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Motaei J, Salmaninejad A, Jamali E, Khorsand I, Ahmadvand M, Shabani S, Karimi F, Nazari MS, Ketabchi G, Naqipour F. Molecular Genetics of Cleidocranial Dysplasia. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:442-454. [PMID: 31984822 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1710792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. CCD characterized by abnormal clavicles, patent sutures and fontenelles, supernumerary teeth and short stature. Approximately 60-70% of CCD patients have mutations in the RUNX2 gene. The RUNX2 gene is an essential transcription factor for chondrocyte maturation, osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Runx2 regulates mesenchymal cell proliferation in sutures and suture closure by inducing the signaling pathways of the genes of Fgf, Pthlh, hedgehog and Wnt. Material and Methods: We summarized molecular genetics aspects of CCD. Result: Approximately 94% of CCD patients have dental anomalies, the most common of which are supernumerary tooth. Dental anomalies are not determined solely by gene mutations of RUNX2, but are also affected by modifier genes, environmental factors, epigenetic factors and copy number variations. Conclusion: a definite diagnosis of CCD should include the patient's clinical history, symptoms and signs, as well as genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Motaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Jamali
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Imaneh Khorsand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Shabani
- Department of Optometry, School of Para Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshid Karimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nazari
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Golsa Ketabchi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naqipour
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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Xiao D, Liu K, Chen J, Gong Y, Zhou X, Huang J. RUNX2 as a Potential Prognosis Biomarker and New Target for Human Lung Cancer. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rossi T, Pistoni M, Sancisi V, Gobbi G, Torricelli F, Donati B, Ribisi S, Gugnoni M, Ciarrocchi A. RAIN Is a Novel Enhancer-Associated lncRNA That Controls RUNX2 Expression and Promotes Breast and Thyroid Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:140-152. [PMID: 31624086 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer (ENH)-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a peculiar class of RNAs produced by transcriptionally active ENHs, owning potential gene-regulatory function. Here, we characterized RAIN, a novel ENH-associated lncRNA. Analysis of RAIN expression in a retrospective cohort of human thyroid cancers showed that the expression of this lncRNA is restricted to cancer cells and strongly correlates with the expression of the cancer-promoting transcription factor RUNX2. We showed that RAIN, serving as a cis-regulatory element, promotes RUNX2 expression by two mechanisms. Binding WDR5 and facilitating its localization on the RUNX2 promoter, RAIN modifies the transcriptional status of the RUNX2 locus facilitating transcription initiation. In parallel, RAIN acts as decoy for negative elongation factor complex, restraining its inhibitory function on transcription elongation. In both thyroid and breast cancer cells, RAIN promotes oncogenic features. Using RNA-sequencing profiling, we showed that RAIN orchestrates the expression of a network of cancer-promoting transcription regulators, suggesting that RAIN affects cancer cell phenotype by coordinating the expression of a complex transcriptional network. IMPLICATIONS: Our data contribute to understand lncRNA function in gene regulation and to consolidate their role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rossi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mariaelena Pistoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Gobbi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Donati
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ribisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mila Gugnoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL)-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Manzotti G, Torricelli F, Donati B, Sancisi V, Gugnoni M, Ciarrocchi A. HDACs control RUNX2 expression in cancer cells through redundant and cell context-dependent mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:346. [PMID: 31395086 PMCID: PMC6686443 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background RUNX2 is a Runt-related transcription factor required during embryogenesis for skeletal development and morphogenesis of other organs including thyroid and breast gland. Consistent evidence indicates that RUNX2 expression is aberrantly reactivated in cancer and supports tumor progression. The mechanisms leading to RUNX2 expression in cancer has only recently began to emerge. Previously, we showed that suppressing the activity of the epigenetic regulators HDACs significantly represses RUNX2 expression highlighting a role for these enzymes in RUNX2 reactivation in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which HDACs control RUNX2 are still largely unexplored. Here, to fill this gap, we investigated the role of different HDACs in RUNX2 expression regulation in breast and thyroid cancer, tumors that majorly rely on RUNX2 for their development and progression. Methods Proliferation assays and evaluation of RUNX2 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the effect of several HDACi and specific siRNAs on a panel of cancer cell lines. Moreover, ChIP and co-IP assays were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underneath the RUNX2 transcriptional regulation. Finally, RNA-sequencing unveiled a new subset of genes whose transcription is regulated by the complex RUNX2-HDAC6. Results In this study, we showed that Class I HDACs and in particular HDAC1 are required for RUNX2 efficient transcription in cancer. Furthermore, we found an additional and cell-specific function of HDAC6 in driving RUNX2 expression in thyroid cancer cells. In this model, HDAC6 likely stabilizes the assembly of the transcriptional complex, which includes HDAC1, on the RUNX2 P2 promoter potentiating its transcription. Since a functional interplay between RUNX2 and HDAC6 has been suggested, we used RNA-Seq profiling to consolidate this evidence in thyroid cancer and to extend the knowledge on this cooperation in a setting in which HDAC6 also controls RUNX2 expression. Conclusions Overall, our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling RUNX2 in cancer and consolidate the rationale for the use of HDACi as potential pharmacological strategy to counteract the pro-oncogenic program controlled by RUNX2 in cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1350-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Manzotti
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Donati
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mila Gugnoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Wang S, Ackermann M, Muñoz-Espí R, Feng Q, Lu Q, Schröder HC, Wang X. Amorphous, Smart, and Bioinspired Polyphosphate Nano/Microparticles: A Biomaterial for Regeneration and Repair of Osteo-Articular Impairments In-Situ. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E427. [PMID: 29385104 PMCID: PMC5855649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using femur explants from mice as an in vitro model, we investigated the effect of the physiological polymer, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), on differentiation of the cells of the bone marrow in their natural microenvironment into the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. In the form of amorphous Ca-polyP nano/microparticles, polyP retains its function to act as both an intra- and extracellular metabolic fuel and a stimulus eliciting morphogenetic signals. The method for synthesis of the nano/microparticles with the polyanionic polyP also allowed the fabrication of hybrid particles with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid, a drug used in therapy of bone metastases in cancer patients. The results revealed that the amorphous Ca-polyP particles promote the growth/viability of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of the bone marrow cells in rat femur explants, as revealed by an upregulation of the expression of the transcription factors SOX9 (differentiation towards osteoblasts) and RUNX2 (chondrocyte differentiation). In parallel to this bone anabolic effect, incubation of the femur explants with these particles significantly reduced the expression of the gene encoding the osteoclast bone-catabolic enzyme, cathepsin-K, while the expression of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase remained unaffected. The gene expression data were supported by the finding of an increased mineralization of the cells in the femur explants in response to the Ca-polyP particles. Finally, we show that the hybrid particles of polyP complexed with zoledronic acid exhibit both the cytotoxic effect of the bisphosphonate and the morphogenetic and mineralization inducing activity of polyP. Our results suggest that the Ca-polyP nano/microparticles are not only a promising scaffold material for repairing long bone osteo-articular damages but can also be applied, as a hybrid with zoledronic acid, as a drug delivery system for treatment of bone metastases. The polyP particles are highlighted as genuine, smart, bioinspired nano/micro biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann Joachim Becher Weg 13, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
| | - Qingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Sancisi V, Manzotti G, Gugnoni M, Rossi T, Gandolfi G, Gobbi G, Torricelli F, Catellani F, Faria do Valle I, Remondini D, Castellani G, Ragazzi M, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. RUNX2 expression in thyroid and breast cancer requires the cooperation of three non-redundant enhancers under the control of BRD4 and c-JUN. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11249-11267. [PMID: 28981843 PMCID: PMC5737559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant reactivation of embryonic pathways is a common feature of cancer. RUNX2 is a transcription factor crucial during embryogenesis that is aberrantly reactivated in many tumors, including thyroid and breast cancer, where it promotes aggressiveness and metastatic spreading. Currently, the mechanisms driving RUNX2 expression in cancer are still largely unknown. Here we showed that RUNX2 transcription in thyroid and breast cancer requires the cooperation of three distantly located enhancers (ENHs) brought together by chromatin three-dimensional looping. We showed that BRD4 controls RUNX2 by binding to the newly identified ENHs and we demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effects of bromodomain inhibitors (BETi) is associated with RUNX2 transcriptional repression. We demonstrated that each RUNX2 ENH is potentially controlled by a distinct set of TFs and we identified c-JUN as the principal pivot of this regulatory platform. We also observed that accumulation of genetic mutations within these elements correlates with metastatic behavior in human thyroid tumors. Finally, we identified RAINs, a novel family of ENH-associated long non-coding RNAs, transcribed from the identified RUNX2 regulatory unit. Our data provide a new model to explain how RUNX2 expression is reactivated in thyroid and breast cancer and how cancer-driving signaling pathways converge on the regulation of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gloria Manzotti
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mila Gugnoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rossi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Greta Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Gobbi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Catellani
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gastone Castellani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moira Ragazzi
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Zhang J, Wang JHC. Moderate Exercise Mitigates the Detrimental Effects of Aging on Tendon Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130454. [PMID: 26086850 PMCID: PMC4472753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is known to cause tendon degeneration whereas moderate exercise imparts beneficial effects on tendons. Since stem cells play a vital role in maintaining tissue integrity, in this study we aimed to define the effects of aging and moderate exercise on tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) using in vitro and in vivo models. TSCs derived from aging mice (9 and 24 months) proliferated significantly slower than TSCs obtained from young mice (2.5 and 5 months). In addition, expression of the stem cell markers Oct-4, nucleostemin (NS), Sca-1 and SSEA-1 in TSCs decreased in an age-dependent manner. Interestingly, moderate mechanical stretching (4%) of aging TSCs in vitro significantly increased the expression of the stem cell marker, NS, but 8% stretching decreased NS expression. Similarly, 4% mechanical stretching increased the expression of Nanog, another stem cell marker, and the tenocyte-related genes, collagen I and tenomodulin. However, 8% stretching increased expression of the non-tenocyte-related genes, LPL, Sox-9 and Runx-2, while 4% stretching had minimal effects on the expression of these genes. In the in vivo study, moderate treadmill running (MTR) of aging mice (9 months) resulted in the increased proliferation rate of aging TSCs in culture, decreased lipid deposition, proteoglycan accumulation and calcification, and increased the expression of NS in the patellar tendons. These findings indicate that while aging impairs the proliferative ability of TSCs and reduces their stemness, moderate exercise can mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on TSCs and therefore may be responsible for decreased aging-induced tendon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Zhang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A variant located on 14q13.3 nearest to thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1) predisposes individuals to thyroid cancer, but whether this variant is related to the RET/PTC rearrangement associated with human papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) is unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of RET/PTC1 on the expression of thyroid-specific genes in thyrocytes and their relationship with malignant transformation of the thyrocytes. In the absence or presence of TSH, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase was phosphorylated in FRTL5 cells that stably expressed RET/PTC1, and these cells grew independently of TSH. FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells produced 566% more thyroglobulin mRNA and 474% more Na+/I- symporter mRNA than did the control FRTL (pcDNA) cells. FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells expressed 468% more Ttf1 mRNA than did FRTL (pcDNA) cells, but these two cell types did not differ significantly with respect to Pax8 or Ttf2 mRNA levels. When FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells and FRTL (pcDNA), cells were injected into each of nine nude mice, each mouse developed a single tumor at the site of FRTL (RET/PTC1) cell injection; in contrast, tumor formation never occurred at sites of FRTL (cDNA) cells injection. Tumors resulting from FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells retained (125)I-uptake activity; moreover, the cells invaded into surrounding skeletal muscle. When overexpression of Ttf1 in FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells was silenced, the cells completely lost their tumorigenic potential. Exogenous TTF1 cDNA enhanced the tumorigenicity of BHP18-21v cells, human PTC cells that express RET/PTC1, in nude mice. These results indicated that concurrent overexpression of RET/PTC1 and TTF1 confers tumorigenicity to FRTL5 and BHP18-21v cells in nude mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors
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Zhang J, Wang JHC. The effects of mechanical loading on tendons--an in vivo and in vitro model study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71740. [PMID: 23977130 PMCID: PMC3747237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading constantly acts on tendons, and a better understanding of its effects on the tendons is essential to gain more insights into tendon patho-physiology. This study aims to investigate tendon mechanobiological responses through the use of mouse treadmill running as an in vivo model and mechanical stretching of tendon cells as an in vitro model. In the in vivo study, mice underwent moderate treadmill running (MTR) and intensive treadmill running (ITR) regimens. Treadmill running elevated the expression of mechanical growth factors (MGF) and enhanced the proliferative potential of tendon stem cells (TSCs) in both patellar and Achilles tendons. In both tendons, MTR upregulated tenocyte-related genes: collagen type I (Coll. I ∼10 fold) and tenomodulin (∼3–4 fold), but did not affect non-tenocyte-related genes: LPL (adipocyte), Sox9 (chondrocyte), Runx2 and Osterix (both osteocyte). However, ITR upregulated both tenocyte (Coll. I ∼7–11 fold; tenomodulin ∼4–5 fold) and non-tenocyte-related genes (∼3–8 fold). In the in vitro study, TSCs and tenocytes were stretched to 4% and 8% using a custom made mechanical loading system. Low mechanical stretching (4%) of TSCs from both patellar and Achilles tendons increased the expression of only the tenocyte-related genes (Coll. I ∼5–6 fold; tenomodulin ∼6–13 fold), but high mechanical stretching (8%) increased the expression of both tenocyte (Coll. I ∼28–50 fold; tenomodulin ∼14–48 fold) and non-tenocyte-related genes (2–5-fold). However, in tenocytes, non-tenocyte related gene expression was not altered by the application of either low or high mechanical stretching. These findings indicate that appropriate mechanical loading could be beneficial to tendons because of their potential to induce anabolic changes in tendon cells. However, while excessive mechanical loading caused anabolic changes in tendons, it also induced differentiation of TSCs into non-tenocytes, which may lead to the development of degenerative tendinopathy frequently seen in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Zhang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sancisi V, Borettini G, Maramotti S, Ragazzi M, Tamagnini I, Nicoli D, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. Runx2 isoform I controls a panel of proinvasive genes driving aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2006-15. [PMID: 22821892 PMCID: PMC3462932 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ability of tumor cells to invade adjacent tissues is governed by a complicated network of molecular signals, most of which have not yet been identified. In a recent work, we reported that the transcriptional regulator Id1 contributes to thyroid cancer progression by powering the invasion capacity of tumor cells. OBJECTIVE The intent of this work was to further investigate the biology of invasive thyroid tumors, through the analysis of the molecular interactions existing between Id1 and some of its target genes and through the characterization of the function of these factors in the progression of thyroid tumors. RESULTS We showed that Id1 controls the expression of the Runx2 isoform I and that this transcription factor plays a central role in mediating the Id1 proinvasive function in thyroid tumor cells. We demonstrated that Runx2 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasiveness by activating a panel of genes involved in matrix degradation and cellular invasion, which we previously identified as Id1 target genes in thyroid tumor cells. Finally, we show that Runx2 is strongly expressed in metastatic human thyroid tumors both at the primary site and in metastases. CONCLUSION Overall, our experiments demonstrate the existence of a previously unknown molecular axis that controls thyroid tumor invasiveness by altering the ability of tumor cells to interact with the surrounding microenvironment. These factors could prove to be valuable markers that permit early diagnosis of aggressive thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Niu DF, Kondo T, Nakazawa T, Oishi N, Kawasaki T, Mochizuki K, Yamane T, Katoh R. Transcription factor Runx2 is a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in thyroid carcinomas. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1181-90. [PMID: 22641097 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2/Cbfa1 is a member of the Runt-related transcription factor family and is an essential regulator of osteoblast/chondrocyte differentiation. Recently, aberrant expression of Runx2 and its oncogenic functions have been identified in the progression and metastasis of human cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of Runx family genes in normal thyroid tissue, non-neoplastic but abnormal thyroid tissue, various types of thyroid tumors and representative human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blotting, we found that Runx2 was consistently upregulated in papillary carcinomas (PCs) and thyroid carcinoma cell lines compared with normal thyroid tissue. With immunohistochemistry, we observed negative or focal immunoreactivity of Runx2 in the nuclei of normal thyroid follicular cells. None of the non-neoplastic thyroid tissues, including Graves' thyroid and adenomatous goiter, had diffuse positivity of Runx2. Expression of Runx2 in benign follicular adenomas varied from negative to diffusely positive. Meanwhile, all malignant thyroid tumors showed some Runx2 immunopositivity. It was diffuse and intense in 83% (19/23) of PCs, 71% (5/7) of follicular carcinomas (FCs) and 40% (4/10) of undifferentiated carcinomas (UCs). In thyroid carcinoma cell lines, the MEK inhibitor U0126 suppressed Runx2, suggesting an association of the MAPK/ERK pathway with Runx2 regulation. Effective silencing of Runx2 by short interfering RNA (siRNA) demonstrated downregulation of EMT-related molecules (SNAI2, SNAI3 and TWIST1), MMP2 and vasculogenic factors (VEGFA and VEGFC) in thyroid carcinoma cells. We also confirmed that Runx2 silencing suppresses thyroid carcinoma cell invasion in transwell assays. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the potential molecular mechanism of thyroid cancer invasion. Our data suggest that enhanced Runx2 is functionally linked to tumor invasion and metastasis of thyroid carcinoma by regulating EMT-related molecules, matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Feng Niu
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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12
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Endo T, Kobayashi T. Thyroid-specific gene expression in chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Identification of novel Pax8 targets in FRTL-5 thyroid cells by gene silencing and expression microarray analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25162. [PMID: 21966443 PMCID: PMC3179481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation program of thyroid follicular cells (TFCs), by far the most abundant cell population of the thyroid gland, relies on the interplay between sequence-specific transcription factors and transcriptional coregulators with the basal transcriptional machinery of the cell. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the fully differentiated thyrocyte are still the object of intense study. The transcription factor Pax8, a member of the Paired-box gene family, has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator required for proper development and differentiation of thyroid follicular cells. Despite being Pax8 well-characterized with respect to its role in regulating genes involved in thyroid differentiation, genomics approaches aiming at the identification of additional Pax8 targets are lacking and the biological pathways controlled by this transcription factor are largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To identify unique downstream targets of Pax8, we investigated the genome-wide effect of Pax8 silencing comparing the transcriptome of silenced versus normal differentiated FRTL-5 thyroid cells. In total, 2815 genes were found modulated 72 h after Pax8 RNAi, induced or repressed. Genes previously reported to be regulated by Pax8 in FRTL-5 cells were confirmed. In addition, novel targets genes involved in functional processes such as DNA replication, anion transport, kinase activity, apoptosis and cellular processes were newly identified. Transcriptome analysis highlighted that Pax8 is a key molecule for thyroid morphogenesis and differentiation. Conclusions/Significance This is the first large-scale study aimed at the identification of new genes regulated by Pax8, a master regulator of thyroid development and differentiation. The biological pathways and target genes controlled by Pax8 will have considerable importance to understand thyroid disease progression as well as to set up novel therapeutic strategies.
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Cattell M, Lai S, Cerny R, Medeiros DM. A new mechanistic scenario for the origin and evolution of vertebrate cartilage. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22474. [PMID: 21799866 PMCID: PMC3142159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of cellular cartilage was a defining event in vertebrate evolution because it made possible the physical expansion of the vertebrate "new head". Despite its central role in vertebrate evolution, the origin of cellular cartilage has been difficult to understand. This is largely due to a lack of informative evolutionary intermediates linking vertebrate cellular cartilage to the acellular cartilage of invertebrate chordates. The basal jawless vertebrate, lamprey, has long been considered key to understanding the evolution of vertebrate cartilage. However, histological analyses of the lamprey head skeleton suggest it is composed of modern cellular cartilage and a putatively unrelated connective tissue called mucocartilage, with no obvious transitional tissue. Here we take a molecular approach to better understand the evolutionary relationships between lamprey cellular cartilage, gnathostome cellular cartilage, and lamprey mucocartilage. We find that despite overt histological similarity, lamprey and gnathostome cellular cartilage utilize divergent gene regulatory networks (GRNs). While the gnathostome cellular cartilage GRN broadly incorporates Runx, Barx, and Alx transcription factors, lamprey cellular cartilage does not express Runx or Barx, and only deploys Alx genes in certain regions. Furthermore, we find that lamprey mucocartilage, despite its distinctive mesenchymal morphology, deploys every component of the gnathostome cartilage GRN, albeit in different domains. Based on these findings, and previous work, we propose a stepwise model for the evolution of vertebrate cellular cartilage in which the appearance of a generic neural crest-derived skeletal tissue was followed by a phase of skeletal tissue diversification in early agnathans. In the gnathostome lineage, a single type of rigid cellular cartilage became dominant, replacing other skeletal tissues and evolving via gene cooption to become the definitive cellular cartilage of modern jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Su Lai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Meulemans Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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