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Pires L, Khattak S, Pratavieira S, Calcada C, Romano R, Yucel Y, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C, Wilson BC. Femtosecond pulsed laser photodynamic therapy activates melanin and eradicates malignant melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316303121. [PMID: 38551838 PMCID: PMC10998568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316303121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on a series of photophysical and photochemical reactions leading to cell death. While effective for various cancers, PDT has been less successful in treating pigmented melanoma due to high light absorption by melanin. Here, this limitation is addressed by 2-photon excitation of the photosensitizer (2p-PDT) using ~100 fs pulses of near-infrared laser light. A critical role of melanin in enabling rather than hindering 2p-PDT is elucidated using pigmented and non-pigmented murine melanoma clonal cell lines in vitro. The photocytotoxicities were compared between a clinical photosensitizer (Visudyne) and a porphyrin dimer (Oxdime) with ~600-fold higher σ2p value. Unexpectedly, while the 1p-PDT responses are similar in both cell lines, 2p activation is much more effective in killing pigmented than non-pigmented cells, suggesting a dominant role of melanin 2p-PDT. The potential for clinical translational is demonstrated in a conjunctival melanoma model in vivo, where complete eradication of small tumors was achieved. This work elucidates the melanin contribution in multi-photon PDT enabling significant advancement of light-based treatments that have previously been considered unsuitable in pigmented tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Pires
- Department of Cancer Biology and Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
- Departamento de Fisica e Ciencia dos Materiais, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos13566-590, Brazil
| | - Shireen Khattak
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Sebastiao Pratavieira
- Departamento de Fisica e Ciencia dos Materiais, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos13566-590, Brazil
| | - Carla Calcada
- Department of Cancer Biology and Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Renan Romano
- Departamento de Fisica e Ciencia dos Materiais, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos13566-590, Brazil
| | - Yeni Yucel
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5B 1W8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Vanderlei S. Bagnato
- Departamento de Fisica e Ciencia dos Materiais, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos13566-590, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Departamento de Fisica e Ciencia dos Materiais, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos13566-590, Brazil
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
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Guo H, Liu X, Li L, Chang Y, Yao W. Effect of Solvent Polarity on the Spectral Characteristics of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin. Molecules 2023; 28:5516. [PMID: 37513388 PMCID: PMC10386554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronic absorption and vibrational spectra of deprotonated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (THPP) are studied as a function of solvent polarity in H2O-DMF, H2O-acetone, H2O-methanol, and DMF-acetone mixtures. The maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of the lowest energy electronic absorption band of deprotonated THPP shows an unusual solvatochromism-a bathochromic followed by a hypsochromic shift with reduced polarity. According to the correlation analysis, both specific interactions (H-bonds) and nonspecific interactions affect the spectral changes of this porphyrin. Furthermore, the solvent polarity scale ET(30) can explain both shifts very well. At higher polarity (ET(30) > 48), THPP exists as a hyperporphyrin. The ET(30) is linear with λmax and a decrease in solvent polarity is accompanied by a bathochromic shift of λmax. These results can be rationalized in terms of the cooperative effects of H-bonds and nonspecific interactions on the spectra of hyperporphyrin. At relatively low polarity (45.5 < ET(30) < 48), hyperporphyrin gradually becomes Na2P as ET(30) reaches the critical value of 45.5. The spectrum of the hyperporphyrin turns into the three-band spectrum of the metalloporphyrin, which is accompanied by a hypsochromic shift of λmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Yanping Chang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Wanqing Yao
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
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Sharma D, Mazumder ZH, Sengupta D, Mukherjee A, Sengupta M, Das RK, Barbhuiya MH, Palit P, Jha T. Cancer photocytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory response of cis-A2B2 type meso-p-nitrophenyl and p-hydroxyphenyl porphyrin and its zinc(ii) complex: a synthetic alternative to the THPP synthon. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In comparison with the popular synthetic synthon THPP, the cis-A2B2 type of porphyrin derivative and its zinc(ii) complex PN2(OH)2Zn offer more promising photochemical and photobiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Avinaba Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology
- Charuchandra College
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata
- India
| | | | | | | | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Assam University
- Silchar
- India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata
- India
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4
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Sweed AMK, Senge MO, Atta SMS, Farrag DS, Abdel-Rahman ARH, Shaker YM. Synthesis of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin-L-amino acid and -heterocyclic conjugates based on m-THPP. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two series of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin conjugates based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin ([Formula: see text]-THPP) covalently linked to L-amino acids and heterocycles were synthesized efficiently in the context of a program targeting new photosensitizers for PDT. 5,10,15-Tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(3-oxyacetic acid)phenyl]porphyrin and the respective trihexyl ether derivatives were conjugated with polar and non-polar natural L-amino acids such as glycine, L-proline, and L-tyrosine via an amide bond linker using [Formula: see text]-tetramethyl-[Formula: see text]-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate in diisopropylethylamine (HBTU/DIPEA). [Formula: see text]-THPP was also conjugated with heterocyclic systems such as indole 3-acetic acid, 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid, and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid via ester linker using [Formula: see text]-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-[Formula: see text]-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in [Formula: see text]-hydroxysuccinamide or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (EDCI, NHS or HOBt). The members of the two series were obtained in good yields and characterized by UV-vis, HRMS MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. K. Sweed
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sanaa M. Sh. Atta
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia S. Farrag
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Yasser M. Shaker
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
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Yao YH, Li J, Yuan LF, Zhang ZQ, Zhang FX. Novel porphyrin–Schiff base conjugates: synthesis, characterization and in vitro photodynamic activities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel porphyrin–Schiff base conjugates were synthesized and characterized. Their phototoxic activities were improved after irradiation and increased significantly with the increase of doses against A431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Long-Fei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Zeng-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Feng-Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
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Barata JF, Zamarrón A, Neves MGP, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Röder B, Juarranz Á, Sanz-Rodríguez F. Photodynamic effects induced by meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole and its cyclodextrin conjugates on cytoskeletal components of HeLa cells. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Senge MO. mTHPC--a drug on its way from second to third generation photosensitizer? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:170-9. [PMID: 22594988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, Temoporfin) is a widely investigated second generation photosensitizer. Its initial use in solution form (Foscan®) is now complemented by nanoformulations (Fospeg®, Foslip®) and new chemical derivatives related to the basic hydroxyphenylporphyrin framework. Advances in formulation, chemical modifications and targeting strategies open the way for third generation photosensitizers and give an illustrative example for the developmental process of new photoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Interactions between selected photosensitizers and model membranes: an NMR classification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1661-72. [PMID: 21334303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Membrane interactions of porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs) are known to play a crucial role for PS efficiency in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the current paper, the interactions between 15 different porphyrinic PSs with various hydrophilic/lipophilic properties and phospholipid bilayers were probed by NMR spectroscopy. Unilamellar vesicles consisting of dioleoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DOPC) were used as membrane models. PS-membrane interactions were deduced from analysis of the main DOPC 1H-NMR resonances (choline and lipid chain signals). Initial membrane adsorption of the PSs was indicated by induced changes to the DOPC choline signal, i.e. a split into inner and outer choline peaks. Based on this parameter, the PSs could be classified into two groups, Type-A PSs causing a split and the Type-B PSs causing no split. A further classification into two subgroups each, A1, A2 and B1, B2 was based on the observed time-dependent changes of the main DOPC NMR signals following initial PS adsorption. Four different time-correlated patterns were found indicating different levels and rates of PS penetration into the hydrophobic membrane interior. The type of interaction was mainly affected by the amphiphilicity and the overall lipophilicity of the applied PS structures. In conclusion, the NMR data provided valuable structural and dynamic insights into the PS-membrane interactions which allow deriving the structural constraints for high membrane affinity and high membrane penetration of a given PS.
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Nazar MF, Khan AM, Shah SS. Microemulsion system with improved loading of piroxicam: a study of microstructure. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:1286-94. [PMID: 19876741 PMCID: PMC2799594 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulation of a new oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion composed of castor oil/Tween 80/ethanol/phosphate buffer for enhancing the loading capacity of an anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam has been accomplished. The pseudo-ternary phase diagram has been delineated at constant surfactant/cosurfactant ratio (1:2). The internal structure of so created four-component system was elucidated by means of an analysis of isotropic area magnitudes in the phase diagram. Conductivity (sigma), kinematic viscosity (keta), and surface tension (gamma) studies with the variation in Phiw (weight fraction of aqueous phase) show the occurrence of structural changes from water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion to oil-in-water (o/w). Along with the solubility and partition studies of piroxicam in microemulsion components, the changes in the microstructure of the microemulsion after incorporation of drug have been evaluated using pH, sigma, gamma, keta, and density studies. Piroxicam, a poorly water-soluble drug displayed high solubility (1.0%) in an optimum microemulsion formulation using ethanol (55.0%), Tween 80 (26.5%), castor oil (7.5%), and phosphate buffer (11.0%). The results have shown that the microemulsion remained stable after the incorporation of piroxicam. Fluorescence spectra analysis taking pyrene as fluorescent probe was performed, and the results showed that pyrene was completely solubilized in the oil phases of the bicontinuous microemulsions. The fluorescence spectrum of the model drug piroxicam was used to probe the intramicellar region of nonionic microemulsion. The results showed that the piroxicam was localized in the interfacial film of microemulsion systems more deeply in the palisade layer with ethanol as the cosurfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- />Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- />Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54600 Lahore, Pakistan
- />School of Science and Engineering, LUMS, Opposite U Block, DHA, 54792 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sakhawat Shah
- />Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hwang SH, Shreiner CD, Moorefield CN, Newkome GR. Recent progress and applications for metallodendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b612656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ribeiro JN, Jorge RA, Silva ARD, Flores AV, Ronchi LM, Tedesco AC. Avaliação da atividade fotodinâmica de porfirinas para uso em terapia fotodinâmica através da fotoxidação de triptofano. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702007000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neste trabalho investigou-se a atividade fotodinâmica de octaetilporfirina (OEP), octaetilporfirina de vanadil (VOOEP) e meso-tetramesitilporfirina (m-TMP). Este estudo foi realizado através da determinação da constante da velocidade de fotoxidação (k f) do aminoácido triptofano (Trp). A participação do oxigênio singlete nesta fotoxidação foi determinada através da adição de azida de sódio e água deuterada no meio de reação. Os valores de k f/10-4s-1 para a fotoxidação de Trp demonstraram que OEP (2,80 ± 0.05) é mais eficiente do que m-TMP (1,62 ± 0,07) e VOOEP (0,81 ± 0,08). Os valores de k f foram menores na presença de azida de sódio e maiores na presença de água deuterada, sugerindo que o oxigênio singlete é o responsável pela atividade fotodinâmica de OEP, VOOEP e m-TMP. Estes resultados sugerem também que as diferenças na atividade fotodinâmica entre as porfirinas podem ser associadas com as diferenças na estrutura molecular das mesmas. A presença do grupo vanadil (V=O) interfere claramente na atividade fotodinâmica de OEP causando considerável redução na sua eficiência.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A. C. Tedesco
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Espírito Santo
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