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Yu Y, Jiang W. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation as an emerging model to study human prostate development. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:285. [PMID: 32678004 PMCID: PMC7364497 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate development is a complex process, and knowledge about this process is increasingly required for both basic developmental biology studies and clinical prostate cancer research, as prostate tumorigenesis can be regarded as the restoration of development in the adult prostate. Using rodent animal models, scientists have revealed that the development of the prostate is mainly mediated by androgen receptor (AR) signaling and that some other signaling pathways also play indispensable roles. However, there are still many unknowns in human prostate biology, mainly due to the limited availability of proper fetal materials. Here, we first briefly review prostate development with a focus on the AR, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways is necessary for prostate budding/BMP signaling pathways. Based on the current progress in in vitro prostatic differentiation and organoid techniques, we propose human pluripotent stem cells as an emerging model to study human prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 116 East-Lake Road, District of Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 116 East-Lake Road, District of Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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2
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Nikolaou N, Arvaniti A, Appanna N, Sharp A, Hughes BA, Digweed D, Whitaker MJ, Ross R, Arlt W, Penning TM, Morris K, George S, Keevil BG, Hodson L, Gathercole LL, Tomlinson JW. Glucocorticoids regulate AKR1D1 activity in human liver in vitro and in vivo. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:207-218. [PMID: 32106090 PMCID: PMC7182088 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) is highly expressed in human liver where it inactivates endogenous glucocorticoids and catalyses an important step in bile acid synthesis. Endogenous and synthetic glucocorticoids are potent regulators of metabolic phenotype and play a crucial role in hepatic glucose metabolism. However, the potential of synthetic glucocorticoids to be metabolised by AKR1D1 as well as to regulate its expression and activity has not been investigated. The impact of glucocorticoids on AKR1D1 activity was assessed in human liver HepG2 and Huh7 cells; AKR1D1 expression was assessed by qPCR and Western blotting. Genetic manipulation of AKR1D1 expression was conducted in HepG2 and Huh7 cells and metabolic assessments were made using qPCR. Urinary steroid metabolite profiling in healthy volunteers was performed pre- and post-dexamethasone treatment, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AKR1D1 metabolised endogenous cortisol, but cleared prednisolone and dexamethasone less efficiently. In vitro and in vivo, dexamethasone decreased AKR1D1 expression and activity, further limiting glucocorticoid clearance and augmenting action. Dexamethasone enhanced gluconeogenic and glycogen synthesis gene expression in liver cell models and these changes were mirrored by genetic knockdown of AKR1D1 expression. The effects of AKR1D1 knockdown were mediated through multiple nuclear hormone receptors, including the glucocorticoid, pregnane X and farnesoid X receptors. Glucocorticoids down-regulate AKR1D1 expression and activity and thereby reduce glucocorticoid clearance. In addition, AKR1D1 down-regulation alters the activation of multiple nuclear hormone receptors to drive changes in gluconeogenic and glycogen synthesis gene expression profiles, which may exacerbate the adverse impact of exogenous glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical
Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford,
UK
| | - Nathan Appanna
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Sharp
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Beverly A Hughes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems
Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham,
UK
| | | | | | - Richard Ross
- Department of Oncology and
Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems
Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham,
UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research
Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology &
Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Morris
- Biochemistry Department,
Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sherly George
- Biochemistry Department,
Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Biochemistry Department,
Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical
Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford,
UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes,
Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to J W Tomlinson:
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Nash C, Boufaied N, Badescu D, Wang YC, Paliouras M, Trifiro M, Ragoussis I, Thomson AA. Genome-wide analysis of androgen receptor binding and transcriptomic analysis in mesenchymal subsets during prostate development. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/7/dmm039297. [PMID: 31350272 PMCID: PMC6679388 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate development is controlled by androgens, the androgen receptor (AR) and mesenchymal–epithelial signalling. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to define AR genomic binding in the male and female mesenchyme. Tissue- and single-cell-based transcriptional profiling was used to define mesenchymal AR target genes. We observed significant AR genomic binding in females and a strong enrichment at proximal promoters in both sexes. In males, there was greater AR binding to introns and intergenic regions as well as to classical AR binding motifs. In females, there was increased proximal promoter binding and involvement of cofactors. Comparison of AR-bound genes with transcriptomic data enabled the identification of novel sexually dimorphic AR target genes. We validated the dimorphic expression of AR target genes using published datasets and confirmed regulation by androgens using ex vivo organ cultures. AR targets showed variable expression in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. We examined AR function at single-cell resolution using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in male and female mesenchyme. Surprisingly, both AR and target genes were distributed throughout cell subsets, with few positive cells within each subset. AR binding was weakly correlated with target gene expression. Summary: A study of how androgens lead to sexually dimorphic development of the prostate using transcription factor genome binding and transcriptome analysis in mesenchymal subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nash
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Dunarel Badescu
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Miltiadis Paliouras
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 5750 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC, Canada H3S 1Y9
| | - Mark Trifiro
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 5750 Côte-des-Neiges Rd, Montreal, QC, Canada H3S 1Y9
| | - Ioannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
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Abstract
On January 21, 2017, I received an E-mail from Herb Tabor that I had been simultaneously hoping for and dreading for several years: an invitation to write a "Reflections" article for the Journal of Biological Chemistry On the one hand, I was honored to receive an invitation from Herb, a man I have admired for over 40 years, known for 24 years, and worked with as a member of the Editorial Board and Associate Editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry for 17 years. On the other hand, the invitation marked the waning of my career as an academic scientist. With these conflicting emotions, I wrote this article with the goals of recording my career history and recognizing the many mentors, trainees, and colleagues who have contributed to it and, perhaps with pretension, with the desire that students who are beginning a career in research will find inspiration in the path I have taken and appreciate the importance of luck.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Russell
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
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Bahbahani H, Salim B, Almathen F, Al Enezi F, Mwacharo JM, Hanotte O. Signatures of positive selection in African Butana and Kenana dairy zebu cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190446. [PMID: 29300786 PMCID: PMC5754058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Butana and Kenana are two types of zebu cattle found in Sudan. They are unique amongst African indigenous zebu cattle because of their high milk production. Aiming to understand their genome structure, we genotyped 25 individuals from each breed using the Illumina BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip. Genetic structure analysis shows that both breeds have an admixed genome composed of an even proportion of indicine (0.75 ± 0.03 in Butana, 0.76 ± 0.006 in Kenana) and taurine (0.23 ± 0.009 in Butana, 0.24 ± 0.006 in Kenana) ancestries. We also observe a proportion of 0.02 to 0.12 of European taurine ancestry in ten individuals of Butana that were sampled from cattle herds in Tamboul area suggesting local crossbreeding with exotic breeds. Signatures of selection analyses (iHS and Rsb) reveal 87 and 61 candidate positive selection regions in Butana and Kenana, respectively. These regions span genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with biological pathways that are important for adaptation to marginal environments (e.g., immunity, reproduction and heat tolerance). Trypanotolerance QTL are intersecting candidate regions in Kenana cattle indicating selection pressure acting on them, which might be associated with an unexplored level of trypanotolerance in this cattle breed. Several dairy traits QTL are overlapping the identified candidate regions in these two zebu cattle breeds. Our findings underline the potential to improve dairy production in the semi-arid pastoral areas of Africa through breeding improvement strategy of indigenous local breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Bahbahani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait city, Kuwait
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Bashir Salim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al Enezi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait city, Kuwait
| | - Joram M. Mwacharo
- Small Ruminant Genomics Group, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Toivanen R, Shen MM. Prostate organogenesis: tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification. Development 2017; 144:1382-1398. [PMID: 28400434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate organogenesis is a complex process that is primarily mediated by the presence of androgens and subsequent mesenchyme-epithelial interactions. The investigation of prostate development is partly driven by its potential relevance to prostate cancer, in particular the apparent re-awakening of key developmental programs that occur during tumorigenesis. However, our current knowledge of the mechanisms that drive prostate organogenesis is far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of prostate development, focusing on recent findings regarding sexual dimorphism, bud induction, branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Keil KP, Mehta V, Branam AM, Abler LL, Buresh-Stiemke RA, Joshi PS, Schmitz CT, Marker PC, Vezina CM. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) is regulated by androgens and enhances androgen-dependent prostate development. Endocrinology 2012; 153:6091-103. [PMID: 23087175 PMCID: PMC3512059 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal prostate development from urogenital sinus (UGS) epithelium requires androgen receptor (AR) activation in UGS mesenchyme (UGM). Despite growing awareness of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the UGS, we are still limited in our knowledge of androgen-responsive genes in UGM that initiate prostate ductal development. We found that WNT inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) mRNA is more abundant in male vs. female mouse UGM in which its expression temporally and spatially overlaps androgen-responsive steroid 5α-reductase 2 (Srd5a2). Wif1 mRNA is also present in prostatic buds during their elongation and branching morphogenesis. Androgens are necessary and sufficient for Wif1 expression in mouse UGS explant mesenchyme, and testicular androgens remain necessary for normal Wif1 expression in adult mouse prostate stroma. WIF1 contributes functionally to prostatic bud formation. In the presence of androgens, exogenous WIF1 protein increases prostatic bud number and UGS basal epithelial cell proliferation without noticeably altering the pattern of WNT/β-catenin-responsive Axin2 or lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (Lef1) mRNA. Wif1 mutant male UGSs exhibit increased (Sfrp)2 and (Sfrp)3 expression and form the same number of prostatic buds as the wild-type control males. Collectively our results reveal Wif1 as one of the few known androgen-responsive genes in the fetal mouse UGM and support the hypothesis that androgen-dependent Wif1 expression is linked to the mechanism of androgen-induced prostatic bud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Radmayr C, Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Oswald J, Klocker H, Bartsch G. 5-alpha-reductase and the development of the human prostate. Indian J Urol 2011; 24:309-12. [PMID: 19468459 PMCID: PMC2684369 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.42610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 10th week of gestation human prostate development is about to start. Androgens are the crucial factors to stimulate the initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. One of the key events in androgen metabolism is the transformation of circulating testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by tissue-linked 5α-reductase. Both, the formation of a male phenotype and the androgen-mediated growth of the prostate are mediated by DHT. To date the function of 5α-reductase 1 (5αR1) still remains unclear whereas 5α-reductase 2 (5αR2) is supposed to be the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue. Only little data are available on the detection, distribution, and effects of both isoenzymes during fetal life and infancy. Recently, immunohistochemical investigations of serial sections from fetuses and infants using specific antibodies directed against 5αR1 and 5αR2 seem to shed light on that issue. Moreover, the detection of downstream products of androgen synthesis using RT-PCR analyses for 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 2 (17 βHSD 2), 17 βHSD Type 3 and 17 βHSD Type 7 adds to discovering the molecular biological background. New studies confirm that both isoenzymes are present throughout fetal development. On the transcriptional level RT-PCR for 5αR1 and 5αR2 certifies these findings. 17 βHSD 2, 3 and 7 representing the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis were revealed by RT-PCR as well. Current studies discovered the expression and distribution of both 5α-reductase isoenzymes as well as the potential contribution of 5αR1 during fetal human prostate development.
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Torres JM, Gómez-Capilla JA, Ruiz E, Ortega E. Semiquantitative RT-PCR method coupled to capillary electrophoresis to study 5alpha-reductase mRNA isozymes in rat ventral prostate in different androgen status. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 250:125-30. [PMID: 12962150 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024902419502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development and growth of the prostate gland depends on androgen stimulation. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the primary androgen responsible for prostate development and also for the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) continues to rise in the Western world. DHT is synthesized in prostate from circulating testosterone (T) through the action of 5alpha-Reductase (5alpha-R) (EC 1.3.99.5), which occurs as two isozymes, type 1 and type 2. Type-1 5alpha-R is widely distributed in the body, and type-2 5alpha-R is confined to androgen-dependent structures. Both types are expressed in the prostate: type-2 isozyme is implicated in BPH and PCa; type-1 isozyme is also increased in some prostatic adenocarcinomas. In recent years, various inhibitors of type-2 isozyme or of both type-1 and type-2 isozyme have been used in prostatic diseases. In this work we present measurements of mRNA levels of steroid 5alpha-R isozymes in the ventral prostate of rats of different androgen status. We used a novel method that combines the high specificity of semiquantitive PCR with the sensitivity of laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (LIF-CE). We demonstrated that T control the expression of 5alpha-R2 isozyme in rat prostrate. This approach could be of great value for the study of prostate diseases in humans and would allow study at the transcriptional level the effects of drugs that inhibit either or both of these isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Mahendroo MS, Cala KM, Hess DL, Russell DW. Unexpected virilization in male mice lacking steroid 5 alpha-reductase enzymes. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4652-62. [PMID: 11606430 PMCID: PMC4446976 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.11.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 and 2 were produced by gene targeting and breeding. Male mice without 5 alpha-reductase 2 or without both enzymes had fully formed internal and external genitalia and were fertile, but had smaller prostates and seminal vesicles than controls. T accumulated to high levels in the reproductive tissues of the mutant mice. DHT administration increased seminal vesicle and coagulating gland weights in mice deficient in 5 alpha-reductase 2 and increased the weights of the prostate, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland in animals deficient in both enzymes. An inhibitor of both 5 alpha-reductases (GI 208335X) decreased prostate and coagulating gland weights of control mice, but had no effect in those lacking 5 alpha-reductase 1 and 2. Castration reduced the sizes of these tissues in animals of all genotypes. Androgen-dependent gene expression was decreased in the seminal vesicles of mice lacking one or more 5 alpha-reductases and was restored by administration of T or DHT. Female mice missing both enzymes exhibited parturition and fecundity defects similar to those of animals without 5 alpha-reductase 1. We conclude that T is the only androgen required for differentiation of the male urogenital tract in mice and that the synthesis of DHT serves largely as a signal amplification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Mahendroo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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