cerebellum. Secondly, we established a surgical rat model combining SCN lesion with a programmable micropump infusing circadian physiological levels of T3; however, rhythmic infusion of T3 did not reestablish differential clock gene expression between day and night in SCN lesioned rats. To test if the effects of T3 observed in vitro were related to the developmental stage, acute injections of T3 were performed in mixed-gender neonatal rats in vivo; this procedure significantly affected cerebellar expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Nr1d1, and Dbp. Developmental comparisons showed rhythmic expression of all clock genes analyzed in the cerebellum of adult rats only, whereas T3 responsiveness was limited to neonatal animals. Thus, T3 shapes cerebellar clock gene profiles in early postnatal stages, but it does not represent a systemic circadian regulatory mechanism linking the SCN to the cerebellum throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zekri Y, Flamant F, Gauthier K. Central vs. Peripheral Action of Thyroid Hormone in Adaptive Thermogenesis: A Burning Topic. Cells 2021; 10:1327. [PMID: 34071979 PMCID: PMC8229489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) contribute to the control of adaptive thermogenesis, which is associated with both higher energy expenditure and lower body mass index. While it was clearly established that TH act directly in the target tissues to fulfill its metabolic activities, some studies have rather suggested that TH act in the hypothalamus to control these processes. This paradigm shift has subjected the topic to intense debates. This review aims to recapitulate how TH control adaptive thermogenesis and to what extent the brain is involved in this process. This is of crucial importance for the design of new pharmacological agents that would take advantage of the TH metabolic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Zekri
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.F.); (K.G.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zupo R, Castellana F, Sardone R, Lampignano L, Paradiso S, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V, Di Lorenzo L, Giannelli G, De Pergola G. Higher Muscle Mass Implies Increased Free-Thyroxine to Free-Triiodothyronine Ratio in Subjects With Overweight and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:565065. [PMID: 33117281 PMCID: PMC7553046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.565065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thyroid hormones control both metabolic pathways and body composition, whereas little knowledge is available about the possible influence of skeletal muscle mass (MM) on thyroid hormone metabolism and circulating levels. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Population Health Unit of the National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS "S. de Bellis" (Italy) and investigating the extent to which skeletal MM affects thyroid function in obesity. Two hundred twenty-seven consecutive healthy volunteers (155 women and 72 men) with overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and taking no medication or supplement were assessed for hormone, metabolic and routine laboratory parameters. Body composition parameters were collected by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). MM was directly related to the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), insulin, triglycerides, uric acid and free-triiodothyronine (FT3) serum levels, FT3 to the free-thyroxine (FT4) ratio, and insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR), and inversely related to age, total, and HDL-cholesterol serum levels. Multiple regression models confirmed the relationship between MM and the FT3 to FT4 ratio, independently of age, BMI, TSH, triglycerides, and insulin serum levels. The same analyses run by gender showed that this relationship maintained significance only in men. Increased skeletal MM in obesity results in improved thyroid activity mediated by increased T4 conversion to T3, and higher FT3 circulating levels, particularly in men. In conclusion, preserving a greater skeletal MM in obesity helps to enhance thyroid activity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04327375.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zupo
- Population Health Unit – “Salus in Apulia Study”, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberta Zupo,
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Population Health Unit – “Salus in Apulia Study”, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Population Health Unit – “Salus in Apulia Study”, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Population Health Unit – “Salus in Apulia Study”, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Paradiso
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Disease, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Disease, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro “E.C. Vigliani”, University of Bari, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Population Health Unit – “Salus in Apulia Study”, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molnár I, Szentmiklósi JA, Gesztelyi R, Somogyiné-Vári É. Effect of antithyroid drugs on the occurrence of antibodies against type 2 deiodinase (DIO2), which are involved in hyperthyroid Graves' disease influencing the therapeutic efficacy. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:245-254. [PMID: 30610492 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter and autoantibodies against TSH receptor, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg). Graves' hyperthyroidism is characterized by T3 dominance due to the conversion of T4 into T3 through type 1 and 2 deiodinase enzymes (DIO1, DIO2). Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) therapies inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis blocking the activity of deiodinase and TPO enzymes. The study investigated the occurrence of autoantibodies against DIO2 peptides (cys- and hom-peptides) with the effect of antithyroid drugs on their frequencies in 78 patients with Graves' disease and 30 controls. In hyperthyroidism, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies was as follows: 20 and 11 cases out of 51 for cys- and hom-peptide antibodies, respectively, of whom 8 cases possessed antibodies against both peptides. Antithyroid drugs differently influenced their frequencies, which were greater in PTU than in MMI (3/6 vs 13/45 cases, P < 0.016 for cys- and 0/6 vs 2/45 cases for hom-peptide antibodies). Antibodies against both peptides demonstrated more reduced levels of anti-TPO (P < 0.003) and anti-Tg antibodies (P < 0.002) compared with those without peptide antibodies. PTU compared with MMI increased the levels of TSH receptor antibodies (32.5 UI/l vs 2.68 IU/l, P < 0.009). MMI treatment led to more reduced FT3 levels and FT3/FT4 ratios in hyperthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy (P < 0.028 for FT3, P < 0.007 for FT3/FT4 ratio). In conclusion, the presence of DIO2 peptide antibodies is connected to Graves' hyperthyroidism influencing the levels of antibodies against TPO, Tg and TSH receptor, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of antithyroid drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Molnár
- Immunoendocrinology, EndoMed, Bem tér 18/C., Debrecen, 4026, Hungary.
| | - József A Szentmiklósi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, POBox 12, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, POBox 12, Debrecen, 4012, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spaggiari G, Brigante G, De Vincentis S, Cattini U, Roli L, De Santis MC, Baraldi E, Tagliavini S, Varani M, Trenti T, Rochira V, Simoni M, Santi D. Probiotics Ingestion Does Not Directly Affect Thyroid Hormonal Parameters in Hypothyroid Patients on Levothyroxine Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:316. [PMID: 29184537 PMCID: PMC5694461 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between probiotics and levothyroxine (LT4) requirement has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess whether a mixture of highly charged Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria (VSL#3®) is able to influence LT4 metabolism acting on the gut microbiota. METHODS A prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled, investigator-started clinical trial was carried out. Patients with primary hypothyroidism were randomly assigned to the study (VSL#3® + LT4) and the control group (LT4). A 2-month treatment phase was followed by 2 months of follow-up. Clinical examination, blood tests for thyroid function and for peripheral tissue markers of thyroid hormones (PTM) were performed monthly. LT4 dose adjustments were performed when necessary. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study group and 41 in the control group. No difference in thyroid function [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4)] and PTM was found between groups and among visits. FT3/fT4 ratio was directly correlated to TSH at each visit in both groups, with the exception of the first evaluation of probiotics-treated subjects (rho = 0.287, p = 0.076). LT4 daily dose adjustments occurred more frequently in the control than in the study group (p = 0.007), despite no differences in the mean LT4 daily dose. In particular, LT4 doses were increased six times in the control group and decreased four times in the study group. CONCLUSION VSL#3® does not directly alter thyroid functional compensation. A probiotics-mediated influence on thyroid hormones homeostasis is suggested since probiotics supplementation could be able to prevent serum hormonal fluctuations. CLINICALTRIALSGOV ID Registration number NCT03095963.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Spaggiari
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Brigante,
| | - Sara De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto Cattini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrica Baraldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Varani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bocco BMLC, Louzada RAN, Silvestre DHS, Santos MCS, Anne-Palmer E, Rangel IF, Abdalla S, Ferreira AC, Ribeiro MO, Gereben B, Carvalho DP, Bianco AC, Werneck-de-Castro JP. Thyroid hormone activation by type 2 deiodinase mediates exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2016; 594:5255-69. [PMID: 27302464 PMCID: PMC5023700 DOI: 10.1113/jp272440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In skeletal muscle, physical exercise and thyroid hormone mediate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1a) expression that is crucial to skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. The expression of type 2 deiodinase (D2), which activates thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle is upregulated by acute treadmill exercise through a β-adrenergic receptor-dependent mechanism. Pharmacological block of D2 or disruption of the Dio2 gene in skeletal muscle fibres impaired acute exercise-induced PGC-1a expression. Dio2 disruption also impaired muscle PGC-1a expression and mitochondrial citrate synthase activity in chronically exercised mice. ABSTRACT Thyroid hormone promotes expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1a), which mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle (SKM). Skeletal myocytes express the type 2 deiodinase (D2), which generates 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3 ), the active thyroid hormone. To test whether D2-generated T3 plays a role in exercise-induced PGC-1a expression, male rats and mice with SKM-specific Dio2 inactivation (SKM-D2KO or MYF5-D2KO) were studied. An acute treadmill exercise session (20 min at 70-75% of maximal aerobic capacity) increased D2 expression/activity (1.5- to 2.7-fold) as well as PGC-1a mRNA levels (1.5- to 5-fold) in rat soleus muscle and white gastrocnemius muscle and in mouse soleus muscle, which was prevented by pretreatment with 1 mg (100 g body weight)(-1) propranolol or 6 mg (100 g body weight)(-1) iopanoic acid (5.9- vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05), which blocks D2 activity . In the SKM-D2KO mice, acute treadmill exercise failed to induce PGC-1a fully in soleus muscle (1.9- vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05), and in primary SKM-D2KO myocytes there was only a limited PGC-1a response to 1 μm forskolin (2.2- vs. 1.3-fold; P < 0.05). Chronic exercise training (6 weeks) increased soleus muscle PGC-1a mRNA levels (∼25%) and the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase (∼20%). In contrast, PGC-1a expression did not change and citrate synthase decreased by ∼30% in SKM-D2KO mice. The soleus muscle PGC-1a response to chronic exercise was also blunted in MYF5-D2KO mice. In conclusion, acute treadmill exercise increases SKM D2 expression through a β-adrenergic receptor-dependent mechanism. The accelerated conversion of T4 to T3 within myocytes mediates part of the PGC-1a induction by treadmill exercise and its downstream effects on mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M L C Bocco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy A N Louzada
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego H S Silvestre
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C S Santos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elena Anne-Palmer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor F Rangel
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sherine Abdalla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea C Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - João P Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsunaga H, Sasaki S, Suzuki S, Matsushita A, Nakamura H, Nakamura HM, Hirahara N, Kuroda G, Iwaki H, Ohba K, Morita H, Oki Y, Suda T. Essential Role of GATA2 in the Negative Regulation of Type 2 Deiodinase Gene by Liganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor β2 in Thyrotroph. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142400. [PMID: 26571013 PMCID: PMC4646574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) by thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) is the central mechanism of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Two transcription factors, GATA2 and Pit-1, determine thyrotroph differentiation and maintain the expression of the β subunit of TSH (TSHβ). We previously reported that T3-dependent repression of the TSHβ gene is mediated by GATA2 but not by the reported negative T3-responsive element (nTRE). In thyrotrophs, T3 also represses mRNA of the type-2 deiodinase (D2) gene, where no nTRE has been identified. Here, the human D2 promoter fused to the CAT or modified Renilla luciferase gene was co-transfected with Pit-1 and/or GATA2 expression plasmids into cell lines including CV1 and thyrotroph-derived TαT1. GATA2 but not Pit-1 activated the D2 promoter. Two GATA responsive elements (GATA-REs) were identified close to cAMP responsive element. The protein kinase A activator, forskolin, synergistically enhanced GATA2-dependent activity. Gel-shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with TαT1 cells indicated that GATA2 binds to these GATA-REs. T3 repressed the GATA2-induced activity of the D2 promoter in the presence of the pituitary-specific TR, TRβ2. The inhibition by T3-bound TRβ2 was dominant over the synergism between GATA2 and forskolin. The D2 promoter is also stimulated by GATA4, the major GATA in cardiomyocytes, and this activity was repressed by T3 in the presence of TRα1. These data indicate that the GATA-induced activity of the D2 promoter is suppressed by T3-bound TRs via a tethering mechanism, as in the case of the TSHβ gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Matsunaga
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Akio Matsushita
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Nakamura
- Kuma Hospital, 8-2-35 Shimoyamate-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650–0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Misawa Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Naoko Hirahara
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Go Kuroda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430–0906, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, No 8 College Road, Level 8th, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oki
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431–3192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Werneck-de-Castro JP, Fonseca TL, Ignacio DL, Fernandes GW, Andrade-Feraud CM, Lartey LJ, Ribeiro MB, Ribeiro MO, Gereben B, Bianco AC. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Male Mouse Skeletal Muscle Is Largely Independent of D2 in Myocytes. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3842-52. [PMID: 26214036 PMCID: PMC4588812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 deiodinase (D2) activates the prohormone T4 to T3. D2 is expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM), and its global inactivation (GLOB-D2KO mice) reportedly leads to skeletal muscle hypothyroidism and impaired differentiation. Here floxed Dio2 mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre-recombinase under the myosin light chain 1f (cre-MLC) to disrupt D2 expression in the late developmental stages of skeletal myocytes (SKM-D2KO). This led to a loss of approximately 50% in D2 activity in neonatal and adult SKM-D2KO skeletal muscle and about 75% in isolated SKM-D2KO myocytes. To test the impact of Dio2 disruption, we measured soleus T3 content and found it to be normal. We also looked at the expression of T3-responsive genes in skeletal muscle, ie, myosin heavy chain I, α-actin, myosin light chain, tropomyosin, and serca 1 and 2, which was preserved in neonatal SKM-D2KO hindlimb muscles, at a time that coincides with a peak of D2 activity in control animals. In adult soleus the baseline level of D2 activity was about 6-fold lower, and in the SKM-D2KO soleus, the expression of only one of five T3-responsive genes was reduced. Despite this, adult SKM-D2KO animals performed indistinguishably from controls on a treadmill test, running for approximately 16 minutes and reached a speed of about 23 m/min; muscle strength was about 0.3 mN/m·g body weight in SKM-D2KO and control ankle muscles. In conclusion, there are multiple sources of D2 in the mouse SKM, and its role is limited in postnatal skeletal muscle fibers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Strength/genetics
- Muscle Strength/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Thyroxine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Triiodothyronine/metabolism
- Tropomyosin/genetics
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Andrade-Feraud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lattoya J Lartey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdalla SM, Bianco AC. Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:633-41. [PMID: 25040645 PMCID: PMC4699302 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone is produced predominantly outside the thyroid parenchyma secondary to peripheral tissue deiodination of thyroxine (T4), with <20% being secreted directly from the thyroid. In healthy individuals, plasma T3 is regulated by the negative feedback loop of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and by homoeostatic changes in deiodinase expression. Therefore, with the exception of a minimal circadian rhythmicity, serum T3 levels are stable over long periods of time. Studies in rodents indicate that different levels of genetic disruption of the feedback mechanism and deiodinase system are met with increase in serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while serum T3 levels remain stable. These findings have focused attention on serum T3 levels in patients with thyroid disease, with important clinical implications affecting therapeutic goals and choice of therapy for patients with hypothyroidism. Although monotherapy with levothyroxine is the standard of care for hypothyroidism, not all patients normalize serum T3 levels with many advocating for combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. The latter could be relevant for a significant number of patients that remain symptomatic on monotherapy with levothyroxine, despite normalization of serum TSH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherine M Abdalla
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salvatore D, Simonides WS, Dentice M, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle--new insights and potential implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:206-14. [PMID: 24322650 PMCID: PMC4037849 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone signalling regulates crucial biological functions, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, development and growth. The skeletal muscle is a major target of thyroid hormone signalling. The type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3, respectively) have been identified in skeletal muscle. DIO2 expression is tightly regulated and catalyses outer-ring monodeiodination of the secreted prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) to generate the active hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3). T3 can remain in the myocyte to signal through nuclear receptors or exit the cell to mix with the extracellular pool. By contrast, DIO3 inactivates T3 through removal of an inner-ring iodine. Regulation of the expression and activity of deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism for controlling the intracellular concentration of T3. This local control of T3 activity is crucial during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of T3 in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis, with a focus on the emerging local deiodinase-mediated control of T3 signalling. Moreover, we discuss these novel findings in the context of both muscle homeostasis and pathology, and examine how skeletal muscle deiodinase activity might be therapeutically harnessed to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in patients with skeletal muscle disorders, muscle atrophy or injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Drigo RA, Fonseca TL, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Bianco AC. Role of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) in the control of thyroid hormone signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3956-64. [PMID: 22967761 PMCID: PMC4979226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone signaling is critical for development, growth and metabolic control in vertebrates. Although serum concentration of thyroid hormone is remarkable stable, deiodinases modulate thyroid hormone signaling on a time- and cell-specific fashion by controlling the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review covers the recent advances in D2 biology, a member of the iodothyronine deiodinase family, thioredoxin fold-containing selenoenzymes that modify thyroid hormone signaling in a time- and cell-specific manner. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS D2-catalyzed T3 production increases thyroid hormone signaling whereas blocking D2 activity or disruption of the Dio2 gene leads to a state of localized hypothyroidism. D2 expression is regulated by different developmental, metabolic or environmental cues such as the hedgehog pathway, the adrenergic- and the TGR5-activated cAMP pathway, by xenobiotic molecules such as flavonols and by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, which specifically reduces de novo synthesis of D2 via an eIF2a-mediated mechanism. Thus, D2 plays a central role in important physiological processes such as determining T3 content in developing tissues and in the adult brain, and promoting adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Notably, D2 is critical in the T4-mediated negative feed-back at the pituitary and hypothalamic levels, whereby T4 inhibits TSH and TRH expression, respectively. Notably, ubiquitination is a major step in the control of D2 activity, whereby T4 binding to and/or T4 catalysis triggers D2 inactivation by ubiquitination that is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases WSB-1 and/or TEB4. Ubiquitinated D2 can be either targeted to proteasomal degradation or reactivated by deubiquitination, a process that is mediated by the deubiquitinases USP20/33 and is important in adaptive thermogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Here we review the recent advances in the understanding of D2 biology focusing on the mechanisms that regulate its expression and their biological significance in metabolically relevant tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joao Pedro Saar Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas, Brazil
- Escola de Educacao Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wajner SM, Maia AL. New Insights toward the Acute Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:8. [PMID: 22654851 PMCID: PMC3356062 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) refers to changes in serum thyroid hormone levels observed in critically ill patients in the absence of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid primary dysfunction. Affected individuals have low T3, elevated rT3, and inappropriately normal TSH levels. The pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood but the acute and chronic changes in pituitary-thyroid function are probably the consequence of the action of multiple factors. The early phase seems to reflect changes occurring primarily in the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, best seen in humans since 80-90% of the circulating T3 are derived from the pro-hormone T4. The conversion of T4 to T3 is catalyzed by type 1 (D1) and type 2 (D2) deiodinases via outer-ring deiodination. In contrast, type 3 deiodinase (D3) catalyzes the inactivation of both T4 and T3. Over the last decades, several studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes on circulating thyroid hormones in NTIS. Increased inflammatory cytokines, which occurs in response to virtually any illness, has long been speculated to play a role in derangements of deiodinase expression. On the other hand, oxidative stress due to augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is characteristic of many diseases that are associated with NTIS. Changes in the intracellular redox state may disrupt deiodinase function by independent mechanisms, which might include depletion of the as yet unidentified endogenous thiol cofactor. Here we aim to present an updated picture of the advances in understanding the mechanisms that result in the fall of thyroid hormone levels in the acute phase of NTIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brasil
- *Correspondence: Ana Luiza Maia, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brasil. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramadan W, Marsili A, Huang S, Larsen PR, Silva JE. Type-2 iodothyronine 5'deiodinase in skeletal muscle of C57BL/6 mice. I. Identity, subcellular localization, and characterization. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3082-92. [PMID: 21628384 PMCID: PMC3138240 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RT-PCR shows that mouse skeletal muscle contains type-2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) mRNA. However, the D2 activity has been hard to measure. Except for newborn mice, muscle homogenates have no detectable activity. However, we have reported D2 activity in mouse muscle microsomes. As the mRNA, activity is higher in slow- than in fast-twitch muscle. We addressed here the major problems in measuring D2 activity in muscle by: homogenizing muscle in high salt to improve yield of membranous structures; separating postmitochondrial supernatant between 38 and 50% sucrose, to eliminate lighter membranes lacking D2; washing these with 0.1 M Na(2)CO(3) to eliminate additional contaminating proteins; pretreating all buffers with Chelex, to eliminate catalytic metals; and eliminating the EDTA from the assay, as this can bind iron that enhances dithiothreitol oxidation and promotes peroxidation reactions. Maximum velocity of T(3) generation by postgradient microsomes from red muscles was approximately 1100 fmol/(h · mg) protein with a Michaelis-Menten constant for T(4) of 1.5 nM. D2-specific activity of Na(2)CO(3)-washed microsomes was 6-10 times higher. The enrichment in D2 activity increased in parallel with the capacity of microsomes to load (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase) and bind Ca(2+) (calsequestrin), indicating that D2 resides in the inner sarcoplasmic reticulum, close to the nuclei. The presence of D3 in the sarcolemma suggests that the most of D2-generated T(3) acts locally. Estimates from maximum velocity, Michaelis-Menten constant, and muscle T(4) content suggest that mouse red, type-1, aerobic mouse muscle fibers can generate physiologically relevant amounts of T(3) and, further, that muscle D2 plays an important role in thyroid hormone-dependent muscle thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ramadan
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wajner SM, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Larsen PR, Maia AL. IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1834-45. [PMID: 21540553 DOI: 10.1172/jci44678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is a state of low serum 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T₃) that occurs in chronically ill patients; the degree of reduction in T₃ is associated with overall prognosis and survival. Iodthyronine deiodinases are enzymes that catalyze iodine removal from thyroid hormones; type I and II deiodinase (D1 and D2, respectively) convert the prohormone thyroxine T₄ to active T₃, whereas the type III enzyme (D3) inactivates T₄ and T₃. Increased production of cytokines, including IL-6, is a hallmark of the acute phase of NTIS, but the role of cytokines in altered thyroid hormone metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we measured the effect of IL-6 on both endogenous cofactor-mediated and dithiothreitol-stimulated (DTT-stimulated) cell sonicate deiodinase activities in human cell lines. Active T₃ generation by D1 and D2 in intact cells was suppressed by IL-6, despite an increase in sonicate deiodinases (and mRNAs). N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant that restores intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations, prevented the IL-6-induced inhibitory effect on D1- and D2-mediated T₃ production, which suggests that IL-6 might function by depleting an intracellular thiol cofactor, perhaps GSH. In contrast, IL-6 stimulated endogenous D3-mediated inactivation of T₃. Taken together, these results identify a single pathway by which IL-6-induced oxidative stress can reduce D1- and D2-mediated T₄-to-T₃ conversion as well as increasing D3-mediated T₃ (and T₄) inactivation, thus mimicking events during illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Toyoda N, Yasuzawa-Amano S, Nomura E, Yamauchi A, Nishimura K, Ukita C, Morimoto S, Kosaki A, Iwasaka T, Harney JW, Larsen PR, Nishikawa M. Thyroid hormone activation in vascular smooth muscle cells is negatively regulated by glucocorticoid. Thyroid 2009; 19:755-63. [PMID: 19508118 PMCID: PMC2857441 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) catalyzes the production of triiodothyronine from thyroxine. D2 is present in rat aorta media, and there is a circadian variation in the D2 expression. In rat aorta media, the D2 activity exhibited the maximal value at 1200 hour and low value between 1800 and 2400 hour. To understand the mechanisms that induce the circadian variation in the D2 expression, we examined the effects of glucocorticoid on the D2 activity and mRNA in rat aorta media and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS The effects of intrinsic and extrinsic glucocorticoid on the D2 activity and mRNA in rat aorta media were studied using metyrapone, a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, and dexamethasone (DEX). Further, the effects of DEX on D2 expression were studied using the cultured rat VSMCs. RESULTS The trough values of D2 activity and mRNA at 2100 hour were increased by the treatment with metyrapone. On the other hand, the peak values of D2 activity and mRNA were decreased by the treatment with DEX. D2 activity and mRNA in cultured rat VSMCs were increased by the addition of 10(-3) M dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate [(Bu)(2)cAMP]. The increments were reduced by coincubation with 10(-6) M DEX. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that glucocorticoids might directly suppress the D2 expression in rat VSMCs induced by a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaoki Toyoda
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata-City, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Larsen PR. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in human skeletal muscle: new insights into its physiological role and regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1893-5. [PMID: 19494166 PMCID: PMC2690423 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
17
|
Grozovsky R, Ribich S, Rosene ML, Mulcahey MA, Huang SA, Patti ME, Bianco AC, Kim BW. Type 2 deiodinase expression is induced by peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists in skeletal myocytes. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1976-83. [PMID: 19036883 PMCID: PMC2659265 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) is known to play a role in brown adipose tissue-mediated adaptive thermogenesis in rodents, but the finding of D2 in skeletal muscle raises the possibility of a broader metabolic role. In the current study, we examined the regulation of the D2 pathway in primary skeletal muscle myoblasts taken from both humans and mice. We found that pioglitazone treatment led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in primary human skeletal myocyte D2 activity; this effect was seen with other peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. D2 activity in primary murine skeletal myotubes increased 2.8-fold in response to 5 microM pioglitazone and 1.6-fold in response to 5 nM insulin and increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to lithocholic acid (maximum response at 25 microM was approximately 3.8-fold). We compared Akt phosphorylation in primary myotubes derived from wild-type and D2 knockout (D2KO) mice: phospho-Akt was reduced by 50% in the D2KO muscle after 1 nM insulin exposure. Expression of T(3)-responsive muscle genes via quantitative RT-PCR suggests that D2KO cells have decreased thyroid hormone signaling, which could contribute to the abnormalities in insulin signaling. D2 activity in skeletal muscle fragments from both murine and human sources was low, on the order of about 0.01 fmol/min . mg of muscle protein. The phenotypic changes seen with D2KO cells support a metabolic role for D2 in muscle, hinting at a D2-mediated linkage between thyroid hormone and insulin signaling, but the low activity calls into question whether skeletal muscle D2 is a major source of plasma T(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Grozovsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Brighamand Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gereben B, Zavacki AM, Ribich S, Kim BW, Huang SA, Simonides WS, Zeöld A, Bianco AC. Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:898-938. [PMID: 18815314 PMCID: PMC2647704 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research has focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T(3) during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled. The activating deiodinase (D2) and the inactivating deiodinase (D3) can locally increase or decrease thyroid hormone signaling in a tissue- and temporal-specific fashion, independent of changes in thyroid hormone serum concentrations. This mechanism is particularly relevant because deiodinase expression can be modulated by a wide variety of endogenous signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor-kappaB, growth factors, bile acids, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, as well as a growing number of xenobiotic substances. In light of these findings, it seems clear that deiodinases play a much broader role than once thought, with great ramifications for the control of thyroid hormone signaling during vertebrate development and metamorphosis, as well as injury response, tissue repair, hypothalamic function, and energy homeostasis in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meyer ELS, Goemann IM, Dora JM, Wagner MS, Maia AL. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is highly expressed in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 289:16-22. [PMID: 18514391 PMCID: PMC2527534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (D2) plays a critical role in controlling intracellular T3 concentration and early studies indicated a follicular but not a parafollicular C-cell origin of D2 activity in the thyroid gland. Here, we show that D2 is highly expressed in human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a tumor that arises from the C-cells. D2 transcripts were detected in all MTC samples obtained from 12 unselected MTC patients and the levels of D2 activity were comparable to those found in surrounding normal follicular tissue (0.41+/-0.10 fmol min mg protein vs. 0.43+/-0.41 fmol min mg protein, P=0.91). Additional analysis in the TT cells, a human MTC cell line, demonstrated that the D2 expression is downregulated by thyroid hormones and enhanced by cAMP analogs and dexamethasone. The thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 and beta isoforms were also detected in all MTC samples and in TT cells, thus suggesting a potential role of T3 locally produced by D2 in this neoplastic tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Souza Meyer
- Thyroid Section, Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molnár I, Szombathy Z, Kovács I, Szentmiklósi AJ. Immunohistochemical studies using immunized Guinea pig sera with features of anti-human thyroid, eye and skeletal antibody and Graves' sera. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:172-80. [PMID: 17243008 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 5' deiodinase enzyme was observed in both thyroid and eye muscle tissues, highlighting its possible role as a common antigen in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Sera of 105 Graves' patients and 40 controls, and immunized guinea pig sera against TCSS peptide, showing homology to the amino acid sequence from 132 to 152 of type 2 5' deiodinase, were investigated to demonstrate the binding effects to human thyroid, eye and skeletal muscle tissues. Twenty-two Graves' patients were positive for anti-TCSS peptide antibodies, of whom 18 cases had ophthalmopathy. The levels of anti-TCSS peptide antibodies were higher not only in Graves' patients with (P<0.0001) and without (P<0.036) eye symptoms compared to controls but also the difference was significant between patients with and without ophthalmopathy (P<0.049). In Western blot, immunized sera showed binding reactions to the supernatant fractions of human thyroid, eye and skeletal muscle tissues at the range of 29 kDa. Patient sera with Graves' ophthalmopathy resulted in positive reactions directed to membrane areas in thyroid follicular cells, and to fibers in eye and skeletal muscles using immunohistochemical method, while no positive staining was present after adding control sera. The binding features of immunized guinea pig sera exhibited similar staining in all human tissues but could be blocked with Graves' sera. Our results suggest that type 2 5' deiodinase enzyme protein could play a role as an antigen in Graves' disease. Immunized guinea pig sera against TCSS peptide exhibited similar binding reactions and stainings to human thyroid, eye and skeletal muscle tissues as patient sera with Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Molnár
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Kenézy County and Teaching Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maia AL, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW, Larsen PR. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2524-33. [PMID: 16127464 PMCID: PMC1190373 DOI: 10.1172/jci25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of the types 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D1 and D2) in extrathyroidal 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) production in humans are unknown. We calculated the rate of thyroxine (T4) to T3 conversion by intact cells transiently expressing D1 or D2 at low (2 pM), normal (20 pM), and high (200 pM) free T4 concentrations. Deiodinase activities were then assayed in cell sonicates. The ratio of T3 production in cell sonicates (catalytic efficiency) was multiplied by the tissue activities reported in human liver (D1) and skeletal muscle (D2). From these calculations, we predict that in euthyroid humans, D2-generated T3 is 29 nmol/d, while that of D1-generated T3 is 15 nmol/d, from these major deiodinase-expressing tissues. The total estimated extrathyroidal T3 production, 44 nmol/d, is in close agreement with the 40 nmol T3/d based on previous kinetic studies. D2-generated T3 production accounts for approximately 71% of the peripheral T3 production in hypothyroidism, but D1 for approximately 67% in thyrotoxic patients. We also show that the intracellular D2-generated T3 has a greater effect on T3-dependent gene transcription than that from D1, which indicates that generation of nuclear T3 is an intrinsic property of the D2 protein. We suggest that impairment of D2-generated T3 is the major cause of the reduced T3 production in the euthyroid sick syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Maia
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|