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Kocik RA, Gasch AP. Breadth and Specificity in Pleiotropic Protein Kinase A Activity and Environmental Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:803392. [PMID: 35252178 PMCID: PMC8888911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.803392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase A (PKA) is an essential kinase that is conserved across eukaryotes and plays fundamental roles in a wide range of organismal processes, including growth control, learning and memory, cardiovascular health, and development. PKA mediates these responses through the direct phosphorylation of hundreds of proteins-however, which proteins are phosphorylated can vary widely across cell types and environmental cues, even within the same organism. A major question is how cells enact specificity and precision in PKA activity to mount the proper response, especially during environmental changes in which only a subset of PKA-controlled processes must respond. Research over the years has uncovered multiple strategies that cells use to modulate PKA activity and specificity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of PKA signaling control including subcellular targeting, phase separation, feedback control, and standing waves of allosteric regulation. We discuss how the complex inputs and outputs to the PKA network simultaneously pose challenges and solutions in signaling integration and insulation. PKA serves as a model for how the same regulatory factors can serve broad pleiotropic functions but maintain specificity in localized control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kocik
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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The cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) controls β-adrenoceptor- and CFTR-dependent saliva secretion in mice. Biochem J 2021; 478:1891-1906. [PMID: 33944911 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Saliva, while often taken for granted, is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being, as inferred from the significant impairments suffered by patients with salivary gland dysfunction. Here, we show that treatment with several structurally distinct PAN-PDE4 inhibitors, but not a PDE3 inhibitor, induces saliva secretion in mice, indicating it is a class-effect of PDE4 inhibitors. In anesthetized mice, while neuronal regulations are suppressed, PDE4 inhibition potentiates a β-adrenoceptor-induced salivation, that is ablated by the β-blocker Propranolol and is absent from homozygous ΔF508-CFTR mice lacking functional CFTR. These data suggest that PDE4 acts within salivary glands to gate saliva secretion that is contingent upon the cAMP/PKA-dependent activation of CFTR. Indeed, PDE4 contributes the majority of total cAMP-hydrolytic capacity in submandibular-, sublingual-, and parotid glands, the three major salivary glands of the mouse. In awake mice, PDE4 inhibitor-induced salivation is reduced by CFTR deficiency or β-blockers, but also by the muscarinic blocker Atropine, suggesting an additional, central/neuronal mechanism of PDE4 inhibitor action. The PDE4 family comprises four subtypes, PDE4A-D. Ablation of PDE4D, but not PDE4A-C, produced a minor effect on saliva secretion, implying that while PDE4D may play a predominant role, PDE4 inhibitor-induced salivation results from the concurrent inactivation of multiple (at least two) PDE4 subtypes. Taken together, our data reveal a critical role for PDE4/PDE4D in controlling CFTR function in an in vivo model and in inducing salivation, hinting at a therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibition for cystic fibrosis and conditions associated with xerostomia.
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Soda T, Frank C, Ishizuka K, Baccarella A, Park YU, Flood Z, Park SK, Sawa A, Tsai LH. DISC1-ATF4 transcriptional repression complex: dual regulation of the cAMP-PDE4 cascade by DISC1. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:898-908. [PMID: 23587879 PMCID: PMC3730299 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a risk factor for major mental illnesses, has been studied extensively in the context of neurodevelopment. However, the role of DISC1 in neuronal signaling, particularly in conjunction with intracellular cascades that occur in response to dopamine, a neurotransmitter implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders, remains elusive. Previous data suggest that DISC1 interacts with numerous proteins that impact neuronal function, including activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In this study, we identify a novel DISC1 and ATF4 binding region in the genomic locus of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), a gene implicated in psychiatric disorders. We found that the loss of function of either DISC1 or ATF4 increases PDE4D9 transcription, and that the association of DISC1 with the PDE4D9 locus requires ATF4. We also show that PDE4D9 is increased by D1-type dopamine receptor dopaminergic stimulation. We demonstrate that the mechanism for this increase is due to DISC1 dissociation from the PDE4D locus in mouse brain. We further characterize the interaction of DISC1 with ATF4 to show that it is regulated via protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of DISC1 serine-58. Our results suggest that the release of DISC1-mediated transcriptional repression of PDE4D9 acts as feedback inhibition to regulate dopaminergic signaling. Furthermore, as DISC1 loss-of-function leads to a specific increase in PDE4D9, PDE4D9 itself may represent an attractive target for therapeutic approaches in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soda
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Daniel Tosteson Medical Education Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Frank
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Baccarella
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y-U Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Z Flood
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S K Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L-H Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 46-4235, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. E-mail:
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RiboTag analysis of actively translated mRNAs in Sertoli and Leydig cells in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66179. [PMID: 23776628 PMCID: PMC3679032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Male spermatogenesis is a complex biological process that is regulated by hormonal signals from the hypothalamus (GnRH), the pituitary gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and the testis (androgens, inhibin). The two key somatic cell types of the testis, Leydig and Sertoli cells, respond to gonadotropins and androgens and regulate the development and maturation of fertilization competent spermatozoa. Although progress has been made in the identification of specific transcripts that are translated in Sertoli and Leydig cells and their response to hormones, efforts to expand these studies have been restricted by technical hurdles. In order to address this problem we have applied an in vivo ribosome tagging strategy (RiboTag) that allows a detailed and physiologically relevant characterization of the "translatome" (polysome-associated mRNAs) of Leydig or Sertoli cells in vivo. Our analysis identified all previously characterized Leydig and Sertoli cell-specific markers and identified in a comprehensive manner novel markers of Leydig and Sertoli cells; the translational response of these two cell types to gonadotropins or testosterone was also investigated. Modulation of a small subset of Sertoli cell genes occurred after FSH and testosterone stimulation. However, Leydig cells responded robustly to gonadotropin deprivation and LH restoration with acute changes in polysome-associated mRNAs. These studies identified the transcription factors that are induced by LH stimulation, uncovered novel potential regulators of LH signaling and steroidogenesis, and demonstrate the effects of LH on the translational machinery in vivo in the Leydig cell.
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Abstract
Increased levels of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulate cell proliferation and fluid secretion in polycystic kidney disease. Levels of this molecule are more sensitive to inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), whose activity far exceeds the rate of cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclase. Several PDEs exist, and here we measured the activity and expression of PDE families, their isoforms, and the expression of downstream effectors of cAMP signaling in the kidneys of rodents with polycystic kidney disease. We found a higher overall PDE activity in kidneys from mice as compared with rats, as well as a higher contribution of PDE1, relative to PDE4 and PDE3, to total PDE activity of kidney lysates and lower PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 activities in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type mice. There were reduced amounts of several PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 proteins, possibly due to increased protein degradation despite an upregulation of their mRNA. Increased levels of cGMP were found in the kidneys of cystic animals, suggesting in vivo downregulation of PDE1 activity. We found an additive stimulatory effect of cAMP and cGMP on cystogenesis in vitro. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunits Ialpha and IIbeta, PKare, the transcription factor CREB-1 mRNA, and CREM, ATF-1, and ICER proteins were upregulated in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type animals. Our study suggests that alterations in cyclic nucleotide catabolism may render cystic epithelium particularly susceptible to factors acting on Gs-coupled receptors. This may account, in part, for increased cyclic nucleotide signaling in polycystic kidney disease and contribute substantially to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Developmental etiology for neuroanatomical and cognitive deficits in mice overexpressing Galphas, a G-protein subunit genetically linked to schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:398-415, 347. [PMID: 19030002 PMCID: PMC3312743 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a widespread psychiatric disorder, affecting 1% of people. Despite this high prevalence, schizophrenia is not well treated because of its enigmatic developmental origin. We explore here the developmental etiology of endophenotypes associated with schizophrenia using a regulated transgenic approach in mice. Recently, a polymorphism that increases mRNA levels of the G-protein subunit Galphas was genetically linked to schizophrenia. Here we show that regulated overexpression of Galphas mRNA in forebrain neurons of mice is sufficient to cause a number of schizophrenia-related phenotypes, as measured in adult mice, including sensorimotor gating deficits (prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, PPI) that are reversed by haloperidol or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram, psychomotor agitation (hyperlocomotion), hippocampus-dependent learning and memory retrieval impairments (hidden water maze, contextual fear conditioning), and enlarged ventricles. Interestingly, overexpression of Galphas during development plays a significant role in some (PPI, spatial learning and memory and neuroanatomical deficits) but not all of these adulthood phenotypes. Pharmacological and biochemical studies suggest the Galphas-induced behavioral deficits correlate with compensatory decreases in hippocampal and cortical cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. These decreases in cAMP may lead to reduced activation of the guanine exchange factor Epac (also known as RapGEF 3/4) as stimulation of Epac with the select agonist 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP increases PPI and improves memory in C57BL/6J mice. Thus, we suggest that the developmental impact of a given biochemical insult, such as increased Galphas expression, is phenotype specific and that Epac may prove to be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of both developmentally regulated and non-developmentally regulated symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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Whitaker CM, Beaumont E, Wells MJ, Magnuson DSK, Hetman M, Onifer SM. Rolipram attenuates acute oligodendrocyte death in the adult rat ventrolateral funiculus following contusive cervical spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:200-4. [PMID: 18455876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rolipram, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) proteins that hydrolyze cAMP, increases axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent evidence indicate that rolipram also protects against a multitude of apoptotic signals, many of which are implicated in secondary cell death post-SCI. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and morphometry to determine potential spinal cord targets of rolipram and to test its protective potential in rats undergoing cervical spinal cord contusive injury. We found that 3 PDE4 subtypes (PDE4A, B, D) were expressed by spinal cord oligodendrocytes. OX-42 immunopositive microglia only expressed the PDE4B subtype. Oligodendrocyte somata were quantified within the cervical ventrolateral funiculus, a white matter region critical for locomotion, at varying time points after SCI in rats receiving rolipram or vehicle treatments. We show that rolipram significantly attenuated oligodendrocyte death at 24 h post-SCI continuing through 72 h, the longest time point examined. These results demonstrate for the first time that spinal cord glial cells express PDE4 subtypes and that the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram protects oligodendrocytes from secondary cell death following contusive SCI. They also indicate that further investigations into neuroprotection and axonal regeneration with rolipram are warranted for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Whitaker
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Kelly MP, Cheung YF, Favilla C, Siegel SJ, Kanes SJ, Houslay MD, Abel T. Constitutive activation of the G-protein subunit Galphas within forebrain neurons causes PKA-dependent alterations in fear conditioning and cortical Arc mRNA expression. Learn Mem 2008; 15:75-83. [PMID: 18230676 DOI: 10.1101/lm.723708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory formation requires cAMP signaling; thus, this cascade has been of great interest in the search for cognitive enhancers. Given that medications are administered long-term, we determined the effects of chronically increasing cAMP synthesis in the brain by expressing a constitutively active isoform of the G-protein subunit Galphas (Galphas*) in postnatal forebrain neurons of mice. Previously, we showed that Galphas* mice exhibit increased adenylyl cyclase activity but decreased cAMP levels in cortex and hippocampus due to a PKA-dependent increase in total cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Here, we extend previous findings by determining if Galphas* mice show increased activity of specific PDE families that are regulated by PKA, if Galphas* mice show PKA-dependent deficits in fear memory, and if these memory deficits are associated with PKA-dependent alterations in neuronal activity as mapped by Arc mRNA expression. Consistent with previous findings, we show here that Galphas* mice exhibit a significant compensatory increase in cAMP PDE1 activity and a trend toward increased cAMP PDE4 activity. Further, inhibiting the presumably elevated PKA activity in Galphas* mice fully rescues short- and long-term memory deficits in a fear-conditioning task, while extending the training session from one to four CS-US pairings partially rescues these deficits. Mapping of Arc mRNA levels suggests these PKA-dependent memory deficits may be related to decreased neuronal activity specifically within the cortex. Galphas* mice show decreased Arc mRNA expression in CA1, orbital cortex, and cortical regions surrounding the hippocampus; however, only the deficits in cortical regions surrounding the hippocampus are PKA dependent. Our results imply that chronically stimulating targets upstream of cAMP may detrimentally affect cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele P Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Kostek MC, Chen YW, Cuthbertson DJ, Shi R, Fedele MJ, Esser KA, Rennie MJ. Gene expression responses over 24 h to lengthening and shortening contractions in human muscle: major changes in CSRP3, MUSTN1, SIX1, and FBXO32. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:42-52. [PMID: 17519359 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00151.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training using lengthening (eccentric) contractions induces greater increases in muscle size than shortening (concentric) contractions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. Using temporal expression profiling, we compared changes in gene expression within 24 h of an acute bout of each type of contractions conducted simultaneously in the quadriceps of different legs. Five healthy young men performed shortening contractions with one leg while the contralateral leg performed lengthening contractions. Biopsies were taken from both legs before exercise and 3, 6, and 24 h afterwards, in the fed state. Expression profiling ( n = 3) was performed using a custom-made Affymetrix MuscleChip containing probe sets of ∼3,300 known genes and expressed sequence tags expressed in skeletal muscle. We identified 51 transcripts differentially regulated between the two exercise modes. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering, we identified four distinct clusters, three of which corresponded to unique functional categories (protein synthesis, stress response/early growth, and sarcolemmal structure). Using quantitative RT-PCR ( n = 5), we verified expression changes (lengthening/shortening) in SIX1 (3 h, −1.9-fold, P < 0.001), CSRP3 (6 h, 2.9-fold, P < 0.05), and MUSTN1 (24 h, 4.3-fold, P < 0.05). We examined whether FBXO32/atrogin-1/MAFbx, a known regulator of protein breakdown and of muscle atrophy was differentially expressed: the gene was downregulated after lengthening contractions (3 h, 2.7-fold, P < 0.05; 6 h, 3.3-fold, P < 0.05; 24 h, 2.3-fold, P < 0.05). The results suggested that lengthening and shortening contractions activated distinct molecular pathways as early as 3 h postexercise. The molecular differences might contribute to mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations seen with training using the two modes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Kostek
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
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Johnston LA, Erdogan S, Cheung YF, Sullivan M, Barber R, Lynch MJ, Baillie GS, Van Heeke G, Adams DR, Huston E, Houslay MD. Expression, intracellular distribution and basis for lack of catalytic activity of the PDE4A7 isoform encoded by the human PDE4A cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase gene. Biochem J 2004; 380:371-84. [PMID: 15025561 PMCID: PMC1224194 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PDE4A7 is an isoform encoded by the human PDE4A cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase gene that fails to hydrolyse cAMP and whose transcripts are widely expressed. Removal of either the N- or C-terminal unique portions of PDE4A7 did not reconstitute catalytic activity, showing that they did not exert a chronic inhibitory effect. A chimera (Hyb2), formed by swapping the unique N-terminal portion of PDE4A7 with that of the active PDE4A4C form, was not catalytically active. However, one formed (Hyb1) by swapping the unique C-terminal portion of PDE4A7 with that common to all active PDE4 isoforms was catalytically active. Compared with the active PDE4A4B isoform, Hyb1 exhibited a similar K(m) value for cAMP and IC50 value for rolipram inhibition, but was less sensitive to inhibition by Ro-20-1724 and denbufylline, and considerably more sensitive to thermal denaturation. The unique C-terminal region of PDE4A7 was unable to support an active catalytic unit, whereas its unique N-terminal region can. The N-terminal portion of the PDE4 catalytic unit is essential for catalytic activity and can be supplied by either highly conserved sequence found in active PDE4 isoforms from all four PDE4 subfamilies or the unique N-terminal portion of PDE4A7. A discrete portion of the conserved C-terminal region in active PDE4A isoforms underpins their aberrant migration on SDS/PAGE. Unlike active PDE4A isoforms, PDE4A7 is exclusively localized to the P1 particulate fraction in cells. A region located within the C-terminal portion of active PDE4 isoforms prevents such exclusive targeting. Three functional regions in PDE4A isoforms are identified, which influence catalytic activity, subcellular targeting and conformational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Johnston
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wolfson Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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11
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Euskirchen G, Royce TE, Bertone P, Martone R, Rinn JL, Nelson FK, Sayward F, Luscombe NM, Miller P, Gerstein M, Weissman S, Snyder M. CREB binds to multiple loci on human chromosome 22. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:3804-14. [PMID: 15082775 PMCID: PMC387762 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.9.3804-3814.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is an important transcription factor that can be activated by hormonal stimulation and regulates neuronal function and development. An unbiased, global analysis of where CREB binds has not been performed. We have mapped for the first time the binding distribution of CREB along an entire human chromosome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of CREB-associated DNA and subsequent hybridization of the associated DNA to a genomic DNA microarray containing all of the nonrepetitive DNA of human chromosome 22 revealed 215 binding sites corresponding to 192 different loci and 100 annotated potential gene targets. We found binding near or within many genes involved in signal transduction and neuronal function. We also found that only a small fraction of CREB binding sites lay near well-defined 5' ends of genes; the majority of sites were found elsewhere, including introns and unannotated regions. Several of the latter lay near novel unannotated transcriptionally active regions. Few CREB targets were found near full-length cyclic AMP response element sites; the majority contained shorter versions or close matches to this sequence. Several of the CREB targets were altered in their expression by treatment with forskolin; interestingly, both induced and repressed genes were found. Our results provide novel molecular insights into how CREB mediates its functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghia Euskirchen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA>
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Rouget C, Breuiller-Fouché M, Mercier FJ, Leroy MJ, Loustalot C, Naline E, Frydman R, Croci T, Morcillo EJ, Advenier C, Bardou M. The human near-term myometrial beta 3-adrenoceptor but not the beta 2-adrenoceptor is resistant to desensitisation after sustained agonist stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:831-41. [PMID: 14769781 PMCID: PMC1574252 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In order to compare the beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) desensitisation process in human near-term myometrium, we examined the influence of a pretreatment of myometrial strips with either a beta(2)- or a beta(3)-AR agonist (salbutamol or SR 59119A, respectively, both at 10 microm, for 5 and 15 h) on the relaxation and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production induced by these agonists. 2. To assess some of the mechanisms potentially implicated in the beta-AR desensitisation process, we studied the influence of such treatment on the number of beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR binding sites, the beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR transcripts expression and the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity. 3. Salbutamol, but not SR 59119A, concentration-response curve (CRC) was shifted by a 15 h salbutamol preincubation, with a significant difference in -log EC(20) values (6.31+/-0.13 vs 5.58+/-0.24, for control and 15 h salbutamol pretreatment, respectively, P<0.05). Neither salbutamol nor SR 59119A CRCs were modified after a 15 h preincubation with SR 59119A. 4. A 15 h exposure of myometrial strips to salbutamol significantly reduced the salbutamol-induced (0.60+/-0.26 vs 1.54+/-0.24 pmol mg(-1) protein, P<0.05), but not the SR 59119A-induced, cAMP production. No decrease in cAMP production was observed after a 15 h SR 59119A exposure. 5. A 15 h salbutamol exposure of myometrial strips significantly reduced the beta(2)- but not the beta(3)-AR binding site density, whereas no decrease in the number of beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR binding sites was observed after a 15 h SR 59119A treatment. 6. Neither PDE4 activity nor the beta(2)- and beta(3)-AR mRNA expression levels were affected by salbutamol or SR 59119A treatments. 7. Our results indicate that beta(3)-AR, but not beta(2)-AR, are resistant to the agonist-induced desensitisation. In our model, beta(2)-AR desensitisation is mediated by a decreased number of beta(2)-AR that was not explained by transcriptional regulation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rouget
- UPRES EA220-Pharmacology, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
- INSERM U361, Pavillon Baudelocque, 123 Bd de Port-Royal, Paris 75014, France
- Author for correspondence:
| | - M Breuiller-Fouché
- INSERM U361, Pavillon Baudelocque, 123 Bd de Port-Royal, Paris 75014, France
| | - F J Mercier
- UPRES EA220-Pharmacology, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
- Department of Anaesthesiology at CHU Antoine Béclère, 157 rue de la Porte de Trivaux, Clamart 92141, France
| | - M J Leroy
- INSERM U361, Pavillon Baudelocque, 123 Bd de Port-Royal, Paris 75014, France
| | - C Loustalot
- Department of Gynaecology CHU du Bocage, 21 Bd de Lattre de Tassigny, BP 1542, Dijon 21000, France
| | - E Naline
- UPRES EA220-Pharmacology, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
| | - R Frydman
- Department of Gynaecology at CHU Antoine Béclère, 157 rue de la Porte de Trivaux, Clamart 92141, France
| | - T Croci
- Research Centre Sanofi-Midy, Via Piranesi, 38, Milan 20137, Italy
| | - E J Morcillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - C Advenier
- UPRES EA220-Pharmacology, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
| | - M Bardou
- UPRES EA220-Pharmacology, UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris 75006, France
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiopathology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, BP 87900, Dijon 21079, France
- Author for correspondence:
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Torras-Llort M, Azorín F. Functional characterization of the human phosphodiesterase 7A1 promoter. Biochem J 2003; 373:835-43. [PMID: 12737631 PMCID: PMC1223549 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2002] [Revised: 04/14/2003] [Accepted: 05/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the human phosphodiesterase 7A1 (h PDE7A1 ) promoter region was identified and functionally characterized. Transient transfection experiments indicated that a 2.9 kb fragment of the h PDE7A1 5'-flanking region, to position -2907, has strong promoter activity in Jurkat T-cells. Deletion analysis showed that the proximal region, up to position -988, contains major cis -regulatory elements of the h PDE7A1 promoter. This minimal promoter region contains a regulatory CpG island which is essential for promoter activity. The CpG island contains three potential cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB)-binding sites that, as judged by in vivo dimethyl sulphate (DMS) footprinting, are occupied in Jurkat T-cells. Moreover, over-expression of CREB results in increased promoter activity, but, on the other hand, promoter activity decreases when a dominant-negative form of CREB (KCREB) is over-expressed. In vivo DMS footprinting strongly indicates that other transcription factors, such Ets-2, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFAT-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), might also contribute to the regulation of h PDE7A1 promoter. Finally, h PDE7A1 promoter was found to be induced by treatment with PMA, but not by treatment with dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin. These results provide insights into the factors and mechanisms that regulate expression of the h PDE7A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Torras-Llort
- Departament de Biologia Molecular i Cellular, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Jordi Girona Salgado 18-26. 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Houslay MD, Adams DR. PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterases: modular enzymes that orchestrate signalling cross-talk, desensitization and compartmentalization. Biochem J 2003; 370:1-18. [PMID: 12444918 PMCID: PMC1223165 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2002] [Revised: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 11/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is a second messenger that controls many key cellular functions. The only way to inactivate cAMP is to degrade it through the action of cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs). PDEs are thus poised to play a key regulatory role. PDE4 cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases appear to have specific functions with selective inhibitors serving as potent anti-inflammatory agents. The recent elucidation of the structure of the PDE4 catalytic unit allows for molecular insight into the mode of catalysis as well as substrate and inhibitor selectivity. The four PDE4 genes encode over 16 isoforms, each of which is characterized by a unique N-terminal region. PDE4 isoforms play a pivotal role in controlling functionally and spatially distinct pools of cAMP by virtue of their unique intracellular targeting. Targeting occurs by association with proteins, such as arrestins, SRC family tyrosyl kinases, A-kinase anchoring proteins ('AKAPs') and receptor for activated C kinase 1 ('RACK1'), and, in the case of isoform PDE4A1, by a specific interaction (TAPAS-1) with phosphatidic acid. PDE4 isoforms are 'designed' to be regulated by extracellular-signal-related protein kinase (ERK), which binds to anchor sites on the PDE4 catalytic domain that it phosphorylates. The upstream conserved region 1 (UCR1) and 2 (UCR2) modules that abut the PDE4 catalytic unit confer regulatory functions by orchestrating the functional outcome of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase ('PKA') and ERK. PDE4 enzymes stand at a crossroads that allows them to integrate various signalling pathways with that of cAMP in spatially distinct compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Houslay
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Davidson Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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MacKenzie SJ, Baillie GS, McPhee I, MacKenzie C, Seamons R, McSorley T, Millen J, Beard MB, van Heeke G, Houslay MD. Long PDE4 cAMP specific phosphodiesterases are activated by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of a single serine residue in Upstream Conserved Region 1 (UCR1). Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:421-33. [PMID: 12023945 PMCID: PMC1573369 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Challenge of COS1 cells with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin led to the activation of recombinant PDE4A8, PDE4B1, PDE4C2 and PDE4D5 cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase long isoforms. 2. Forskolin challenge did not activate mutant long PDE4 isoforms where the serine target residue (STR) within the protein kinase A (PKA) consensus phosphorylation site in Upstream Conserved Region 1 (UCR1) was mutated to alanine. 3. The PKA inhibitor, H89, ablated forskolin activation of wild-type long PDE4 isoforms. 4. Activated PKA caused the in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant wild-type long PDE4 isoforms, but not those where the STR was mutated to alanine. 5. An antiserum specific for the phosphorylated form of the STR detected a single immunoreactive band for recombinant long PDE4 isoforms expressed in COS1 cells challenged with forskolin. This was not evident in forskolin-challenged cells treated with H89. Neither was it evident in forskolin-challenged cells expressing long isoforms where the STR had been mutated to alanine. 6. In transfected COS cells challenged with forskolin, only the phosphorylated PDE4D3 long form showed a decrease in mobility in Western blotting analysis. This decreased mobility of PDE4D3 was ablated upon mutation of either of the two serine targets for PKA phosphorylation in this isoform, namely Ser54 in UCR1 and Ser13 in the isoform-specific N-terminal region. 7. Activation by forskolin challenge did not markedly alter the sensitivity of PDE4A8, PDE4B1, PDE4C2 and PDE4D5 to inhibition by rolipram. 8. Long PDE4 isoforms from all four sub-families can be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). This leads to an increase in their activity and may thus contribute to cellular desensitization processes in cells where these isoforms are selectively expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J MacKenzie
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - George S Baillie
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Ian McPhee
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Carolynn MacKenzie
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Rachael Seamons
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Respiratory Diseases Therapeutic Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham RH12 5AB
| | - Theresa McSorley
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Jenni Millen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Matthew B Beard
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Gino van Heeke
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Respiratory Diseases Therapeutic Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham RH12 5AB
| | - Miles D Houslay
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Davidson & Wolfson Buildings, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
- Author for correspondence:
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Naro F, Sette C, Vicini E, De Arcangelis V, Grange M, Conti M, Lagarde M, Molinaro M, Adamo S, Némoz G. Involvement of type 4 cAMP-phosphodiesterase in the myogenic differentiation of L6 cells. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:4355-67. [PMID: 10588663 PMCID: PMC25763 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.12.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic cell differentiation is induced by Arg(8)-vasopressin, whereas high cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) activity inhibit myogenesis. We investigated the role of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) during L6-C5 myoblast differentiation. Selective PDE4 inhibition resulted in suppression of differentiation induced by vasopressin. PDE4 inhibition prevented vasopressin-induced nuclear translocation of the muscle-specific transcription factor myogenin without affecting its overall expression level. The effects of PDE4 inhibition could be attributed to an increase of cAMP levels and PKA activity. RNase protection, reverse transcriptase PCR, immunoprecipitation, Western blot, and enzyme activity assays demonstrated that the PDE4D3 isoform is the major PDE4 expressed in L6-C5 myoblasts and myotubes, accounting for 75% of total cAMP-hydrolyzing activity. Vasopressin cell stimulation caused a biphasic increase of PDE4 activity, which peaked at 2 and 15 min and remained elevated for 48 h. In the continuous presence of vasopressin, cAMP levels and PKA activity were lowered. PDE4D3 overexpression increased spontaneous and vasopressin-dependent differentiation of L6-C5 cells. These results show that PDE4D3 plays a key role in the control of cAMP levels and differentiation of L6-C5 cells. Through the modulation of PDE4 activity, vasopressin inhibits the cAMP signal transduction pathway, which regulates myogenesis possibly by controlling the subcellular localization of myogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Naro
- Dipartimento di Istologia ed Embriologia Medica, Università "La Sapienza," 00161 Rome, Italy
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Sullivan M, Rena G, Begg F, Gordon L, Olsen AS, Houslay MD. Identification and characterization of the human homologue of the short PDE4A cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase RD1 (PDE4A1) by analysis of the human HSPDE4A gene locus located at chromosome 19p13.2. Biochem J 1998; 333 ( Pt 3):693-703. [PMID: 9677330 PMCID: PMC1219634 DOI: 10.1042/bj3330693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The HSPDE4A gene spans 50 kb, consists of at least 17 exons and is orientated 5'-3', telomere to centromere. It is located at chromosome 19p13.2, being 350 kb proximal to the gene encoding TYK2 and 850 kb distal to the gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Its structure is consistent with the production of active 'long' and 'short' isoenzymes as the result of alternative mRNA splicing at two splice junctions. Identified is the single alternatively spliced 5' exon encoding the unique N-terminal region of the long isoenzyme HSPDE4A4B (pde46). The upstream conserved regions, UCR1 and UCR2, which form characteristic domains of PDE4 long forms are each encoded by three exons. The PDE4A-subfamily-specific linker region LR1, which joins UCR1 and UCR2, is encoded by two exons, whereas LR2, which joins UCR2 to the catalytic unit, is encoded by a single exon. Identification of exons encoding an enzymically inactive product of this gene, HSPDE4A8A (2el), indicates that this is an authentic gene product. The 5' exon encoding the unique N-terminal region of the human homologue of the rodent isoform RNPDE4A1A (RD1) was located, and the splice junction used to produce this short PDE4A isoform shown to occur at a different position from that seen in both the rat PDE4B and PDE4D genes. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis indicates that RD1 homologues are conserved across species, having a conserved membrane-targeting region and a hypervariable LR2 region. Human RD1 was expressed transiently in COS-7 cells and detected as an 83 kDa species primarily associated with the high-speed membrane fraction. Human RD1 exhibited a Km for cAMP of about 3 microM, an IC50 value for inhibition by the PDE4-selective inhibitor rolipram of about 0.3 microM and was considerably more thermostable than rat RD1. Human RD1 was generated as a mature 80 kDa species in an in vitro transcription-translation system and shown to be capable of binding to membranes. Knowledge of the gene structure and the associated sequence information should facilitate analysis of the involvement of PDE4A in hereditary disorders that may result from alterations in enzyme expression, activity, regulation and intracellular targeting and serve as a resource for determining authenticity of cloned PDE4A species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sullivan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBLS, Davidson and Wolfson Buildings, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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