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Harrison S, Lennon R, Holly J, Higgins JPT, Gardner M, Perks C, Gaunt T, Tan V, Borwick C, Emmet P, Jeffreys M, Northstone K, Rinaldi S, Thomas S, Turner SD, Pease A, Vilenchick V, Martin RM, Lewis SJ. Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:497-528. [PMID: 28361446 PMCID: PMC5400803 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish whether the association between milk intake and prostate cancer operates via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway (including IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3). METHODS Systematic review, collating data from all relevant studies examining associations of milk with IGF, and those examining associations of IGF with prostate cancer risk and progression. Data were extracted from experimental and observational studies conducted in either humans or animals, and analyzed using meta-analysis where possible, with summary data presented otherwise. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-two studies met the inclusion criteria: 31 examining the milk-IGF relationship; 132 examining the IGF-prostate cancer relationship in humans; and 10 animal studies examining the IGF-prostate cancer relationship. There was moderate evidence that circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increase with milk (and dairy protein) intake (an estimated standardized effect size of 0.10 SD increase in IGF-I and 0.05 SD in IGFBP-3 per 1 SD increase in milk intake). There was moderate evidence that prostate cancer risk increased with IGF-I (Random effects meta-analysis OR per SD increase in IGF-I 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.16; n = 51 studies) and decreased with IGFBP-3 (OR 0.90; 0.83, 0.98; n = 39 studies), but not with other growth factors. The IGFBP-3 -202A/C single nucleotide polymorphism was positively associated with prostate cancer (pooled OR for A/C vs. AA = 1.22; 95% CI 0.84, 1.79; OR for C/C vs. AA = 1.51; 1.03, 2.21, n = 8 studies). No strong associations were observed for IGF-II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 with either milk intake or prostate cancer risk. There was little consistency within the data extracted from the small number of animal studies. There was additional evidence to suggest that the suppression of IGF-II can reduce tumor size, and contradictory evidence with regards to the effect of IGFBP-3 suppression on tumor progression. CONCLUSION IGF-I is a potential mechanism underlying the observed associations between milk intake and prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Harrison
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosie Lennon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian P T Higgins
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mike Gardner
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Gaunt
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vanessa Tan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cath Borwick
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pauline Emmet
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mona Jeffreys
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Sabina Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Stephen Thomas
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences,, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Anna Pease
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vicky Vilenchick
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, BS2 8AE, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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LeBeau AM, Kostova M, Craik CS, Denmeade SR. Prostate-specific antigen: an overlooked candidate for the targeted treatment and selective imaging of prostate cancer. Biol Chem 2010; 391:333-43. [PMID: 20180648 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) as a biomarker for prostate cancer is well known; however, the precise physiological role of it's serine protease activity in prostate cancer remains a mystery. PSA is produced at high levels by both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancers. Studies have documented high levels of active PSA in the milieu surrounding osseous and soft tissue metastases. This evidence, coupled with growing experimental evidence, suggests that PSA plays an important role in the pathobiology of prostate cancer. These observations support the development of PSA-selective inhibitors as useful tools for the targeted treatment and imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we review the research that has been conducted to date on developing selective inhibitors for PSA. The different approaches used to determine PSA substrate specificity and for creating inhibitors are discussed. In addition, the unique active site characteristics of PSA and how these motifs aided our research in developing PSA targeted agents are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M LeBeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 2131, USA.
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Neuhausen SL, Slattery ML, Garner CP, Ding YC, Hoffman M, Brothman AR. Prostate cancer risk and IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, and INS polymorphisms: strong association of IRS1 G972R variant and cancer risk. Prostate 2005; 64:168-74. [PMID: 15678496 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As cellular proliferation is central to the carcinogenic process, pathways that regulate proliferation may be important. Therefore, genes in the insulin and the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways are plausible candidates for susceptibility genes for prostate cancer. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms in INS, IRS1, IRS2, and IGF1 may be associated with prostate cancer. METHODS We studied 199 incident prostate cancer cases and 267 age-matched controls. Genotyping was performed for the INS +1127 Ins-PstI, IRS1 G972R, IRS2 G1079D, and the IGF1 CA-repeat polymorphisms. Outcomes were prostate cancer, Gleason score, and AJCC stage. RESULTS The IRS1 G972R GR/RR genotypes were associated with a significant 2.8-fold increased risk for prostate cancer (95% CI 1.5-5.1, P = 0.0007). The other variants were not significantly associated with prostate cancer. The IRS1 G972R GR/RR genotypes were also significantly associated with more advanced Gleason score (P = 0.001) and AJCC stage (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS These results support a role of the insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor pathways in the etiology of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-7550, USA.
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Peng L, Malloy PJ, Feldman D. Identification of a Functional Vitamin D Response Element in the Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Promoter. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:1109-19. [PMID: 14963110 DOI: 10.1210/me.2003-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] plays a critical role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone formation but also exhibits antiproliferative activity on many cancer cells, including prostate cancer. We have shown that the antiproliferative actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line are mediated in part by induction of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism involved in 1,25-(OH)2D3 regulation of IGFBP-3 expression and to identify the putative vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the IGFBP-3 promoter. We cloned approximately 6 kb of the IGFBP-3 promoter sequence and demonstrated its responsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in transactivation assays. Computer analysis identified a putative VDRE between -3296/-3282 containing the direct repeat motif GGTTCA ccg GGTGCA that is 92% identical with the rat 24-hydroxylase distal VDRE. In EMSAs, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) showed strong binding to the putative IGFBP-3 VDRE in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3. Supershift assays confirmed the presence of VDR in the IGFBP-3 VDRE complex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 recruited the VDR/retinoid X receptor heterodimer to the VDRE site in the natural IGFBP-3 promoter in intact cells. In transactivation assays, the putative VDRE coupled to a heterologous simian virus 40 promoter construct was induced 2-fold by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Mutations in the VDRE resulted in a loss of inducibility confirming the critical hexameric sequence. In conclusion, we have identified a functional VDRE in the distal region of the human IGFBP-3 promoter. The induction of IGFBP-3 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 appears to be directly mediated via VDR interaction with this VDRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Peng
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103.
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Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:102-52. [PMID: 14769829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the systemic complications of acromegaly. Mortality in this disease is increased mostly because of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, although currently neoplastic complications have been questioned as a relevant cause of increased risk of death. Biventricular hypertrophy, occurring independently of hypertension and metabolic complications, is the most frequent cardiac complication. Diastolic and systolic dysfunction develops along with disease duration; and other cardiac disorders, such as arrhythmias, valve disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction, are also common in acromegaly. Control of acromegaly by surgery or pharmacotherapy, especially somatostatin analogs, improves cardiovascular morbidity. Respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, and ventilatory dysfunction are also important contributors in increasing mortality and are advantageously benefitted by controlling GH and IGF-I hypersecretion. An increased risk of colonic polyps, which more frequently recur in patients not controlled after treatment, has been reported by several independent investigations, although malignancies in other organs have also been described, but less convincingly than at the gastrointestinal level. Finally, the most important cause of morbidity and functional disability of the disease is arthropathy, which can be reversed at an initial stage, but not if the disease is left untreated for several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colao
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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