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Sircar A, Singh S, Xu-Monette ZY, Coyle KM, Hilton LK, Chavdoula E, Ranganathan P, Jain N, Hanel W, Tsichlis P, Alinari L, Peterson BR, Tao J, Muthusamy N, Baiocchi R, Epperla N, Young KH, Morin R, Sehgal L. Exploiting the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 vulnerability to therapeutically restrict the MYC-EZH2-CDKN1C axis-driven proliferation in Mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2023; 37:2094-2106. [PMID: 37598282 PMCID: PMC10539170 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lethal hematological malignancy with a median survival of 4 years. Its lethality is mainly attributed to a limited understanding of clinical tumor progression and resistance to current therapeutic regimes. Intrinsic, prolonged drug treatment and tumor-microenvironment (TME) facilitated factors impart pro-tumorigenic and drug-insensitivity properties to MCL cells. Hence, elucidating neoteric pharmacotherapeutic molecular targets involved in MCL progression utilizing a global "unified" analysis for improved disease prevention is an earnest need. Using integrated transcriptomic analyses in MCL patients, we identified a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 (FGFR1), and analyses of MCL patient samples showed that high FGFR1 expression was associated with shorter overall survival in MCL patient cohorts. Functional studies using pharmacological intervention and loss of function identify a novel MYC-EZH2-CDKN1C axis-driven proliferation in MCL. Further, pharmacological targeting with erdafitinib, a selective small molecule targeting FGFRs, induced cell-cycle arrest and cell death in-vitro, inhibited tumor progression, and improved overall survival in-vivo. We performed extensive pre-clinical assessments in multiple in-vivo model systems to confirm the therapeutic potential of erdafitinib in MCL and demonstrated FGFR1 as a viable therapeutic target in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuvrat Sircar
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Satishkumar Singh
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krysta Mila Coyle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Laura K Hilton
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evangelia Chavdoula
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parvathi Ranganathan
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Walter Hanel
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip Tsichlis
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Blake R Peterson
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Division of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Wei J, Arber C, Wray S, Hardy J, Piers TM, Pocock JM. Human myeloid progenitor glucocorticoid receptor activation causes genomic instability, type 1 IFN- response pathway activation and senescence in differentiated microglia; an early life stress model. Glia 2023; 71:1036-1056. [PMID: 36571248 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One form of early life stress, prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), confers a higher risk of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in later life. Increasingly, the importance of microglia in these disorders is recognized. Studies on GCs exposure during microglial development have been limited, and there are few, if any, human studies. We established an in vitro model of ELS by continuous pre-exposure of human iPS-microglia to GCs during primitive hematopoiesis (the critical stage of iPS-microglial differentiation) and then examined how this exposure affected the microglial phenotype as they differentiated and matured to microglia, using RNA-seq analyses and functional assays. The iPS-microglia predominantly expressed glucocorticoid receptors over mineralocorticoid receptors, and in particular, the GR-α splice variant. Chronic GCs exposure during primitive hematopoiesis was able to recapitulate in vivo ELS effects. Thus, pre-exposure to prolonged GCs resulted in increased type I interferon signaling, the presence of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-positive (cGAS) micronuclei, cellular senescence and reduced proliferation in the matured iPS-microglia. The findings from this in vitro ELS model have ramifications for the responses of microglia in the pathogenesis of GC- mediated ELS-associated disorders such as schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhang Wei
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas M Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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3
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Huffman KE, Li LS, Carstens R, Park H, Girard L, Avila K, Wei S, Kollipara R, Timmons B, Sudderth J, Bendris N, Kim J, Villalobos P, Fujimoto J, Schmid S, Deberardinis RJ, Wistuba I, Heymach J, Kittler R, Akbay EA, Posner B, Wang Y, Lam S, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Minna JD. Glucocorticoid mediated inhibition of LKB1 mutant non-small cell lung cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1025443. [PMID: 37035141 PMCID: PMC10078807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1025443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important anti-cancer target in lymphoid cancers but has been understudied in solid tumors like lung cancer, although glucocorticoids are often given with chemotherapy regimens to mitigate side effects. Here, we identify a dexamethasone-GR mediated anti-cancer response in a subset of aggressive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) that harbor Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11/LKB1) mutations. High tumor expression of carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1) was strongly linked to the presence of LKB1 mutations, was the best predictor of NSCLC dexamethasone (DEX) sensitivity (p < 10-16) but was not mechanistically involved in DEX sensitivity. Subcutaneous, orthotopic and metastatic NSCLC xenografts, biomarker-selected, STK11/LKB1 mutant patient derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models with KRAS/LKB1 mutant lung adenocarcinomas all showed marked in vivo anti-tumor responses with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin. Mechanistically, GR activation triggers G1/S cell cycle arrest in LKB1 mutant NSCLCs by inducing the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1C/p57(Kip2). All findings were confirmed with functional genomic experiments including CRISPR knockouts and exogenous expression. Importantly, DEX-GR mediated cell cycle arrest did not interfere with NSCLC radiotherapy, or platinum response in vitro or with platinum response in vivo. While DEX induced LKB1 mutant NSCLCs in vitro exhibit markers of cellular senescence and demonstrate impaired migration, in vivo DEX treatment of a patient derived xenograft (PDX) STK11/LKB1 mutant model resulted in expression of apoptosis markers. These findings identify a previously unknown GR mediated therapeutic vulnerability in STK11/LKB1 mutant NSCLCs caused by induction of p57(Kip2) expression with both STK11 mutation and high expression of CPS1 as precision medicine biomarkers of this vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E. Huffman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Long Shan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ryan Carstens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hyunsil Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Luc Girard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kimberley Avila
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rahul Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brenda Timmons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nawal Bendris
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ralph J. Deberardinis
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Esra A. Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- British Columbia Cancer Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - John D. Minna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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4
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Effect of Glucocorticosteroids in Diamond-Blackfan Anaemia: Maybe Not as Elusive as It Seems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031886. [PMID: 35163808 PMCID: PMC8837118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a red blood cell aplasia that in the majority of cases is associated with ribosomal protein (RP) aberrations. However, the mechanism by which this disorder leads to such a specific phenotype remains unclear. Even more elusive is the reason why non-specific agents such as glucocorticosteroids (GCs), also known as glucocorticoids, are an effective therapy for DBA. In this review, we (1) explore why GCs are successful in DBA treatment, (2) discuss the effect of GCs on erythropoiesis, and (3) summarise the GC impact on crucial pathways deregulated in DBA. Furthermore, we show that GCs do not regulate DBA erythropoiesis via a single mechanism but more likely via several interdependent pathways.
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Manjur ABMK, Lempiäinen JK, Malinen M, Varjosalo M, Palvimo JJ, Niskanen EA. BCOR modulates transcriptional activity of a subset of glucocorticoid receptor target genes involved in cell growth and mobility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105873. [PMID: 33722704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) is a key transcription factor (TF) that regulates vital metabolic and anti-inflammatory processes. We have identified BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) as a dexamethasone-stimulated interaction partner of GR. BCOR is a component of non-canonical polycomb repressor complex 1.1 (ncPCR1.1) and linked to different developmental disorders and cancers, but the role of BCOR in GC signaling is poorly characterized. Here, using ChIP-seq we show that, GC induces genome-wide redistribution of BCOR chromatin binding towards GR-occupied enhancers in HEK293 cells. As assessed by RNA-seq, depletion of BCOR altered the expression of hundreds of GC-regulated genes, especially the ones linked to TNF signaling, GR signaling and cell migration pathways. Biotinylation-based proximity mapping revealed that GR and BCOR share several interacting partners, including nuclear receptor corepressor NCOR1. ChIP-seq showed that the NCOR1 co-occurs with both BCOR and GR on a subset of enhancers upon GC treatment. Simultaneous depletion of BCOR and NCOR1 influenced GR target gene expression in a combinatorial and gene-specific manner. Finally, we show using live cell imaging that the depletion of BCOR together with NCOR1 markedly enhances cell migration. Collectively, our data suggest BCOR as an important gene and pathway selective coregulator of GR transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Creff J, Besson A. Functional Versatility of the CDK Inhibitor p57 Kip2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584590. [PMID: 33117811 PMCID: PMC7575724 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin/CDK inhibitor p57Kip2 belongs to the Cip/Kip family, with p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and is the least studied member of the family. Unlike the other family members, p57Kip2 has a unique role during embryogenesis and is the only CDK inhibitor required for embryonic development. p57Kip2 is encoded by the imprinted gene CDKN1C, which is the gene most frequently silenced or mutated in the genetic disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by multiple developmental anomalies. Although initially identified as a cell cycle inhibitor based on its homology to other Cip/Kip family proteins, multiple novel functions have been ascribed to p57Kip2 in recent years that participate in the control of various cellular processes, including apoptosis, migration and transcription. Here, we will review our current knowledge on p57Kip2 structure, regulation, and its diverse functions during development and homeostasis, as well as its potential implication in the development of various pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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7
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Russo GL, Stampone E, Cervellera C, Borriello A. Regulation of p27 Kip1 and p57 Kip2 Functions by Natural Polyphenols. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091316. [PMID: 32933137 PMCID: PMC7564754 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In numerous instances, the fate of a single cell not only represents its peculiar outcome but also contributes to the overall status of an organism. In turn, the cell division cycle and its control strongly influence cell destiny, playing a critical role in targeting it towards a specific phenotype. Several factors participate in the control of growth, and among them, p27Kip1 and p57Kip2, two proteins modulating various transitions of the cell cycle, appear to play key functions. In this review, the major features of p27 and p57 will be described, focusing, in particular, on their recently identified roles not directly correlated with cell cycle modulation. Then, their possible roles as molecular effectors of polyphenols’ activities will be discussed. Polyphenols represent a large family of natural bioactive molecules that have been demonstrated to exhibit promising protective activities against several human diseases. Their use has also been proposed in association with classical therapies for improving their clinical effects and for diminishing their negative side activities. The importance of p27Kip1 and p57Kip2 in polyphenols’ cellular effects will be discussed with the aim of identifying novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of important human diseases, such as cancers, characterized by an altered control of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.L.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0825-299-331 (G.L.R.)
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Carmen Cervellera
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Adriana Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.L.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0825-299-331 (G.L.R.)
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Stefani RM, Lee AJ, Tan AR, Halder SS, Hu Y, Guo XE, Stoker AM, Ateshian GA, Marra KG, Cook JL, Hung CT. Sustained low-dose dexamethasone delivery via a PLGA microsphere-embedded agarose implant for enhanced osteochondral repair. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:326-340. [PMID: 31805408 PMCID: PMC6956850 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects are a common source of joint pain and dysfunction. We hypothesized that sustained low-dose dexamethasone (DEX) delivery via an acellular osteochondral implant would have a dual pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effect, both supporting the functional integrity of adjacent graft and host tissue while also attenuating inflammation caused by iatrogenic injury. An acellular agarose hydrogel carrier with embedded DEX-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (DLMS) was developed to provide sustained release for at least 99 days. The DLMS implant was first evaluated in an in vitro pro-inflammatory model of cartilage degradation. The implant was chondroprotective, as indicated by maintenance of Young's modulus (EY) (p = 0.92) and GAG content (p = 1.0) in the presence of interleukin-1β insult. In a subsequent preliminary in vivo experiment, an osteochondral autograft transfer was performed using a pre-clinical canine model. DLMS implants were press-fit into the autograft donor site and compared to intra-articular DEX injection (INJ) or no DEX (CTL). Functional scores for DLMS animals returned to baseline (p = 0.39), whereas CTL and INJ remained significantly worse at 6 months (p < 0.05). DLMS knees were significantly more likely to have improved OARSI scores for proteoglycan, chondrocyte, and collagen pathology (p < 0.05). However, no significant improvements in synovial fluid cytokine content were observed. In conclusion, utilizing a targeted DLMS implant, we observed in vitro chondroprotection in the presence of IL-1-induced degradation and improved in vivo functional outcomes. These improved outcomes were correlated with superior histological scores but not necessarily a dampened inflammatory response, suggesting a primarily pro-anabolic effect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Articular cartilage defects are a common source of joint pain and dysfunction. Effective treatment of these injuries may prevent the progression of osteoarthritis and reduce the need for total joint replacement. Dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid with concomitant anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects on cartilage, may serve as an adjuvant for a variety of repair strategies. Utilizing a dexamethasone-loaded osteochondral implant with controlled release characteristics, we demonstrated in vitro chondroprotection in the presence of IL-1-induced degradation and improved in vivo functional outcomes following osteochondral repair. These improved outcomes were correlated with superior histological cartilage scores and minimal-to-no comorbidity, which is a risk with high dose dexamethasone injections. Using this model of cartilage restoration, we have for the first time shown the application of targeted, low-dose dexamethasone for improved healing in a preclinical model of focal defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Stefani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - Andy J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - Andrea R Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - Saiti S Halder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - Yizhong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - X Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States
| | - Aaron M Stoker
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Avenue, Columbia 65212, MO, United States
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, 220 S.W. Mudd, New York 10027, NY, United States
| | - Kacey G Marra
- University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, United States
| | - James L Cook
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Avenue, Columbia 65212, MO, United States
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York 10027, NY United States.
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9
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The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120484. [PMID: 30518063 PMCID: PMC6315905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous preclinical studies have indicated that the activation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling results in inhibition of the growth of various types of tumors. Indeed, several glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisone, have been prescribed for the treatment of, for example, hematological malignancies and castration-resistant prostate cancer. By contrast, the role of glucocorticoid-mediated glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the progression of bladder cancer remains far from being fully understood. Nonetheless, emerging evidence implies its unique functions in urothelial cancer cells. Moreover, the levels of glucocorticoid receptor expression have been documented to significantly associate with the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. This review summarizes the available data suggesting the involvement of glucocorticoid-mediated glucocorticoid receptor signaling in urothelial tumor outgrowth and highlights the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The molecules/pathways that contribute to modulating glucocorticoid receptor activity and function in bladder cancer cells are also discussed.
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Multipronged activity of combinatorial miR-143 and miR-506 inhibits Lung Cancer cell cycle progression and angiogenesis in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10495. [PMID: 30002440 PMCID: PMC6043488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Downregulation of CDK1, 4 and 6, key regulators of cell cycle progression, correlates with decreased LC cell proliferation. Enforced expression of miRNAs (miRs) is a promising approach to regulate genes. Here, we study the combinatorial treatment of miR-143 and miR-506 to target the CDK1, 4/6 genes, respectively. We analyzed the differential expression of CDK genes by qPCR, and western blot, and evaluated changes in the cell cycle distribution upon combinatorial treatment. We used an antibody microarray analysis to evaluate protein expression, focusing on the cell cycle pathway, and performed RNA-sequencing for pathway analysis. The combinatorial miR treatment significantly downregulated CDK1, 4 and 6 expression, and induced a shift of the cell cycle populations, indicating a G1 and G2 cell cycle block. The two miRs induces strong cytotoxic activity, with potential synergism, and a significant Caspase 3/7 activation. We identified a strong inhibition of tube formation in the presence or absence VEGF in an in vitro angiogenesis model. Together with the pathways analysis of the RNA-sequencing data, our findings establish the combinatorial miR transfection as a viable strategy for lung cancer treatment that merits further investigation.
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11
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Cheng X, Zhang K, Wang H, Liu B, Wang J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine derivatives as novel CDK2 inhibitors that induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3491-3501. [PMID: 29853338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) plays a key role in eukaryotic cell cycle progression which could facilitate the transition from G1 to S phase. The dysregulation of CDK2 is closely related to many cancers. CDK2 is utilized as one of the most studied kinase targets in oncology. In this article, 24 benzamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and investigated for the inhibition activity against CDK2. Our results revealed that the compound 25 is a potent CDK2 inhibitor exhibiting a broad spectrum anti-proliferative activity against several human breast cancer cells. Additionally, compound 25 could block cell cycle at G0 or G1 and induce significant apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells. These findings highlight a rationale for further development of CDK2 inhibitors to treat human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Hangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China; School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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12
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Ren B, Li D, Si L, Ding Y, Han J, Chen X, Zheng Q. Alteronol induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via increased reactive oxygen species production in human breast cancer T47D cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:516-524. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Emerging evidence showed that alteronol has a potential antitumour effect in several tumour cells. However, the antitumour effect of alteronol on breast cancer has not been reported. This study investigated the mechanisms of alteronol-induced cell proliferation inhibition in human breast cancer T47D cells.
Methods
After treatment with alteronol, T47D cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. The cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated via flow cytometry. Next, the protein levels of cyclin B1, cdc2, p21, p-cyclin B1, p-cdc2, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c were analysed using Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of cyclin B1, cdc2, p21 and p53 were examined by qRT-PCR.
Key findings
Our data showed that alteronol inhibited the proliferation of T47D cells via inducing G2-phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Compared with control group, alteronol significantly increased ROS level and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction in alteronol-treated T47D cells. Further studies showed that the mRNA and protein levels of cdc2 and cyclin B1 were downregulated, while the mRNA and protein levels of p21, p53, p-cyclin B1, p-cdc2 and cytochrome c were upregulated. In addition, the expression level of Bax was increased, and the expression level of Bcl-2 was decreased.
Conclusions
Alteronol induced T47D cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis through increasing ROS production and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequently inhibiting T47D cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lingling Si
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yangfang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jichun Han
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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13
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Prodanovic D, Keenan CR, Langenbach S, Li M, Chen Q, Lew MJ, Stewart AG. Cortisol limits selected actions of synthetic glucocorticoids in the airway epithelium. FASEB J 2018; 32:1692-1704. [PMID: 29167235 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700730r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol, a physiologic glucocorticoid (GC), is essential for growth and differentiation of the airway epithelium. Epithelial function influences inflammation in chronic respiratory diseases. Synthetic GCs, including inhaled corticosteroids, exert anti-inflammatory effects in airway epithelium by transactivation of genes and by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release. We examined the effect of cortisol on the actions of synthetic GCs in the airway epithelium, demonstrating that cortisol acts like a partial agonist at the GC receptor (GR), limiting GC-induced GR-dependent transcription in the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line. Cortisol also limited the inhibition of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor release by synthetic GCs in TNF-α-activated BEAS-2B cells. The relevance of these findings is supported by observations on tracheal epithelium obtained from mice treated for 5 d with systemic GC, showing limitations in selected GC effects, including inhibition of IL-6. Moreover, gene transactivation by synthetic GCs was compromised by standard air-liquid interface (ALI) growth medium cortisol concentration (1.4 μM) in the ALI-differentiated organotypic culture of primary human airway epithelial cells. These findings suggest that endogenous corticosteroids may limit certain actions of synthetic pharmacological GCs and contribute to GC insensitivity, particularly when corticosteroid levels are elevated by stress.-Prodanovic, D., Keenan, C. R., Langenbach, S., Li, M., Chen, Q., Lew, M. J., Stewart, A. G. Cortisol limits selected actions of synthetic glucocorticoids in the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Prodanovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Christine R Keenan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Qianyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Michael J Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Newton R, Giembycz MA. Understanding how long-acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists enhance the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma - an update. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3405-3430. [PMID: 27646470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In moderate-to-severe asthma, adding an inhaled long-acting β2 -adenoceptor agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) provides better disease control than simply increasing the dose of ICS. Acting on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, gene NR3C1), ICSs promote anti-inflammatory/anti-asthma gene expression. In vitro, LABAs synergistically enhance the maximal expression of many glucocorticoid-induced genes. Other genes, including dual-specificity phosphatase 1(DUSP1) in human airways smooth muscle (ASM) and epithelial cells, are up-regulated additively by both drug classes. Synergy may also occur for LABA-induced genes, as illustrated by the bronchoprotective gene, regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (RGS2) in ASM. Such effects cannot be produced by either drug alone and may explain the therapeutic efficacy of ICS/LABA combination therapies. While the molecular basis of synergy remains unclear, mechanistic interpretations must accommodate gene-specific regulation. We explore the concept that each glucocorticoid-induced gene is an independent signal transducer optimally activated by a specific, ligand-directed, GR conformation. In addition to explaining partial agonism, this realization provides opportunities to identify novel GR ligands that exhibit gene expression bias. Translating this into improved therapeutic ratios requires consideration of GR density in target tissues and further understanding of gene function. Similarly, the ability of a LABA to interact with a glucocorticoid may be suboptimal due to low β2 -adrenoceptor density or biased β2 -adrenoceptor signalling. Strategies to overcome these limitations include adding-on a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and using agonists of other Gs-coupled receptors. In all cases, the rational design of ICS/LABA, and derivative, combination therapies requires functional knowledge of induced (and repressed) genes for therapeutic benefit to be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Nogami H, Hiraoka Y, Aiso S. Estradiol and corticosterone stimulate the proliferation of a GH cell line, MtT/S: Proliferation of growth hormone cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 29:33-38. [PMID: 27082452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogens are known as a potent growth-stimulator of the anterior pituitary cells such as prolactin cells and somatomammotroph cell lines, while glucocorticoids often inhibit cellular proliferation in the pituitary gland as well as in the extra-pituitary tissues. In this study, the involvement of these steroid hormones in the regulation of proliferation was examined in the MtT/S cells, secreting growth hormone (GH). DESIGN Effects of estrogens and glucocorticoids were examined in MtT/S cells grown in the medium containing dextran-coated charcoal treated serum. The relative cell density after culture was estimated by the Cell Titer-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay System, and the proliferation rate was determined by the BrdU incorporation method. The mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Estradiol and the specific agonist for both estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ stimulated MtT/S growth at a dose dependent manner. The membrane impermeable estrogen, 17β-estradiol-bovine serum albumin conjugate also stimulated the MtT/S proliferation. The effects of all estrogens were inhibited by an estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI182780. Corticosterone stimulated the proliferation of MtT/S cells at doses lower than 10nM without stimulating GH gene transcription, whereas it did not change the proliferation rate at 1μM. The effects of corticosterone were inhibited by glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor, RU486, but not by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone. Both estrogens and glucocorticoids were found to stimulate the proliferation of MtT/S, increasing the mRNA expression of cyclins D1, D3, and E. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that estrogens and glucocorticoids may be involved in the mechanisms responsible for the proliferation of GH cells in the course of pituitary development, to maintain the population of GH cells in the adult pituitary gland, and also in the promotion of GH cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Nogami
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Hiraoka
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sadakazu Aiso
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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16
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Logotheti S, Khoury N, Vlahopoulos SA, Skourti E, Papaevangeliou D, Liloglou T, Gorgoulis V, Budunova I, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V. N-bromotaurine surrogates for loss of antiproliferative response and enhances cisplatin efficacy in cancer cells with impaired glucocorticoid receptor. Transl Res 2016; 173:58-73.e2. [PMID: 27063960 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used in anticancer combination regimens; however, their continuous use adds selective pressure on cancer cells to develop GC-resistance via impairment of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), therefore creating a need for GC-alternatives. Based on the drug repurposing approach and the commonalities between inflammation and neoplasia, drugs that are either in late-stage clinical trials and/or already marketed for GC-refractory inflammatory diseases could be evaluated as GC-substitutes in the context of cancer. Advantageously, unlike new molecular entities currently being de novo developed to restore GC-responsiveness of cancer cells, such drugs have documented safety and efficacy profile, which overall simplifies their introduction in clinical cancer trials. In this study, we estimated the potential of a well-established, multistage, cell line-based, mouse skin carcinogenesis model to be exploited as an initial screening tool for unveiling covert GC-substitutes. First, we categorized the cell lines of this model to GC-sensitive and GC-resistant, in correlation with their corresponding GR status, localization, and functionality. We found that GC-resistance starts in papilloma stages, due to a dysfunctional GR, which is overexpressed, DNA binding-competent, but transactivation-incompetent in papilloma, squamous, and spindle stages of the model. Then, aided by this tool, we evaluated the ability of N-bromotaurine, a naturally occurring, small-molecule, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug which is under consideration for use interchangeably/in replacement to GCs in skin inflammations, to restore antiproliferative response of GC-resistant cancer cells. Unlike GCs, N-bromotaurine inhibited cell-cycle progression in GC-resistant cancer cells and efficiently synergized with cisplatin, thus indicating a potential to be exploited instead of GCs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Khoury
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros A Vlahopoulos
- Horemio Research Institute, First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Skourti
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papaevangeliou
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Liloglou
- University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Joshi T, Johnson M, Newton R, Giembycz MA. The long-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist, indacaterol, enhances glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcription in human airway epithelial cells in a gene- and agonist-dependent manner. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2634-53. [PMID: 25598440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhaled glucocorticoid (ICS)/long-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) combination therapy is a recommended treatment option for patients with moderate/severe asthma in whom adequate control cannot be achieved by an ICS alone. Previously, we discovered that LABAs can augment dexamethasone-inducible gene expression and proposed that this effect may explain how these two drugs interact to deliver superior clinical benefit. Herein, we extended that observation by analysing, pharmacodynamically, the effect of the LABA, indacaterol, on glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene transcription induced by seven ligands with intrinsic activity values that span the spectrum of full agonism to antagonism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells stably transfected with a 2× glucocorticoid response element luciferase reporter were used to model gene transcription together with an analysis of several glucocorticoid-inducible genes. KEY RESULTS Indacaterol augmented glucocorticoid-induced reporter activation in a manner that was positively related to the intrinsic activity of the GR agonist. This effect was demonstrated by an increase in response maxima without a change in GR agonist affinity or efficacy. Indacaterol also enhanced glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression. However, the magnitude of this effect was dependent on both the GR agonist and the gene of interest. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that indacaterol activates a molecular rheostat, which increases the transcriptional competency of GR in an agonist- and gene-dependent manner without apparently changing the relationship between fractional GR occupancy and response. These findings provide a platform to rationally design ICS/LABA combination therapy that is based on the generation of agonist-dependent gene expression profiles in target and off-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Joshi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Joshi T, Johnson M, Newton R, Giembycz M. An analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression in BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells identifies distinct, ligand-directed, transcription profiles with implications for asthma therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1360-78. [PMID: 25393397 PMCID: PMC4337707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE International asthma guidelines recommend that inhaled glucocorticoids be used as a monotherapy in all patients with mild to moderate disease because of their ability to suppress airways inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the therapeutic benefit of glucocorticoids is due to the transactivation and transrepression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory genes respectively. However, the extent to which clinically relevant glucocorticoids are equivalent in their ability to modulate gene expression is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A pharmacodynamics investigation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene transactivation in BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells was performed using a glucocorticoid response element luciferase reporter coupled with an analysis of glucocorticoid-inducible genes encoding proteins with anti-inflammatory and adverse-effect potential. KEY RESULTS Using transactivation as a functionally relevant output, a given glucocorticoid displayed a unique, gene expression 'fingerprint' where intrinsic efficacy and GR density were essential determinants. We showed that depending on the gene selected for analysis, a given glucocorticoid can behave as an antagonist, partial agonist, full agonist or even 'super agonist'. In the likely event that different, tissue-dependent gene expression profiles are reproduced in vivo, then the anti-inflammatory and adverse-effect potential of many glucocorticoids currently available as asthma therapeutics may not be equivalent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The generation of gene expression 'fingerprints' in target and off-target human tissues could assist the rational design of GR agonists with improved therapeutic ratios. This approach could identify compounds that are useful in the management of severe asthma and other inflammatory disorders where systemic exposure is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Joshi
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and DevelopmentUxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - R Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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Giembycz MA, Newton R. Potential mechanisms to explain how LABAs and PDE4 inhibitors enhance the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids in inflammatory lung diseases. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:16. [PMID: 25750734 PMCID: PMC4335793 DOI: 10.12703/p7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled glucocorticoids acting via the glucocorticoid receptor are a mainstay treatment option for individuals with asthma. There is a consensus that the remedial actions of inhaled glucocorticoids are due to their ability to suppress inflammation by modulating gene expression. While inhaled glucocorticoids are generally effective in asthma, there are subjects with moderate-to-severe disease in whom inhaled glucocorticoids fail to provide adequate control. For these individuals, asthma guidelines recommend that a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) be administered concurrently with an inhaled glucocorticoid. This so-called “combination therapy” is often effective and clinically superior to the inhaled glucocorticoid alone, irrespective of dose. LABAs, and another class of drug known as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, may also enhance the efficacy of inhaled glucocorticoids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In both conditions, these drugs are believed to work by elevating the concentration of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in target cells and tissues. Despite the success of inhaled glucocorticoid/LABA combination therapy, it remains unclear how an increase in cAMP enhances the clinical efficacy of an inhaled glucocorticoid. In this report, we provide a state-of-the-art appraisal, including unresolved and controversial issues, of how cAMP-elevating drugs and inhaled glucocorticoids interact at a molecular level to deliver enhanced anti-inflammatory benefit over inhaled glucocorticoid monotherapy. We also speculate on ways to further exploit this desirable interaction. Critical discussion of how these two drug classes regulate gene transcription, often in a synergistic manner, is a particular focus. Indeed, because interplay between glucocorticoid receptor and cAMP signaling pathways may contribute to the superiority of inhaled glucocorticoid/LABA combination therapy, understanding this interaction may provide a logical framework to rationally design these multicomponent therapeutics that was not previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Giembycz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary3820 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AlbertaCanada T2N 1N4
| | - Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary3820 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AlbertaCanada T2N 1N4
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Giembycz MA, Newton R. How Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Work in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease of the Severe, Bronchitic, Frequent Exacerbator Phenotype. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:203-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Liu L, Zhang B, Yuan X, Wang P, Sun X, Zheng Q. Alternol induces an S-phase arrest of melanoma B16F0 cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:374-80. [PMID: 24352978 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternol is a novel compound purified from the fermentation products of a microorganism in the yew tree bark. This study looks at the effects of alternol on the proliferation and cell cycle distribution of mouse melanoma cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation and changes in cell cycle distribution were analysed by sulforhodamine B and flow cytometry assays, respectively. mRNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CDK inhibitor1A (p21) were measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The protein levels of cyclin A, CDK2 and PCNA were analysed by Western blot analysis. p21 was measured by ELISA. Alternol treatment caused a significant decrease in the proliferation rate of B16F0 and B16F10 cells, which were significantly arrested in S phase, but this treatment had less effect on normal human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The mechanism by which alternol inhibits B16F0 proliferation in vitro may be associated with the inhibition of CDK2 and PCNA, and the activation of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China
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22
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Yuan X, Li T, Xiao E, Zhao H, Li Y, Fu S, Gan L, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Wang Z. Licochalcone B inhibits growth of bladder cancer cells by arresting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:242-51. [PMID: 24384411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine the mechanisms by which licochalcone B (LCB) inhibits the proliferation of human malignant bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and EJ) in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo in MB49 (murine bladder cancer cell line) tumor model. Exposure of T24 or EJ cells to LCB significantly inhibited cell lines proliferation in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner, and resulted in S phase arrest in T24 or EJ cells, respectively. LCB treatment decreased the expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1 and CDK2) mRNA, cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25A and Cdc25B) protein. In addition, LCB treatment down-regulated Bcl-2 and survivin expression, enhanced Bax expression, activated caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Consistently, the tumorigenicity of LCB-treated MB49 cells was limited significantly by using the colony formation assay in vitro and the MB49 tumor model performed in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. These findings provide support for the use of LCB in chemoprevention and bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yuan
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Erlong Xiao
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, 832002 Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Fu
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Life Science School, Yantai University, 264000 Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, 832002 Shihezi, China; Life Science School, Yantai University, 264000 Yantai, China.
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China.
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Paakinaho V, Kaikkonen S, Makkonen H, Benes V, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation regulates the chromatin occupancy and anti-proliferative gene programs of glucocorticoid receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1575-92. [PMID: 24194604 PMCID: PMC3919585 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is regulated by post-translational modifications, including SUMOylation. We have analyzed how SUMOylation influences the activity of endogenous GR target genes and the receptor chromatin binding by using isogenic HEK293 cells expressing wild-type GR (wtGR) or SUMOylation-defective GR (GR3KR). Gene expression profiling revealed that both dexamethasone up- and downregulated genes are affected by the GR SUMOylation and that the affected genes are significantly associated with pathways of cellular proliferation and survival. The GR3KR-expressing cells proliferated more rapidly, and their anti-proliferative response to dexamethasone was less pronounced than in the wtGR-expressing cells. ChIP-seq analyses indicated that the SUMOylation modulates the chromatin occupancy of GR on several loci associated with cellular growth in a fashion that parallels with their differential dexamethasone-regulated expression between the two cell lines. Moreover, chromatin SUMO-2/3 marks, which were associated with active GR-binding sites, showed markedly higher overlap with the wtGR cistrome than with the GR3KR cistrome. In sum, our results indicate that the SUMOylation does not simply repress the GR activity, but regulates the activity of the receptor in a target locus selective fashion, playing an important role in controlling the GR activity on genes influencing cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Core Facilities and Services, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Tuckermann J, Libert C. New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:993-1007. [PMID: 23384835 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used for the treatment of numerous (autoimmune) inflammatory diseases. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, the GR translocates to the nucleus, where it acts either as a homodimeric transcription factor that binds glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in promoter regions of glucocorticoid (GC)-inducible genes, or as a monomeric protein that cooperates with other transcription factors to affect transcription. For decades, it has generally been believed that the undesirable side effects of GC therapy are induced by dimer-mediated transactivation, whereas its beneficial anti-inflammatory effects are mainly due to the monomer-mediated transrepressive actions of GR. Therefore, current research is focused on the development of dissociated compounds that exert only the GR monomer-dependent actions. However, many recent reports undermine this dogma by clearly showing that GR dimer-dependent transactivation is essential in the anti-inflammatory activities of GR. Many of these studies used GR(dim/dim) mutant mice, which show reduced GR dimerization and hence cannot control inflammation in several disease models. Here, we review the importance of GR dimers in the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs/GR, and hence we question the central dogma. We summarize the contribution of various GR dimer-inducible anti-inflammatory genes and question the use of selective GR agonists as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- VIB-Department for Molecular Biomedical Research /Ugent, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
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25
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Zheng Y, Izumi K, Li Y, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Contrary regulation of bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion by dexamethasone-mediated glucocorticoid receptor signals. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2621-32. [PMID: 23033490 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In patients with advanced bladder cancer, glucocorticoids are frequently given to reduce acute toxicity, particularly hyperemesis, during chemotherapy, as well as to improve cachectic conditions. However, it remains unclear whether glucocorticoids directly affect the development and progression of bladder cancer through the glucocorticoid receptor pathway. Glucocorticoid receptor expression was first investigated in human bladder cancer lines and tissue microarrays. Then, the effects of dexamethasone on glucocorticoid receptor transcription, cell proliferation, apoptosis/cell cycle, and invasion were examined in bladder cancer lines. Finally, mouse xenograft models for bladder cancer were used to assess the efficacy of dexamethasone on tumor progression. All the cell lines and tissues examined were found to express glucocorticoid receptor. Dexamethasone increased glucocorticoid receptor-mediated reporter activity and cell proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis in the presence or absence of cisplatin. In contrast, dexamethasone suppressed cell invasion, the expression of its related genes [MMP-2/MMP-9, interleukin (IL)-6, VEGF], and the activity of MMP-2/MMP-9, and also induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. In addition, dexamethasone increased IκBα protein levels and cytosolic accumulation of NF-κB. In xenograft-bearing mice, dexamethasone slightly augmented the growth of the inoculated tumors but completely prevented the development of bloody ascites, suggestive of peritoneal dissemination of tumor cells, and actual metastasis. In all these assays, dexamethasone effects were abolished by a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist or glucocorticoid receptor knockdown via RNA interference. Thus, glucocorticoid receptor activation resulted in promotion of cell proliferation via inhibiting apoptosis yet repression of cell invasion and metastasis. These results may provide a basis of developing improved chemotherapy regimens, including or excluding glucocorticoid receptor agonists/antagonists, for urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA
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26
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Levy D, Davidovich A, Zirkin S, Frug Y, Cohen AM, Shalom S, Don J. Activation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by the proto-oncogene Pim-2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34736. [PMID: 22506047 PMCID: PMC3323563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent survival effects have been ascribed to the serine/threonine kinase proto-oncogene PIM-2. Elevated levels of PIM-2 are associated with various malignancies. In human cells, a single Pim-2 transcript gives rise mainly to two protein isoforms (34, 41 kDa) that share an identical catalytic site but differ at their N-terminus, due to in-frame alternative translation initiation sites. In this study we observed that the 34 kDa PIM-2 isoform has differential nuclear and cytoplasmic forms in all tested cell lines, suggesting a possible role for the balance between these forms for PIM-2's function. To further study the cellular role of the 34 kDa isoform of PIM-2, an N-terminally HA-tagged form of this isoform was transiently expressed in HeLa cells. Surprisingly, this resulted in increased level of G1 arrested cells, as well as of apoptotic cells. These effects could not be obtained by a Flag-tagged form of the 41 kDa isoform. The G1 arrest and apoptotic effects were associated with an increase in T14/Y15 phosphorylation of CDK2 and proteasom-dependent down-regulation of CDC25A, as well as with up-regulation of p57, E2F-1, and p73. No such effects were obtained upon over-expression of a kinase-dead form of the HA-tagged 34 kDa PIM-2. By either using a dominant negative form of p73, or by over-expressing the 34 kDa PIM-2 in p73-silenced cells, we demonstrated that these effects were p73-dependent. These results demonstrate that while PIM-2 can function as a potent survival factor, it can, under certain circumstances, exhibit pro-apoptotic effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ateret Davidovich
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shahar Zirkin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yulia Frug
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos M. Cohen
- Hemato-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Sara Shalom
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jeremy Don
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Worster DT, Schmelzle T, Solimini NL, Lightcap ES, Millard B, Mills GB, Brugge JS, Albeck JG. Akt and ERK control the proliferative response of mammary epithelial cells to the growth factors IGF-1 and EGF through the cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra19. [PMID: 22394561 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells respond to growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin. Using high-content immunofluorescence microscopy, we quantitated differences in signaling networks downstream of EGF, which stimulated proliferation of mammary epithelial cells, and insulin or IGF-1, which enhanced the proliferative response to EGF but did not stimulate proliferation independently. We found that the abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p57Kip2 increased in response to IGF-1 or insulin but decreased in response to EGF. Depletion of p57Kip2, but not p21Cip1, rendered IGF-1 or insulin sufficient to induce cellular proliferation in the absence of EGF. Signaling through the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway was necessary and sufficient for the increase in p57Kip2, whereas MEK [mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase]-ERK activity suppressed this increase, forming a regulatory circuit that limited proliferation in response to unaccompanied Akt activity. Knockdown of p57Kip2 enhanced the proliferative phenotype induced by tumor-associated PI3K mutant variants and released mammary epithelial acini from growth arrest during morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. These results provide a potential explanation for the context-dependent proliferative activities of insulin and IGF-1 and for the finding that the CDKN1C locus encoding p57Kip2 is silenced in many breast cancers, which frequently show hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway. The status of p57Kip2 may thus be an important factor to assess when considering targeted therapy against the ERK or PI3K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Worster
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yao Y, Zhang B, Chen H, Chen N, Liu L, Yishan W, Li C, Zheng Q. Alteronol inhibits proliferation in HeLa cells through inducing a G1-phase arrest. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:101-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alteronol is a novel compound purified from fermentation products of a microorganism in the bark of the yew tree. The study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of alteronol.
Methods
Human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa was cultured in vitro. The cell viability was evaluated by using sulforhodamine B assay. The cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry. The level of cyclin D1 protein was evaluated using Western blot analysis. The changes in cyclinD1, CDK4 and p21 were detected by ELISA assay and the changes in G1-related regulators were detected by RT-PCR assay.
Key findings
Our data showed that alteronol inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells and induced G1 phase arrest. Downregulation of the mRNA levels of CDK2, CDK4 and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21 in alteronol-treated cells were observed.
Conclusions
Downregulation of the mRNA levels of CDK2, CDK4 and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21 might be a possible mechanism for the inhibition of proliferation induced by alteronol in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Na Chen
- Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | | | - Wang Yishan
- 107th Hospital of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Yantai, China
| | - Changling Li
- Pharmacy School of Beijing University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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29
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Kim ST, Lee SK, Gye MC. Cyclic Changes in the Expression ofp57kip2in Human Endometrium and its Regulation by Steroid Hormones in Endometrial Stromal Cells In Vitro. Reprod Sci 2011; 19:92-101. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111414209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Borriello A, Caldarelli I, Bencivenga D, Criscuolo M, Cucciolla V, Tramontano A, Oliva A, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F. p57(Kip2) and cancer: time for a critical appraisal. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1269-84. [PMID: 21816904 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(Kip2) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the Cip/Kip family, which also includes p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). So far, p57(Kip2) is the least-studied Cip/Kip protein, and for a long time its relevance has been related mainly to its unique role in embryogenesis. Moreover, genetic and molecular studies on animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have shown that alterations in CDKN1C (the p57(Kip2) encoding gene) have functional relevance in the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, a number of investigations have identified and characterized heretofore unexpected roles for p57(Kip2). The protein appears to be critically involved in initial steps of cell and tissue differentiation, and particularly in neuronal development and erythropoiesis. Intriguingly, p27(Kip1), the Cip/Kip member that is most homologous to p57(Kip2), is primarily involved in the process of cell cycle exit. p57(Kip2) also plays a critical role in controlling cytoskeletal organization and cell migration through its interaction with LIMK-1. Furthermore, p57(Kip2) appears to modulate genome expression. Finally, accumulating evidence indicates that p57(Kip2) protein is frequently downregulated in different types of human epithelial and nonepithelial cancers as a consequence of genetic and epigenetic events. In summary, the emerging picture is that several aspects of p57(Kip2)'s functions are only poorly clarified. This review represents an appraisal of the data available on the p57(Kip2) gene and protein structure, and its role in human physiology and pathology. We particularly focus our attention on p57(Kip2) changes in cancers and pharmacological approaches for modulating p57(Kip2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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31
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Staab CA, Stegk JP, Haenisch S, Neiß E, Köbsch K, Ebert B, Cascorbi I, Maser E. Analysis of alternative promoter usage in expression of HSD11B1 including the development of a transcript-specific quantitative real-time PCR method. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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The hallmarks of CDKN1C (p57, KIP2) in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:50-6. [PMID: 21447370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C CDKN1C (p57(KIP2)) regulates several hallmarks of cancer, including apoptosis, cell invasion and metastasis, tumor differentiation and angiogenesis. p57(KIP2) is generally not mutated in cancer, but its expression is downregulated through epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and repressive histone marks at the promoter. This opens up possibilities for therapeutic intervention through reactivation of p57(KIP2) gene expression. Furthermore, p57(KIP2) has been tested as a prognostic factor for many types of cancer, even differentiating between early and late stage cancer. In this review, the multifunctional tumor suppressor capabilities of p57(KIP2), the mechanisms of p57(KIP2) transcriptional repression in cancer, and the therapeutic potential of reactivation of p57(KIP2) protein expression will be discussed.
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33
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Ma Y, Chen L, Wright GM, Pillai SR, Chellappan SP, Cress WD. CDKN1C negatively regulates RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation in an E2F1-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9813-9822. [PMID: 20106982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKN1C is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. We previously found that the CDKN1C protein represses E2F1-driven transcription in an apparent negative feedback loop. Herein, we explore the mechanism by which CDKN1C represses transcription. We find that adenoviral-mediated overexpression of CDKN1C leads to a dramatic reduction in phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II (pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD). RNA interference studies demonstrate that this activity is not an artifact of CDKN1C overexpression, because endogenous CDKN1C mediates an inhibition of RNA pol II CTD phosphorylation in HeLa cells upon treatment with dexamethasone. Surprisingly, we find that CDKN1C-mediated repression of RNA pol II phosphorylation is E2F1-dependent, suggesting that E2F1 may direct CDKN1C to chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that CDKN1C is associated with E2F1-regulated promoters in vivo and that this association can dramatically reduce the level of RNA pol II CTD phosphorylation at both Ser-2 and Ser-5 of the C-terminal domain repeat. In addition, we show that CDKN1C interacts with both CDK7 and CDK9 (putative RNA pol II CTD kinases) and that CDKN1C blocks their ability to phosphorylate a glutathione S-transferase-CTD fusion protein in vitro. E2F1 and CDKN1C are found to form stable complexes both in vivo and in vitro. Molecular studies demonstrate that the E2F1-CDKN1C interaction is mediated by two E2F domains. A central E2F1 domain interacts directly with CDKN1C, whereas a C-terminal E2F1 domain interacts with CDKN1C via interaction with Rb. The results presented in this report highlight a novel mechanism of tumor suppression by CDKN1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Ma
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Lu Chen
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Gabriela M Wright
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Smitha R Pillai
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - W Douglas Cress
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612.
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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35
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Kim YK, Yu J, Han TS, Park SY, Namkoong B, Kim DH, Hur K, Yoo MW, Lee HJ, Yang HK, Kim VN. Functional links between clustered microRNAs: suppression of cell-cycle inhibitors by microRNA clusters in gastric cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:1672-81. [PMID: 19153141 PMCID: PMC2655672 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play integral roles in diverse processes including tumorigenesis. miRNA gene loci are often found in close conjunction, and such clustered miRNA genes are transcribed from a common promoter to generate polycistronic primary transcript. The primary transcript (pri-miRNA) is then processed by two RNase III proteins to release the mature miRNAs. Although it has been speculated that the miRNAs in the same cluster may play related biological functions, this has not been experimentally addressed. Here we report that the miRNAs in two clusters (miR-106b∼93 ∼ 25 and miR-222 ∼ 221) suppress the Cip/Kip family members of Cdk inhibitors (p57Kip2, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1). We show that miR-25 targets p57 through the 3′-UTR. Furthermore, miR-106b and miR-93 control p21 while miR-222 and miR-221 regulate both p27 and p57. Ectopic expression of these miRNAs results in activation of Cdk2 and facilitation of G1/S phase transition. Consistent with these results, both clusters are abnormally upregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared to the corresponding normal tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-222 cluster enhanced tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. Our study demonstrates the functional associations between clustered miRNAs and further implicates that effective cancer treatment may require a combinatorial approach to target multiple oncogenic miRNA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Mechanisms regulating the susceptibility of hematopoietic malignancies to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 101:127-248. [PMID: 19055945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies owing to their ability to induce apoptosis of these cancerous cells. Whereas some types of lymphoma and leukemia respond well to this drug, others are resistant. Also, GC-resistance gradually develops upon repeated treatments ultimately leading to refractory relapsed disease. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GC-induced apoptosis is therefore uttermost important for designing novel treatment strategies that overcome GC-resistance. This review discusses updated data describing the complex regulation of the cell's susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by GCs. We address both the genomic and nongenomic effects involved in promoting the apoptotic signals as well as the resistance mechanisms opposing these signals. Eventually we address potential strategies of clinical relevance that sensitize GC-resistant lymphoma and leukemia cells to this drug. The major target is the nongenomic signal transduction machinery where the interplay between protein kinases determines the cell fate. Shifting the balance of the kinome towards a state where Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha (GSK3alpha) is kept active, favors an apoptotic response. Accumulating data show that it is possible to therapeutically modulate GC-resistance in patients, thereby improving the response to GC therapy.
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Jin RJ, Lho Y, Wang Y, Ao M, Revelo MP, Hayward SW, Wills ML, Logan SK, Zhang P, Matusik RJ. Down-regulation of p57Kip2 induces prostate cancer in the mouse. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3601-8. [PMID: 18483241 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(Kip2) has been considered a candidate tumor suppressor gene because of its location in the genome, biochemical activities, and imprinting status. However, little is known about the role of p57(Kip2) in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Here, we show that the expression of p57(Kip2) is significantly decreased in human prostate cancer, and the overexpression of p57(Kip2) in prostate cancer cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation and reduced invasive ability. In addition, overexpression of p57(Kip2) in LNCaP cells inhibited tumor formation in nude mice, resulting in well-differentiated squamous tumors rather than adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the prostates of p57(Kip2) knockout mice developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Remarkably, this mouse prostate cancer is pathologically identical to human prostate adenocarcinoma. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that p57(Kip2) is an important gene in prostate cancer tumorigenesis, and the p57(Kip2) pathway may be a potential target for prostate cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Jin
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenessee, USA
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38
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Larson PS, Schlechter BL, King CL, Yang Q, Glass CN, Mack C, Pistey R, de Las Morenas A, Rosenberg CL. CDKN1C/p57kip2 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:68. [PMID: 18325103 PMCID: PMC2323395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDKN1C (also known as p57KIP2) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor previously implicated in several types of human cancer. Its family members (CDKN1A/p21CIP1 and B/p27KIP1) have been implicated in breast cancer, but information about CDKN1C's role is limited. We hypothesized that decreased CDKN1C may be involved in human breast carcinogenesis in vivo. Methods We determined rates of allele imbalance or loss of heterozygosity (AI/LOH) in CDKN1C, using an intronic polymorphism, and in the surrounding 11p15.5 region in 82 breast cancers. We examined the CDKN1C mRNA level in 10 cancers using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and the CDKN1C protein level in 20 cancers using immunohistochemistry (IHC). All samples were obtained using laser microdissection. Data were analyzed using standard statistical tests. Results AI/LOH at 11p15.5 occurred in 28/73 (38%) informative cancers, but CDKN1C itself underwent AI/LOH in only 3/16 (19%) cancers (p = ns). In contrast, CDKN1C mRNA levels were reduced in 9/10 (90%) cancers (p < 0.0001), ranging from 2–60% of paired normal epithelium. Similarly, CDKN1C protein staining was seen in 19/20 (95%) cases' normal epithelium but in only 7/14 (50%) cases' CIS (p < 0.004) and 5/18 (28%) cases' IC (p < 0.00003). The reduction appears primarily due to loss of CDKN1C expression from myoepithelial layer cells, which stained intensely in 17/20 (85%) normal lobules, but in 0/14 (0%) CIS (p < 0.00001). In contrast, luminal cells displayed less intense, focal staining fairly consistently across histologies. Decreased CDKN1C was not clearly associated with tumor grade, histology, ER, PR or HER2 status. Conclusion CDKN1C is expressed in normal epithelium of most breast cancer cases, mainly in the myothepithelial layer. This expression decreases, at both the mRNA and protein level, in the large majority of breast cancers, and does not appear to be mediated by AI/LOH at the gene. Thus, CDKN1C may be a breast cancer tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Giembycz MA, Kaur M, Leigh R, Newton R. A Holy Grail of asthma management: toward understanding how long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists enhance the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:1090-104. [PMID: 18071293 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence that the combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) -- i.e. glucocorticoid -- and an inhaled long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) is superior to each component administered as a monotherapy alone in the clinical management of asthma. Moreover, Calverley and colleagues (Lancet 2003, 361: 449-456; N Engl J Med 2007, 356: 775-789) reporting for the 'TRial of Inhaled STeroids ANd long-acting beta(2)-agonists (TRISTAN)' and 'TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH)' international study groups also demonstrated the superior efficacy of LABA/ICS combination therapies over ICS alone in the clinical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This finding has been independently confirmed indicating that the therapeutic benefit of LABA/ICS combination therapies is not restricted to asthma and may be extended to other chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways. Despite the unquestionable benefit of LABA/ICS combination therapies, there is a vast gap in our understanding of how these two drugs given together deliver superior clinical efficacy. In this article, we review the history of LABA/ICS combination therapies and critically evaluate how these two classes of drugs might interact at the biochemical level to suppress pro-inflammatory responses. Understanding the molecular basis of this fundamental clinical observation is a Holy Grail of current respiratory diseases research as it could permit the rational exploitation of this effect with the development of new 'optimized' LABA/ICS combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Giembycz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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40
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Integrating high-content screening and ligand-target prediction to identify mechanism of action. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 4:59-68. [PMID: 18066055 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-content screening is transforming drug discovery by enabling simultaneous measurement of multiple features of cellular phenotype that are relevant to therapeutic and toxic activities of compounds. High-content screening studies typically generate immense datasets of image-based phenotypic information, and how best to mine relevant phenotypic data is an unsolved challenge. Here, we introduce factor analysis as a data-driven tool for defining cell phenotypes and profiling compound activities. This method allows a large data reduction while retaining relevant information, and the data-derived factors used to quantify phenotype have discernable biological meaning. We used factor analysis of cells stained with fluorescent markers of cell cycle state to profile a compound library and cluster the hits into seven phenotypic categories. We then compared phenotypic profiles, chemical similarity and predicted protein binding activities of active compounds. By integrating these different descriptors of measured and potential biological activity, we can effectively draw mechanism-of-action inferences.
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41
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Müller-Brüsselbach S, Kömhoff M, Rieck M, Meissner W, Kaddatz K, Adamkiewicz J, Keil B, Klose KJ, Moll R, Burdick AD, Peters JM, Müller R. Deregulation of tumor angiogenesis and blockade of tumor growth in PPARbeta-deficient mice. EMBO J 2007; 26:3686-98. [PMID: 17641685 PMCID: PMC1949001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta (PPARbeta) has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but its precise role remains unclear. Here, we show that the growth of syngeneic Pparb wild-type tumors is impaired in Pparb(-/-) mice, concomitant with a diminished blood flow and an abundance of hyperplastic microvascular structures. Matrigel plugs containing pro-angiogenic growth factors harbor increased numbers of morphologically immature, proliferating endothelial cells in Pparb(-/-) mice, and retroviral transduction of Pparb triggers microvessel maturation. We have identified the Cdkn1c gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p57(Kip2) as a PPARbeta target gene and a mediator of the PPARbeta-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, which provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed tumor endothelial hyperplasia and deregulation of tumor angiogenesis in Pparb(-/-) mice. Our data point to an unexpected essential role for PPARbeta in constraining tumor endothelial cell proliferation to allow for the formation of functional tumor microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rieck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meissner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaddatz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Adamkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris Keil
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Klose
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Moll
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrew D Burdick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, Marburg 35032, Germany. Tel.: +49 6421 2866236; Fax: +49 6421 2868923; E-mail:
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Vlachos P, Nyman U, Hajji N, Joseph B. The cell cycle inhibitor p57(Kip2) promotes cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1497-507. [PMID: 17464323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The p57(Kip2) gene belongs to the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors and has been suggested to be a tumor suppressor gene, being inactivated in various types of human cancers. However, little is known concerning p57(Kip2) possible interplay with the apoptotic cell death machinery and its possible implication for cancer. Here, we report that selective p57(Kip2) expression sensitizes cancer cells to apoptotic agents such as cisplatin, etoposide and staurosporine (STS) via a mechanism, which does not require p57(Kip2)-mediated inhibition of CDK. Translocation of p57(Kip2) to mitochondria occurs within 20 min after STS application. In fact, p57(Kip2) primarily promotes the intrinsic apoptotic pathways, favoring Bax activation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, consequent release of cytochrome-c into cytosol, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. In accordance, Bcl2 overexpression or voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) inhibition is able to inhibit p57(Kip2) cell death promoting effect. Thus, in addition to its established function in control of proliferation, these results reveal a mechanism whereby p57(Kip2) influences the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vlachos
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Dhulipala VC, Welshons WV, Reddy CS. Cell cycle proteins in normal and chemically induced abnormal secondary palate development: a review. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 25:675-82. [PMID: 17211986 DOI: 10.1177/0960327106070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and thus proper cell number is essential for normal development of organs and organisms. Craniofacial tissues including the secondary palate are vulnerable to disruption of cell cycle progression and proliferation by many chemicals including mycotoxin, secalonic acid D (SAD), glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Induction of cleft palate (CP) by SAD in mice occurs from a reduction in the size of developing palatal shelves. This is associated with an inhibition of proliferation of murine and human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM and HEPM) cells as well as a G1/S block of cell cycle. In murine embryonic palates and HEPM cells, SAD inhibited G1/S-phase-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 activity, reduced the level of cyclin E and increased the level of the CDK2 inhibitor, p21. These results, together with those from other laboratories, suggest that common cell cycle protein targets (biomarkers), relevant to the pathogenesis of CP by multiple chemical exposures, that can form the basis for the diagnosis and the development of preventive strategies, are likely to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsidhara C Dhulipala
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Ma Y, Cress WD. Transcriptional upregulation of p57 (Kip2) by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor BMS-387032 is E2F dependent and serves as a negative feedback loop limiting cytotoxicity. Oncogene 2006; 26:3532-40. [PMID: 17173074 PMCID: PMC2128050 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibiting drugs are potent transcriptional repressors, we discover that p57 (Kip2, CDKN1C) transcription is significantly upregulated by three small molecule cdk inhibitors, including BMS-387032. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with BMS-387032 led to a stabilization of the E2F1 protein that was accompanied by significant increases in the p57 mRNA and protein. This increase did not occur in an E2F1-deficient cell line. An E2F1-estrogen receptor fusion protein activated the endogenous p57 promoter in response to hydroxytamoxifen treatment in the presence of cycloheximide. Luciferase constructs driven by the p57 promoter verified that upregulation of p57 mRNA by BMS-387032 is transcriptional and dependent on E2F-binding sites in the promoter. Expression of exogenous p57 significantly decreased the fraction of cells in S phase. Furthermore, p57-deficient MDA-MB-231 cell lines were significantly more sensitive to BMS-387032-induced apoptosis than controls. The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that small molecule cdk inhibitors transcriptionally activate p57 dependent upon E2F1 and that this activation in turn serves to limit E2F1's death-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA
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45
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Osman W, Laine S, Zilliacus J. Functional interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and GANP/MCM3AP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1239-44. [PMID: 16914116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases but have a number of side effects that partly are connected to inhibition of cell proliferation. Glucocorticoids mediated their action by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. In the present study, we have identified by two-hybrid screens the germinal center-associated protein (GANP) and MCM3-associated protein (MCM3AP), a splicing variant of GANP, as glucocorticoid receptor interacting proteins. GANP and MCM3AP can bind to the MCM3 protein involved in initiation of DNA replication. Glutathione-S-transferase-pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the C-terminal domain of GANP, encompassing MCM3AP, interacts with the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. Characterization of the intracellular localization of GANP revealed that GANP is shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we show that glucocorticoids are unable to inhibit DNA replication in HeLa cells overexpressing MCM3AP suggesting a role for both glucocorticoid receptor and GANP/MCM3AP in regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waffa Osman
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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46
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Rothschild G, Zhao X, Iavarone A, Lasorella A. E Proteins and Id2 converge on p57Kip2 to regulate cell cycle in neural cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4351-61. [PMID: 16705184 PMCID: PMC1489106 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01743-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise balance between proliferation and differentiation must be maintained during neural development to obtain the correct proportion of differentiated cell types in the adult nervous system. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors known as E proteins and their natural inhibitors, the Id proteins, control the timing of differentiation and terminal exit from the cell cycle. Here we show that progression into S phase of human neuroblastoma cells is prevented by E proteins and promoted by Id2. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) have been identified as key effectors of cell cycle arrest in differentiating cells. However, p57Kip2 is the only CKI that is absolutely required for normal development. Through the use of global gene expression analysis in neuroblastoma cells engineered to acutely express the E protein E47 and Id2, we find that p57Kip2 is a target of E47. Consistent with the role of Id proteins, Id2 prevents activation of p57Kip2 expression, and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, a known Id2 inhibitor, counters this activity. The strong E47-mediated inhibition of entry into S phase is entirely reversed in cells in which expression of p57Kip2 is silenced by RNA interference. During brain development, expression of p57Kip2 is opposite that of Id2. Our findings identify p57Kip2 as a functionally relevant target recruited by bHLH transcription factors to induce cell cycle arrest in developing neuroblasts and suggest that deregulated expression of Id proteins may be an epigenetic mechanism to silence expression of this CKI in neural tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Rothschild
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave., Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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47
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Lu YS, Lien HC, Yeh PY, Yeh KH, Kuo ML, Kuo SH, Cheng AL. Effects of glucocorticoids on the growth and chemosensitivity of carcinoma cells are heterogeneous and require high concentration of functional glucocorticoid receptors. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6373-80. [PMID: 16419168 PMCID: PMC4320343 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i40.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine how glucocorticoids (GCs) may affect the growth and chemosensitivity of common carcinoma cells.
METHODS: The effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on growth and chemosensitivity was assessed in 14 carcinoma cell lines. The function of GC receptors (GR) was assessed by MMTV reporter assay. Overexpression of GR was done by in vitro transfection and expression of a GR-expressing vector. Immunohistochemical stain of tissues and cells were done by PA1-511A, an anti-GR monoclonal antibody.
RESULTS: DEX inhibited cell growth of four (MCF-7, MCF-7/MXR1, MCF-7/TPT300, and HeLa), increased cisplatin cytotoxicity of one (SiHa), and decreased cisplatin cytotoxicity of two (H460 and Hep3B) cell lines. The GR content of the seven cell lines affected by DEX was significantly higher than those of the seven cell lines unaffected by DEX (5.2±2.5×104 sites/cell vs 1.3±1.4×104 sites/cell, P = 0.005). Only two DEX-unresponsive cell lines (NPC-TW01 and NPC-TW04) contained high GR amounts in the range (1.9-8.1×104 sites/cell) of the seven DEX-responsive cell lines. The GR function of NPC-TW01 and NPC-TW04, however, was found to be impaired. The importance of high cellular amount of GR in mediating DEX susceptibility of the cells was further exemplified by GR dose-dependent drug resistance to cisplatin of AGS, a cell line with low GR content and was unaffected by DEX before transfection of GR-expressing vector. Immunohistochemical studies of human cancer tissues showed that 5 of the 45 (11.1%) breast cancer and 43 of the 85 (50.6%) non-small cell lung cancer had high GR contents at the ranges of the GC-responsive carcinoma cell lines.
CONCLUSION: The growth and chemosensitivity of human carcinomas with high GR contents may be affected by GC. However, in light of the heterogeneous and even contradictive effects of GC on these cells, routine examination of GR contents of human carcinoma tissues may not be clinically useful until other markers that help predict the ultimate effect of GC on individual patients are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10016, Taiwan, China
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Dhulipala VC, Maddali KK, Welshons WV, Reddy CS. Secalonic acid D blocks embryonic palatal mesenchymal cell-cycle by altering the activity of CDK2 and the expression of p21 and cyclin E. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 74:233-42. [PMID: 15880679 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin, secalonic acid D (SAD), a known animal and potential human cleft palate (CP)-inducing agent, is produced by Pencillium oxalicum in corn. SAD selectively inhibits proliferation of murine embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells leading to a reduction in cell numbers. These effects can explain the reduction in shelf size and the resulting CP seen in the offspring of SAD-exposed mice. Ability of SAD to inhibit proliferation as well as to block the progression of cells from G1- to S-phase of the cell-cycle were also shown in the human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells suggesting the potential CP-inducing effect of SAD in human beings METHODS Gestation day (GD) 12 mouse embryos and HEPM cells were used to test the hypothesis that the cell-cycle block induced by SAD results from a disruption of stage-specific regulatory components both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of SAD on the activity of various cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) and on the levels of various positive (cyclins and CDK) and negative (CDK inhibitors p15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27, 57) cell-cycle regulators were assessed by performing kinase assays and immunoblots, respectively. RESULTS In the murine embryonic palates, SAD specifically inhibited G1/S-phase-specific CDK2 activity, reduced the level of cyclin E and tended to increase the level of the CIP/kip CDK inhibitor, p21. In the HEPM cell cultures, exposure to IC50 of SAD significantly affected all of the above targets. In addition, a reduction in the levels/activity of CDK 4/6, a reduction in the levels of cyclins D1, D2, D3, E, A, and all INK4 family proteins, and an increase in the level of the CIP/kip CDK inhibitor, p57, were also seen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the S-phase-specific cell-cycle proteins CDK2, cyclin E and possibly p21 are the common targets of SAD in murine palatal shelves in vivo and in human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells in vitro and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of SAD-induced CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Dhulipala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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49
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Bladh LG, Lidén J, Pazirandeh A, Rafter I, Dahlman-Wright K, Nilsson S, Okret S. Identification of target genes involved in the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticoids reveals a role for nuclear factor-(kappa)B repression. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:632-43. [PMID: 15528271 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) exert an antiproliferative effect on most cells. However, the molecular mechanism is still largely unclear. We investigated the antiproliferative mechanism by GCs in human embryonic kidney 293 cells with stably introduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mutants that discriminate between cross-talk with nuclear factor-(kappa)B (NF-(kappa)B) and activator protein-1 signaling, transactivation and transrepression, and antiproliferative vs. non-antiproliferative responses. Using the GR mutants, we here demonstrate a correlation between repression of NF-(kappa)B signaling and antiproliferative response. Gene expression profiling of endogenous genes in cells containing mutant GRs identified a limited number of genes that correlated with the antiproliferative response. This included a GC-mediated up-regulation of the NF-(kappa)B-inhibitory protein I(kappa)B(alpha), in line with repression of NF-(kappa)B signaling being important in the GC-mediated antiproliferative response. Interestingly, the GC-stimulated expression of I(kappa)B(alpha) was a direct effect despite the inability of the GR mutant to transactivate through a GC-responsive element. Selective expression of I(kappa)B(alpha) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in a decreased percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phase and impaired cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that GC-mediated inhibition of NF-(kappa)B is an important mechanism in the antiproliferative response to GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Göran Bladh
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Novum, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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50
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Ausserlechner MJ, Obexer P, Böck G, Geley S, Kofler R. Cyclin D3 and c-MYC control glucocorticoid-induced cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cell Death Differ 2003; 11:165-74. [PMID: 14576768 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia cells. To investigate cell cycle effects of GC in the absence of obscuring apoptotic events, we used human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells protected from cell death by transgenic bcl-2. GC treatment arrested these cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle due to repression of cyclin D3 and c-myc. Cyclin E and Cdk2 protein levels remained high, but the kinase complex was inactive due to increased levels of bound p27(Kip1). Conditional expression of cyclin D3 and/or c-myc was sufficient to prevent GC-induced G1 arrest and p27(Kip1) accumulation but, importantly, did not interfere with the induction of apoptosis. The combined data suggest that repression of both, c-myc and cyclin D3, is necessary to arrest human leukemia cells in the G1 phase of the cell division cycle, but that neither one is required for GC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ausserlechner
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, University of Innsbruck, Medical School, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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