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Rat intestinal drug permeability: A status report and summary of repeated determinations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:364-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dahlgren D, Roos C, Peters K, Lundqvist A, Tannergren C, Sjögren E, Sjöblom M, Lennernäs H. Evaluation of drug permeability calculation based on luminal disappearance and plasma appearance in the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:31-37. [PMID: 31201856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The rat single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model is commonly used to investigate gastrointestinal physiology and membrane drug transport. The SPIP model can be used with the intestinal segment inside or outside the abdomen. The rats can also be treated with parecoxib, a selective cycloxygenase-2 inhibitor that has been shown to affect some intestinal functions following abdominal surgery, such as motility, epithelial permeability, fluid flux and ion transport. However, the impact of extra-abdominal placement of the intestinal segment in combination with parecoxib on intestinal drug transport has not been investigated. There is also uncertainty how well intestinal permeability determinations based on luminal drug disappearance and plasma appearance correlate in the rat SPIP model. The main objective of this rat in vivo study was to investigate the effect of intra- vs. extra-abdominal SPIP, with and without, pretreatment with parecoxib. The effect was evaluated by determining the difference in blood-to-lumen 51Cr-EDTA clearance, lumen-to-blood permeability of a cassette-dose of four model compounds (atenolol, enalaprilat, ketoprofen, and metoprolol), and water flux. The second objective was to compare the jejunal permeability values of the model drugs when determined based on luminal disappearance or plasma appearance. The study showed that the placement of the perfused jejunal segment, or the treatment with parecoxib, had minimal effects on membrane permeability and water flux. It was also shown that intestinal permeability of low permeability compounds should be determined on the basis of data from plasma appearance rather than luminal disappearance. If permeability is calculated on the basis of luminal disappearance, it should preferably include negative values to increase the accuracy in the determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Roos
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Peters
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - E Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Sjöblom
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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A. M. Subbaiah M, Mandlekar S, Desikan S, Ramar T, Subramani L, Annadurai M, Desai SD, Sinha S, Jenkins SM, Krystal MR, Subramanian M, Sridhar S, Padmanabhan S, Bhutani P, Arla R, Singh S, Sinha J, Thakur M, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Phosphate and Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Atazanavir. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3553-3574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Subbaiah MAM, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Design strategies in the prodrugs of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to improve the pharmaceutical properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:865-883. [PMID: 28865281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is currently the most effective treatment for HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) are an important component of some regimens of cART. However, PIs are known for sub-optimal ADME properties, resulting in poor oral bioavailability. This often necessitates high drug doses, combination with pharmacokinetic enhancers and/or special formulations in order to effectively deliver PIs, which may lead to a high pill burden and reduced patient compliance. As a remedy, improving the ADME properties of existing drugs via prodrug and other approaches has been pursued in addition to the development of next generation PIs with improved pharmacokinetic, resistance and side effect profiles. Phosphate prodrugs have been explored to address the solubility-limiting absorption and high excipient load. Prodrug design to target carrier-mediated drug delivery has also been explored. Amino acid prodrugs have been shown to improve permeability by engaging active transport mechanisms, reduce efflux and mitigate first pass metabolism while acyl migration prodrugs have been shown to improve solubility. Prodrug design efforts have led to the identification of one marketed agent, fosamprenavir, and clinical studies with two other prodrugs. Several of the reported approaches lack detailed in vivo characterization and hence the potential preclinical or clinical benefits of these approaches are yet to be fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Prodrug Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560009, India.
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - John F Kadow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
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Lanevskij K, Dapkunas J, Juska L, Japertas P, Didziapetris R. QSAR Analysis of Blood–Brain Distribution: The Influence of Plasma and Brain Tissue Binding. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2147-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Peng SX, Rockafellow BA, Skedzielewski TM, Huebert ND, Hageman W. Improved pharmacokinetic and bioavailability support of drug discovery using serial blood sampling in mice. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1877-84. [PMID: 18803263 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies in mice traditionally require one animal per time point, resulting in dosing and euthanizing a large number of animals and producing suboptimal quality of pharmacokinetic data due to inter-animal variability and dosing error. These studies are time-consuming and labor-intensive. To improve the throughput and quality of pharmacokinetic evaluation in mice, we have developed a serial blood sampling methodology using the lateral saphenous vein puncture technique. Two marketed drugs, indinavir and rosuvastatin, were selected for this validation study because of their distinctly different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Each compound was dosed orally and intravenously in mice using both discrete and serial blood sampling methods. The pharmacokinetic results from serial bleeding are in excellent agreement with those from discrete sampling for both compounds. Compared to the discrete sampling, the serial sampling procedure is a more humane method, allowing for rapid and repeated sampling from the same site without the need for anesthesia. The application of this new method has led to a remarkable reduction in animal and compound usage, a significant increase in throughput and speed, and a drastic improvement in pharmacokinetic data quality. This approach is especially useful for the first-tier in vivo pharmacokinetic screening of discovery compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Peng
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
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Roche D, Greiner J, Aubertin AM, Vierling P. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of valine-containing prodrugs derived from clinically used HIV-protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1506-18. [PMID: 17950955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an approach to improve the pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of the current protease inhibitors (PIs) used in clinics, and consequently, their therapeutic potential, we performed the synthesis of PI-spacer-valine prodrugs (PI=saquinavir, nelfinavir and indinavir; spacer=-C(O)(CH(2))(5)NH-), and evaluated their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis, anti-HIV activity, cytotoxicity, and permeation through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells (used as a model of the intestinal barrier), as compared with their parent PI and first generation of valine-PIs (wherein valine was directly connected through its carboxyl to the PIs). The PI-spacer-valine conjugates were prepared in two steps, in good yields, by condensing an acid derivative of the appropriate protected valine-spacer moiety with the PI, followed by deprotection of the valine protecting group. With respect to hydrolysis, we found that the PI-spacer-valine prodrugs were chemically more stable than the first generation of PI-Val prodrugs. Their stabilities correlated with the low to very low in vitro anti-HIV activity measured for those prodrugs wherein the coupling of valine-spacer residue to the PIs was performed onto the peptidomimetic PI's hydroxyl. Prodrugs wherein the coupling of the valine-spacer residue was performed onto the non-peptidomimetic PI hydroxyl displayed a higher antiviral activity, indicating that these prodrugs are also to some extent anti-HIV drugs by themselves. While the direct conjugation of L-valine to the PIs constituted a most appealing alternative, which improved their absorptive diffusion across Caco-2 cell monolayers and reduced their recognition by efflux carriers, its conjugation to the PIs through the -C(O)(CH(2))(5)NH- spacer was found to inhibit their absorptive and secretory transepithelial transport. This was attributable to a drastic reduction of their passive permeation and/or active transport, indicating that the PI-spacer-valine conjugates are poor substrates of the aminoacid carrier system located at the brush border side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Roche
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes, UMR 6001, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Nice, France
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Hirunpanich V, Sato H. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits saquinavir metabolism in-vitro and enhances its bioavailability in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:651-8. [PMID: 16640834 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the metabolism of saquinavir by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in-vitro using rat liver microsomes and in-vivo using rats. DHA showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of in-vitro saquinavir metabolism with Km, Vmax and Ki values of 2.21 microM, 0.054 micromol h(-1) (mg protein)(-1) and 149.6 microM, respectively. After oral co-administration with 250 microg kg(-1) DHA, the bioavailability of saquinavir significantly increased approximately 4 fold (P < 0.01) without affecting the elimination half-life, as compared with the control. In contrast, oral administration of DHA did not affect the kinetic parameters of saquinavir administered intravenously. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of DHA on saquinavir metabolism predominantly takes place in the gut and imply that DHA impairs the function of enteric, but not of hepatic, CYP3A. The pharmacokinetic interaction occurred only when DHA was taken simultaneously with oral administration of saquinavir. These results considered together with the lack of time-dependent saquinavir metabolism inactivation effects in-vitro, imply that the inhibitory effect of DHA is primarily reversible. It is concluded that DHA inhibited saquinavir metabolism in-vitro and enhanced the oral bioavailability of saquinavir in rats.
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