1
|
Timmermans S, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Dimerization of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Importance in (Patho)physiology: A Primer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040683. [PMID: 35203332 PMCID: PMC8870481 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a very versatile protein that comes in several forms, interacts with many proteins and has multiple functions. Numerous therapies are based on GRs’ actions but the occurrence of side effects and reduced responses to glucocorticoids have motivated scientists to study GRs in great detail. The notion that GRs can perform functions as a monomeric protein, but also as a homodimer has raised questions about the underlying mechanisms, structural aspects of dimerization, influencing factors and biological functions. In this review paper, we are providing an overview of the current knowledge and insights about this important aspect of GR biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu W, Zhou A, Wang L, Sun S, Cui X, Zhu D. SVLR: Genome Structural Variant Detection Using Long-Read Sequencing Data. J Comput Biol 2021; 28:774-788. [PMID: 33973820 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2021.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome structural variants (SVs) have great impacts on human phenotype and diversity, and have been linked to numerous diseases. Long-read sequencing technologies arise to make it possible to find SVs of as long as 10,000 nucleotides. Thus, long read-based SV detection has been drawing attention of many recent research projects, and many tools have been developed for long reads to detect SVs recently. In this article, we present a new method, called SVLR, to detect SVs based on long-read sequencing data. Comparing with existing methods, SVLR can detect three new kinds of SVs: block replacements, block interchanges, and translocations. Although these new SVs are structurally more complicated, SVLR achieves accuracies that are comparable with those of the classic SVs. Moreover, for the classic SVs that can be detected by state-of-the-art methods (e.g., SVIM and Sniffles), our experiments demonstrate recall improvements of up to 38% without harming the precisions (i.e., >78%). We also point out three directions to further improve SV detection in the future. Source codes: https://github.com/GWYSDU/SVLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Gu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qindao, China
| | - Aizhong Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qindao, China
| | - Lusheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qindao, China
| | - Daming Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qindao, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Novel Pathogenic Variant in the N-Terminal Domain of the Glucocorticoid Receptor, Causing Glucocorticoid Resistance. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:473-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
4
|
Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily Expands Gene Function to Refine Endo-Xenobiotic Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:272-287. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Gautherot J, Claudel T, Cuperus F, Fuchs CD, Falguières T, Trauner M. Thyroid hormone receptor β1 stimulates ABCB4 to increase biliary phosphatidylcholine excretion in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1610-1619. [PMID: 29895698 PMCID: PMC6121935 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB4/MDR3 is critical for biliary phosphatidylcholine (PC) excretion at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. Defective ABCB4 gene expression and protein function result in various cholestatic liver and bile duct injuries. Thyroid hormone receptor (THR) is a major regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism; we explored its potential role in ABCB4 regulation. Thyroid hormone T3 stimulation to human hepatocyte models showed direct transcriptional activation of ABCB4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To determine whether THRβ1 (the main THR isoform of the liver) is involved in regulation, we tested THRβ1-specific agonists (e.g., GC-1, KB-141); these agonists resulted in greater stimulation than the native hormone. KB-141 activated hepatic ABCB44 expression in mice, which enhanced biliary PC secretion in vivo. We also identified THR response elements 6 kb upstream of the ABCB4 locus that were conserved in humans and mice. Thus, T3-via THRβ1 as a novel transcriptional activator regulates ABCB4 to increase ABCB4 protein levels at the canalicular membrane and promote PC secretion into bile. These findings may have important implications for understanding thyroid hormone function as a potential modifier of bile duct homeostasis and provide pharmacologic opportunities to improve liver function in hepatobiliary diseases caused by low ABCB4 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gautherot
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Frans Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Claudia Daniela Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thomas Falguières
- INSERM & Pierre et Marie Curie University/Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kino T. Single Nucleotide Variations of the Human GR Gene Manifested as Pathologic Mutations or Polymorphisms. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2506-2519. [PMID: 29762667 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains numerous single nucleotide variations, and the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene harbors ∼450 of these genetic changes. Among them, extremely rare, nonsynonymous variants, known as pathologic GR gene mutations, develop a characteristic pathologic condition, familial/sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome, by replacing the amino acids critical for GR protein structure and functions, whereas others, known as pathologic polymorphisms, develop mild manifestations recognized mainly at population bases by changing the GR activities slightly. Recent progress on the structural analysis to the GR protein and subsequent computer-based structural simulation revealed details of the molecular defects caused by such pathologic GR gene mutations, including their impact on the receptor interaction to ligands, nuclear receptor coactivators (NCoAs) or DNA glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Indeed, those found in the GR ligand-binding domain significantly damage protein structure of the ligand-binding pocket and/or the activation function-2 transactivation domain and change their molecular interaction to glucocorticoids or the LxxLL signature motif of NCoAs. Two mutations found in GR DNA-binding domain also affect interaction of the mutant receptors to GRE DNA by affecting the critical amino acid for the interaction or changing local hydrophobic circumstance. In this review, I discuss recent findings on the structural simulation of the pathologic GR mutants in connection to their functional and clinical impacts, along with a brief explanation to recent research achievement on the GR polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Zhang S, Erdenee S, Sun X, Dang R, Huang Y, Lei C, Chen H, Xu H, Cai Y, Lan X. Nucleotide variants in prion-related protein (testis-specific) gene (PRNT) and effects on Chinese and Mongolian sheep phenotypes. Prion 2018; 12:185-196. [PMID: 29695200 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1467193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the ovine prion-related protein (testis-specific) gene (PRNT), including studies of genetic diversity, have highlighted its potential relationship to scrapie infection and economically important ovine traits. PRNT was previously reported to be highly polymorphic in Portuguese sheep. To characterize genetic polymorphisms in this gene in Asian sheep, a direct sequencing method was used to detect polymorphic loci in PRNT in 285 individual sheep from four Chinese and one Mongolian breeds. Seven SNP variants in PRNT were identified, including three novel variants (g.93G>A, g.162G>T, and g.190A>G) and four previously reported variants (g.17 C>T, g.112G>C, g.129C>T, and g.144A>G). In the five breeds that we analyzed, the mutation frequencies of g.190A>G in Lanzhou Fat-tail sheep (LFTS) and g.129C>T in the other four varieties were high (F>0.5). Moreover, thirteen different haplotypes that had a comparable distribution in the tested breeds were also identified; 'C-G-G-C-A-G-A' occurred at the highest frequency in the five sheep breeds. Additionally, we previously explored the significance of relationships between polymorphisms in PRNP or PRND and ovine growth performance. Here, we also performed correlation analysis in all tested loci. These loci polymorphisms were significantly associated with ten different growth traits (P<0.05), except for g.93G>A. Meanwhile, in contrast to a previous study, there was no significant association between the seven SNP loci analyzed and our previously reported sheep PRND or PRNP insertion/deletion mutations. Our findings may provide new insights into polymorphic variation in ovine PRNT, which may contribute to genetic improvements in economic traits that are important for sheep breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,b College of Animal Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Shaoli Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,b College of Animal Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Sarantsetseg Erdenee
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hong Chen
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- c Science Experimental Center, College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities , Chengguan District, Lanzhou City in northwest, Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Yong Cai
- c Science Experimental Center, College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities , Chengguan District, Lanzhou City in northwest, Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kino T. GR-regulating Serine/Threonine Kinases: New Physiologic and Pathologic Implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:260-270. [PMID: 29501228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones, end products of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, virtually influence all human functions both in a basal homeostatic condition and under stress. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily protein, mediates these actions of glucocorticoids by acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Because glucocorticoid actions are diverse and strong, many biological pathways adjust them in local tissues by targeting the GR signaling pathway as part of the regulatory loop coordinating complex human functions. Phosphorylation of GR protein by serine/threonine kinases is one of the major regulatory mechanisms for this communication. In this review, recent progress in research investigating GR phosphorylation by these kinases is discussed, along with the possible physiologic and pathophysiologic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|