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Li N, Zhao Z, Ma H, Liu Y, Nwafor EO, Zhu S, Jia L, Pang X, Han Z, Tian B, Pan H, Liu Z, Pan W. Optimization and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan-Coated Baicalin mPEG-PLGA Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cataract. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3831-3845. [PMID: 36067066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of low-molecular-weight chitosan-coated baicalin methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) nanoparticles (BA LCH NPs) for the treatment of cataract. mPEG-PLGA NPs were optimized by the Box-Behnken design and the central composite design based on the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. Then, the BA LCH NPs were characterized based on morphology, particle size, and zeta potentials. The analytical data of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy depicted the drug excipient compatibility. In vitro, we evaluated cell viability, cellular uptake, potential ocular irritation, transcorneal permeability, and the precorneal retention of BA LCH NPs. In vivo, the chronic selenium cataract model was selected to assess the therapeutic effect of BA LCH NPs. The size of BA LCH NPs was within the range from 148 to 219 nm and the zeta potential was 19-25 mV. Cellular uptake results showed that the fluorescence intensity of the preparations in each group increased with time, and the fluorescence intensity of the LCH NP group was significantly higher than that of the solution group. The optimized BA LCH NPs improved precorneal residence time without causing eye irritation and also showed a sustained release of BA through the cornea for effective management of cataract. Also, fluorescence tracking on the rabbit cornea showed increased corneal retention of the LCH NPs. In addition, the results of therapeutic efficacy demonstrated that BA LCH NPs can significantly reduce the content of malondialdehyde and enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, which was comparable to positive control and better than the BA solution group. Thus, it can be inferred that the BA LCH NPs are a promising drug delivery system for enhancing the ophthalmic administration of BA to the posterior segment of the eye and improving cataract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ebuka-Olisaemeka Nwafor
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Linlin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaochen Pang
- Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- Baokang Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - BaoCheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Physiological Doses of Oleic and Palmitic Acids Protect Human Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165217. [PMID: 36014457 PMCID: PMC9415781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to be a pathogenic mechanism to induce endothelial dysfunction and the onset of cardiovascular disease. Elevated levels of free fatty acids can cause oxidative stress by increasing mitochondrial uncoupling but, at physiological concentrations, they are essential for cell and tissue function and olive oil free fatty acids have proved to exhibit beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that realistic concentrations within the physiological range of oleic (OA) and palmitic (PA) acids could be beneficial in the prevention of oxidative stress in vascular endothelium. Hence, pre-treatment and co-treatment with realistic physiological doses of palmitic and oleic acids were tested on cultured endothelial cells submitted to a chemically induced oxidative stress to investigate their potential chemo-protective effect. Cell viability and markers of oxidative status: reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were evaluated. As a conclusion, the increased ROS generation induced by stress was significantly prevented by a pre- and co-treatment with PA or OA. Moreover, pre- and co-treatment of cells with FFAs recovered the stress-induced MDA concentration to control values and significantly recovered depleted GSH and normalized GPx and GR activities. Finally, pre- and co-treatment of cells with physiological concentrations of PA or OA in the low micromolar range conferred a substantial protection of cell viability against an oxidative insult.
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Scutellaria baicalensis and its constituents baicalin and baicalein as antidotes or protective agents against chemical toxicities: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:1297-1329. [PMID: 35676380 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis (SB), also known as the Chinese skullcap, has a long history of being used in Chinese medicine to treat a variety of conditions ranging from microbial infections to metabolic syndrome and malignancies. Numerous studies have reported that treatment with total SB extract or two main flavonoids found in its root and leaves, baicalin (BA) and baicalein (BE), can prevent or alleviate the detrimental toxic effects of exposure to various chemical compounds. It has been shown that BA and BE are generally behind the protective effects of SB against toxicants. This paper aimed to review the protective and therapeutic effects of SB and its main components BA and BE against chemical compounds that can cause intoxication after acute or chronic exposure and seriously affect different vital organs including the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys. In this review paper, we had a look into a total of 221 in vitro and in vivo studies from 1995 to 2021 from the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science which reported protective or therapeutic effects of BA, BE, or SB against drugs and chemicals that one might be exposed to on a professional or accidental basis and compounds that are primarily used to simulate disease models. In conclusion, the protective effects of SB and its flavonoids can be mainly attributed to increase in antioxidants enzymes, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of inflammatory cytokines, and suppression of apoptosis pathway.
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Hamdan N, Alkasir R, Fan YS, Li Q, Li HH, Dong SQ, Fan K, Liu ZJ. Transcriptome Analysis and Characterized Differentially Regulated Genes Between Treated and Untreated SaOS-2 Cells with Baicalein. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.164.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang ZL, Wang S, Kuang Y, Hu ZM, Qiao X, Ye M. A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of Scutellaria baicalensis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:465-484. [PMID: 31070530 PMCID: PMC6292351 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1492620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) is a popular medicinal plant. Its roots are used as the famous traditional Chinese medicine Huang-Qin, which is recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, and British Pharmacopoeia. OBJECTIVE This review comprehensively summarizes research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of S. baicalensis. METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1973 to March 2018 was collected from databases including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, Elsevier, Baidu Scholar (Chinese), and CNKI (Chinese). Scutellaria baicalensis, chemical constituents, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biosynthesis were used as the key words. RESULTS A total of 126 small molecules (1-126) and 6 polysaccharides have been isolated from S. baicalensis. The small molecules can be classified into four structural types, namely, free flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and other small molecules. Extracts of S. baicalensis and its major chemical constituents have been reported to possess anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Key steps in the biosynthetic pathways of Scutellaria flavonoids have also been summarized. CONCLUSIONS This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in the chemical constituents, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and clinical applications of S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Min Ye State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100191, China
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Liu Y, Jia L, Min D, Xu Y, Zhu J, Sun Z. Baicalin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating the MEG3/p53 pathway following treatment with ox‑LDL. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:901-913. [PMID: 30535498 PMCID: PMC6317676 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a systemic disease associated with lipid metabolic disorders and abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Baicalin is a flavonoid compound isolated from the dry roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and exerts anti-proliferative effects in various types of cells. However, the effect of baicalin on AS remains unclear. In the present study, serum samples were collected from patients with AS and an in vitro model of AS was established using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs). The siRNA transfection and overexpression efficiency of endogenous maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) and the expression level of MEG3 were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The effects of alterations in expression levels of MEG3 were assessed by MTT assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining, wound healing assay, immunofluorescence and western blotting in HA-VSMCs. qPCR indicated that the expression of MEG3 was reduced in serum samples from patients with AS and ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs, compared with serum samples from healthy patients and untreated HA-VSMCs, respectively. Further experiments indicated that ox-LDL-induced decrease of MEG3 expression was reversed by treatment with baicalin in a concentration-dependent manner. Following treatment with ox-LDL, decreased expression of MEG3 promoted proliferation and migration, and suppressed apoptosis in HA-VSMCs. Furthermore, treatment with baicalin reversed these effects on proliferation and apoptosis in ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs. The current study indicated that downregulated expression of MEG3 increased cell cycle-associated protein expression. However, treatment with baicalin inhibited the expression of cell-cycle associated proteins in HA-VSMCs with MEG3 knockdown. In addition, baicalin activated the p53 signaling pathway and promoted the expression and transport of p53 from the cytoplasm to nucleus following MEG3 knockdown in ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs. Baicalin inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis by regulating the expression of MEG3/p53, indicating that baicalin may serve a role in AS by activating the MEG3/p53 signaling pathway. The present study suggested a potential mechanism underlying the protective role of baicalin in the in vitro model of AS, and these results may be used to develop novel therapeutic approaches for the affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, P.R. China
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110847, P.R. China
| | - Dongyu Min
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Experimental Center, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, P.R. China
| | - Jinquan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, P.R. China
| | - Zengxian Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, P.R. China
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Chen HS, Chen X, Li WT, Shen JG. Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:669-682. [PMID: 29595191 PMCID: PMC5943912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Teixeira AH, Freire JMDO, de Sousa LHT, Parente AT, de Sousa NA, Arriaga AMC, Lopes da Silva FR, Melo IM, Castro da Silva II, Pereira KMA, Goes P, Costa JJDN, Cristino-Filho G, Pinto VDPT, Chaves HV, Bezerra MM. Stemodia maritima L. Extract Decreases Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Alveolar Bone Loss in an Experimental Periodontitis Rat Model. Front Physiol 2017; 8:988. [PMID: 29249988 PMCID: PMC5717945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is very prevalent worldwide and is one of the major causes of tooth loss in adults. About 80% of the worldwide population use medicinal plants for their health care. Stemodia maritima L. (S. maritima) antioxidant and antimicrobial effects in vitro as well as anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, the potential therapeutic effect of S. maritima was assessed in rats subjected to experimental periodontitis (EP). EP was induced in female Wistar rats by nylon thread ligature around 2nd upper left molars for 11 days. Animals received (per os) S. maritima (0.2; 1 or 5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline + DMSO) 1 h before ligature and then once daily for 11 days. The naive group had no manipulation. After this time-point, the animals were terminally anesthetized, and the maxillae were removed for morphometric and histological analyzes (HE). Gingival tissues were dissected to cytokine levels detection (TNF-α, IL1-β, CINC-1, and IL-10), enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) analysis, as well as gene expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, RANK, and iNOS) by qRT-PCR. Systemic parameters (weight variation, plasma levels of hepatic enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, total alkaline phosphatase (TALP), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were performed. Histological analysis of the stomach, liver, kidney, and heart was also performed. S. maritima (5 mg/kg) decreased alveolar bone loss, TNF-α and CINC-1 gingival levels, oxidative stress, and transcription of TNF-α, IL1-β, RANK, and iNOS genes. It elevated both BALP activity and IL-10 gingival levels. The animals showed no any signs of toxicity. In conclusion, S. maritima reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative stress, and alveolar bone loss in a pre-clinical trial of periodontitis. S. maritima is a potential tool for controlling the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alrieta H Teixeira
- RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Dentistry School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Angela M C Arriaga
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Iracema M Melo
- Dentistry School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | - Karuza M A Pereira
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paula Goes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mirna M Bezerra
- RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
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Liu Y, Ma Y, Xu J, Chen Y, Xie J, Yue P, Zheng Q, Yang M. Apolipoproteins adsorption and brain-targeting evaluation of baicalin nanocrystals modified by combination of Tween80 and TPGS. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:619-627. [PMID: 29031222 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To help baicalin pass across BBB and improve its targeting in brain, we designed a novel formulation strategy of baicalin nanocrystals that preferentially adsorbing apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and repelling protein adsorption of opsonins. Intravenous baicalin nanocrystals suspensions (BCL-NS) modified by different surfactant were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The targeting potential of surface-modified BCL-NS with mean particles size of about 250nm was assessed by in vitro protein adsorption studies using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), and further evaluated in vivo pharmacokinetics. The protein adsorption results showed that BCL-NS/TPGS, BCL-NS/TW80 and BCL-NS/TPGS+TW80 adsorbed very high amounts of apolipoproteins (ApoA-I, ApoA-Ⅱ, ApoA-IV, ApoC-III, ApoE, ApoJ) and relative low amounts of opsonins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma, immunoglobulin light chain). The pharmacokinetics results demonstrated the AUC (0-∞) in brain of the BCL-NS/TW80+TPGS was 6.67 times as high as that of the BCL solution, and 2.59 times as high as that of the BCL-NS/TW80. It could be attributed to the most ApoE and Apo J adsorption indicative of strong BBB penetration, and least IgG γ and fibrinogen loading minimizing the risk of hepatic uptake. Combination of TW80 and TPGS can be rational choice of surfactants of baicalin nanocrystals for brain-targeting mediated by ApoE adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yueqin Ma
- Departments of Pharmacy, 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingchong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
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Jin Z, Huang J, Zhu Z. Baicalein reduces endometriosis by suppressing the viability of human endometrial stromal cells through the nuclear factor-κB pathway in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2992-2998. [PMID: 28912852 PMCID: PMC5585734 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of baicalein on human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Ectopic endometrium samples were obtained from 6 female patients with ovarian endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgical procedures from July to September 2015. After culturing the cells, immunocytochemistry was performed to verify the purity and homogeneity of the endometrial stromal cells, and a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability. In addition, cell cycle progression was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the effects of baicalein on the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 in endometrial stromal cells were evaluated using western blot analysis. The related signaling pathways were also investigated by incubating cells with inhibitors of signaling pathways, prior to adding 40 µM baicalein for 48 h, followed by analysis of cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The results indicated that treatment with baicalein significantly induced a dose-dependent decrease (P<0.05) in the viability of human endometrial stromal cells, which was abolished by inhibition of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. However, baicalein treatment did not induce a time-dependent decrease in viability, as cell viabilities between the 24, 48 and 72 h treatment groups did not differ significantly. The number of cells in the G0/G1 phase significantly increased following treatment with baicalein (P<0.05), while the number of cells in the S and G2/M phases significantly decreased (P<0.05). Baicalein-treated cells also exhibited significantly reduced expression of Bcl-2, PCNA and cyclin D1 compared with control cells (P<0.05). These results suggested that baicalein may suppress the viability of human endometrial stromal cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro, and may induce apoptosis and promote cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Thus, baicalein may provide a novel treatment option for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Tao JH, Xu J, Jiang S, Ling Y, Wang DG. Simultaneous determination of the bioactive components in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of radix Scutellariae extract. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28205294 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of the four main bioactive compounds, i.e. baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin, in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Scutellariae extract. Clarithromycin was used as an internal standard (IS). Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation with methanol. The separation was performed on an Acquity BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile as mobile phase. The MS/MS ion transit ions monitored were 447.5 → 270.1 for baicalin, 270.1 → 168.1 for baicalein, 461.2 → 284.0 for wogonoside, 284.2 → 168.1 for wogonin and 748.5 → 158.1 for IS. Method validation was performed according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) achieved was 1.13 ng/mL for baicalin, 1.23 ng/mL for baicalein, 0.82 ng/mL for wogonoside and 0.36 ng/mL for wogonin. The calibration curves obtained were linear (r > 0.99) over the concentration range ~ 1-1000 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision was <15% and the accuracy was within ±14.7%. After validation, this method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Radix Scutellariae extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Geng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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Antiperoxynitrite Treatment Ameliorates Vasorelaxation of Resistance Arteries in Aging Rats: Involvement With Protection of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 68:334-341. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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He XW, Yu D, Li WL, Zheng Z, Lv CL, Li C, Liu P, Xu CQ, Hu XF, Jin XP. Anti-atherosclerotic potential of baicalin mediated by promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages via the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Liu G, Wang J, Deng XH, Ma PS, Li FM, Peng XD, Niu Y, Sun T, Li YX, Yu JQ. The Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Oxysophocarpine on Pilocarpine-Induced Convulsions in Adult Male Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:339-349. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen H, Guan B, Shen J. Targeting ONOO -/HMGB1/MMP-9 Signaling Cascades: Potential for Drug Development from Chinese Medicine to Attenuate Ischemic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Thrombolytic Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000442468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Chen H, Li Z, Li YJ, Wu XW, Wang SR, Chen K, Zheng XX, Du Q, Tang DQ. Simultaneous determination of baicalin, oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide and wogonoside in rat plasma by UPLC-DAD and its application in pharmacokinetics of pure baicalin, Radix Scutellariae and Yinhuang granule. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1819-25. [PMID: 26018907 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel UPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of baicalin (baicalein-7-glucuronide, BG), oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide (OAG) and wogonoside (WG) in rat plasma using rutin as the internal standard. Plasma samples were precipitated using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) using gradient acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid water solution as mobile phase. The flow-rate was set at 0.4 mL/min and the eluate was detected at 275 nm. The method was linear over the ranges of 0.075-17.50, 0.050-12.60 and 0.056-14.10 µg/mL for BG, OAG and WG, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precisions were respectively <4.8% and 6.4%. All of the limits of detection of three analytes in rat plasma were 0.01 µg/mL, whereas the limits of quantification were, respectively, 0.035, 0.025 and, 0.025 µg/mL. This assay has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetics of BG, OAG and WG in rats after oral administration of Yinhuang granule (YHG) and comparative pharmacokinetics of BG in rats following oral administration of the pure BG, Radix Scutellariae (RS) or YHG. We speculate that some co-existing ingredients in RS or YHG may increase the absorption and elimination of BG in rat. This work may be helpful for the quality control of Yinhuang granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China.,Xuzhou Institute for Drug Control, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Yin-jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xiao-wen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Shi-rui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, the First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Qian Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Dao-quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
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Kim TW, Choi JM, Kim MS, Son HY, Lim JH. Topical application of Scutellaria baicalensis suppresses 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:705-9. [PMID: 25942587 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a prototypic T-cell-mediated cutaneous inflammatory response. In the present study we describe the anti-allergic effect of topically applied Scutellaria bacalensis aqueous extract (WSBE) in suppressing 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced ACD in BALB/c mice. Topically applied WSBE attenuated the epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration into the skin in DNCB-induced contact dermatitis. Furthermore, WSBE suppressed DNCB-induced production of serum IgE as well as IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the skin. Topical application of WSBE also ameliorated the significant decrease in dermal glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. Moreover, present results demonstrated that the baicalin, bioactive compound of WSBE, was able to penetrate into the skin following topical application, which was confirmed by the HPLC analysis using rat model. Taken together, topical application of WSBE exerts beneficial effects in contact dermatitis model, suggesting that WSBE might be a candidate for the treatment of contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Mook Choi
- b Graduated School of the New Drug Development, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Seok Kim
- c Central Research Institutes, Hawon Pharmaceutical , Jangheung-gun 529-851 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- d Huons Research Institutes, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan 426-791 , Republic of Korea
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Baicalein induces human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 apoptosis via ROS-induced BNIP3 expression. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4731-40. [PMID: 25618603 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a flavonoid compound, is one of the active constituents of the root of Scutellariae Radix. Its antitumor effects have attracted widespread attention worldwide. One of its major functions is to induce the apoptosis of tumor cells, but the antitumor mechanism is currently unclear. In the present study, we found that baicalein increased MG-63 cell mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, baicalein activated apoptosis through induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and that ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) apparently inhibited intracellular ROS production, consequently attenuating the baicalein-induced apoptosis. Baicalein also induce the mitochondrial fragmentation which precedes the cell apoptosis. This morphological alteration is accompanied by an increase in the expression of the protein BNIP3 as well as Mul1 and Drp1. Furthermore, we show that the inhibition of BNIP3 expression can inhibit cell apoptosis by baicalein treatment. Taken together, our results bring the evidence of a mechanism that links apoptosis and ROS-induced BNIP3 expression in MG-63 cells with bacalein treatment and suggest that baicalein has a good potential as an anti-osteosarcoma drug.
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YANG YF, LI Z, XIN WF, WANG YY, ZHANG WS. Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution differences of baicalin in rat underlying the effect of Panax notoginsenosides after intravenous administration. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:632-40. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Huang S, Huang Q, Huang B, Lu F. The effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on immune response in mouse model of experimental periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Xu M, Chen X, Gu Y, Peng T, Yang D, Chang RCC, So KF, Liu K, Shen J. Baicalin can scavenge peroxynitrite and ameliorate endogenous peroxynitrite-mediated neurotoxicity in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:116-124. [PMID: 23973788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baicalin is one of the principal flavonoids isolated from the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi that has long been used to treat ischemic stroke. However, its neuroprotective mechanisms against cerebral ischemia injury are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of baicalin against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS In chemical systems, we conducted electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping experiments to evaluate the scavenging effects of baicalin on superoxide and nitric oxide, and mass spectrometry (MS) studies on the reaction of baicalin and peroxynitrite. In cellular experiments, we investigated the effects of baicalin against extraneous and endogenous peroxynitrite mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells treated with peroxynitrite donor, synthesized peroxynitrite and exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/RO) in vitro. Moreover, we studied the neuroprotective effects of baicalin by using a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo. FeTMPyP, a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, was used as positive control. Cell viability and apoptotic cell death was accessed by MTT assay and TUNEL assay respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine formation and infarction volume were detected by immunostaining experiments and TTC staining respectively. RESULTS Baicalin revealed strong antioxidant ability by directly scavenging superoxide and reacting with peroxynitrite. Baicalin protected the neuronal cells from extraneous and endogenous peroxynitrite-induced neurotoxicity. In ischemia-reperfused brains, baicalin inhibited the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, reduced infarct size and attenuated apoptotic cell death, whose effects were similar to FeTMPyP. CONCLUSIONS Baicalin can directly scavenge peroxynitrite and the peroxynitrite-scavenging ability contributes to its neuroprotective mechanisms against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Jung MA, Jang SE, Hong SW, Hana MJ, Kim DH. The role of intestinal microflora in anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin in mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:36-42. [PMID: 24116272 PMCID: PMC3792199 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin, a main constituent of the rhizome of Scutellaria baicalensis, is metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A in the intestine before its absorption. To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the pharmacological activities of baicalin, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effect in mice treated with and without antibiotics. Orally administered baicalin showed the anti-inflammatory effect in mice than intraperitoneally treated one, apart from intraperitoneally administered its metabolites, baicalein and oroxylin A, which potently inhibited LPS-induced inflammation. Of these metabolites, oroxylin A showed more potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, treatment with the mixture of cefadroxil, oxytetracycline and erythromycin (COE) significantly attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of orally administered baicalin in mice. Treatment with COE also reduced intestinal bacterial fecal β-glucuronidase activity. The metabolic activity of human stools is significantly different between individuals, but neither between ages nor between male and female. Baicalin was metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A, with metabolic activities of 1.427 ± 0.818 and 1.025 ± 0.603 pmol/min/mg wet weight, respectively. Baicalin and its metabolites also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, and the activation of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Of them, oroxylin A showed the most potent inhibition. Based on these findings, baicalin may be metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A by intestinal microflora, which enhance its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
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UPLC-Q-TOF/MS for Analysis of the Metabolites of Flavone Glycosides from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi by Human Fecal Flora in Vitro. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Liu YF, Gao F, Li XW, Jia RH, Meng XD, Zhao R, Jing YY, Wang Y, Jiang W. The Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Baicalin on Pilocarpine-Induced Epileptic Model in Rats. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1670-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Ding C, Wu C, Du K, Zhang J, Qin H, Hou J, Du G. HPLC–MS and HPLC–MS/MS analysis of seven active constituents of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction and application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration to rat. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Ye G, Tang YH, Wang GY, Li ZX, Zhu HY, Ma CH, Sun ZL, Huang CG. Characterization of the Multiple Absorbed Constituents in Rats after Oral Administration of Chai-Huang Decoction by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:2917-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Bae SJ, Lee JS, Lee EK, Kim JM, Choi J, Heo HS, Yu BP, Chung HY. The anti-apoptotic action of 5-hydroxyindole: protection of mitochondrial integrity. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:550-5. [PMID: 20410584 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxyindole (5HI), a metabolite of tryptophan, is involved in learning and memory, central neuron system regulation, and anti-oxidant activity. However, its protective action in mitochondrial function is not clear. Here, we tested whether 5HI protects against tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in human fibroblast cells. 5HI significantly suppressed t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity as determined by intracellular reactive species generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) generation. In addition, 5HI reduced t-BHP-induced DNA condensation. Pretreatment with 5HI significantly restored mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), suggesting that it protected cells against t-BHP-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis also revealed that 5HI markedly inhibited cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, but not caspase-9 activation. Our data suggest that 5HI protects cells by attenuating oxidative stress and consequently protects against mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Bae
- Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Korea
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Anti-pruritic effect of baicalin and its metabolites, baicalein and oroxylin A, in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:718-24. [PMID: 20453872 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether intestinal microflora plays a role in anti-pruritic activity of baicalin, a main constituent of the rhizome of Scutellaria baicalensis (SB). METHODS Baicalin was anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, and its metabolites, baicalein and oroxylin A, were isolated. The inhibitory effect of baicalin and its metabolites was accessed in histamine- or compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior in mice. RESULTS Baicalin was metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A, with metabolic activities of 40.2+/-26.2 and 1.2+/-1.1 nmol.h(-1).mg(-1) wet weight of human fecal microflora, respectively. Baicalin (20, 50 mg/kg) showed more potent inhibitory effect on histamine-induced scratching behavior when orally administered than intraperitoneally. In contrast, baicalein and oroxylin A had more potent inhibitory effect when the intraperitoneally administered. The anti-scratching behavior activity of oral baicalin and its metabolites was in proportion to their inhibition on histamine-induced increase of vascular permeability with oroxylin A more potent than baicalein and baicalin. In Magnus test using guinea pig ileum, oroxylin A is more potent than baicalein and baicalin in inhibition of histamine-induced contraction. The anti-scratching behavioral effect of oral baicalin was significantly reduced when oral antibiotics were simultaneously administered, whereas the effect of baicalein and oroxylin A were not affected. CONCLUSION Oral baicalin may be metabolized by intestinal microflora into baicalein and oroxylin A, which ameliorate pruritic reactions through anti-histamine action.
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Wang Y, Yao Y, An R, You L, Wang X. Simultaneous determination of puerarin, daidzein, baicalin, wogonoside and liquiritin of GegenQinlian decoction in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1820-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Trinh HT, Jang SY, Han MJ, Kawk HY, Baek NI, Kim DH. Metabolism of Wogonoside by Human Fecal Microflora and Its Anti-pruritic Effect. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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An R, Wang Y, You L, Wang X. UPLC–MS Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Eight Components in the ‘Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian’ Tablets. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jung SH, Kang KD, Ji D, Fawcett RJ, Safa R, Kamalden TA, Osborne NN. The flavonoid baicalin counteracts ischemic and oxidative insults to retinal cells and lipid peroxidation to brain membranes. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:325-37. [PMID: 18835309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the flavonoid, baicalin is effective at blunting the negative influence of ischemia/reperfusion to the rat retina in situ and of various insults to a transformed retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5 cells) in culture. Baicalin was administered intraperitoneally just before and after an ischemic insult to retina of one eye of a rat. Ischemia was delivered by raising the intraocular pressure above the systolic blood pressure for 50min. Seven days after ischemia, retinas were analysed for the localisation of various antigens. Retinal extracts were also analysed for various mRNAs. Moreover, the content of specific proteins was deduced in retinal and optic nerve extracts. Also, RGC-5 cells in culture were given one of three different insults, light (1000lx for 2 days), hydrogen peroxide (200microM H(2)O(2) for 24h) or serum deprivation (48h) where cell survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was assayed. Moreover, a lipid peroxidation assay was used to compare the antioxidant capacity of baicalin with the flavonoid, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Ischemia/reperfusion to the retina affected the localisation of Thy-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the content of various proteins (optic nerve and retina) and mRNAs (retina). Importantly, baicalin statistically blunted most of the effects induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Only the increase in caspase-8 and caspase-3 mRNAs caused by ischemia/reperfusion were unaffected by baicalin treatment. Baicalin also attenuated significantly the negative insult of light, hydrogen peroxide and serum withdrawal to RGC-5 cells. In the lipid peroxidation studies, baicalin was also found to be equally effective as EGCG to act as an antioxidant. Significantly, the negative insult of serum withdrawal on RGC-5 cell survival was blunted by baicalin but not by EGCG revealing the different properties of the two flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Jung
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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A comparison of the effects of kaempferol and quercetin on cytokine-induced pro-inflammatory status of cultured human endothelial cells. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:968-76. [PMID: 18394220 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508966083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial cell selectin (E-selectin), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and on the activation of the signalling molecules NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1), induced by a cytokine mixture in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Inhibition of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation did not differ among both flavonols at 1 micromol/l but was significantly stronger for kaempferol at 5-50 micromol/l. Supplementation with increasing concentrations of kaempferol substantially attenuated the increase induced by the cytokine mixture in VCAM-1 (10-50 micromol/l), ICAM-1 (50 micromol/l) and E-selectin (5-50 micromol/l) expression. A significantly inhibitory effect of quercetin on VCAM-1 (10-50 micromol/l), ICAM-1 (50 micromol/l) and E-selectin (50 micromol/l) expression was also observed. Expression of adhesion molecules was always more strongly inhibited in kaempferol-treated than in quercetin-treated cells. The inhibitory effect on iNOS and COX-2 protein level was stronger for quercetin at 5-50 micromol/l. The effect of kaempferol on NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding activity was weaker at high concentrations (50 micromol/l) as compared with quercetin. The present study indicates that differences exist in the modulation of pro-inflammatory genes and in the blockade of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by kaempferol and quercetin. The minor structural differences between both flavonols determine differences in their anti-inflammatory properties and in their efficiency in inhibiting signalling molecules.
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Baicalin inhibits macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide and protects mice from endotoxin shock. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:914-22. [PMID: 18191816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin (BA) exhibits anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and in vitro and is used to treat inflammatory diseases. Here, we report that BA inhibits the activation of macrophage and protects mice from macrophage-mediated endotoxin shock. The experiments in vitro showed BA suppressed the increased generation of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by LPS or Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) without directly affecting iNOS activity in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, BA inhibited the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), whereas augmented the level of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, BA inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, endothelin (ET)-1 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. In animal model, BA protected mice from endotoxin shock induced by d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/LPS possibly through inhibiting the production of cytokine and NO. Collectively, BA inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophage and may be a potential target for treatment of macrophage-mediated diseases.
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Cai X, Li C, Du G, Cao Z. Protective effects of baicalin on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2007; 43:14-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lu T, Song J, Huang F, Deng Y, Xie L, Wang G, Liu X. Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin after oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae extract and Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang to rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:412-8. [PMID: 17110066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) is an important "heat-clearing" multiherb remedy of traditional Chinese medicine, and Radix scutellariae (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Labiatae) is a key ingredient herb in it. Baicalin and wogonoside are two main effective ingredients enriched in Radix scutellariae. In the present study, pharmacokinetic differences of baicalin following oral administration of pure baicalin, Radix scutellariae extract, baicalin co-administrated with extract of the other three herbs of HLJDT and HLJDT were investigated in male S.D. rats with approximately the same dose of 200 mg/kg baicalin. The pharmacokinetic comparison of wogonoside was conducted only in Radix scutellariae extract and HLJDT. Plasma concentrations of baicalin and wogonoside were determined using HPLC method. Unpaired Student's t-test was used for statistical comparison. The results indicated that baicalin and wogonoside demonstrated bimodal phenomenon in the plasma profile. Some ingredients in the other three herbs of HLJDT, not in Radix scutellariae itself, had pharmacokinetic interaction with baicalin and wogonoside and hence decreased their systematic exposure level (p<0.01). The absorption site of baicalin was preliminary evaluated in rat using in situ absorption in stomach and different intestinal segments and results revealed the existence of double-site absorption of baicalin. The first absorption site was in upper intestinal, probably via directly absorption of baicalin; while the second absorption site was in colon in the form of aglygon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu Provience, PR China
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