Antibodies to S100 proteins have anxiolytic-like activity at ultra-low doses in the adult rat

Sexual dimorphism in neurobehavioural phenotype and gut microbial composition upon long-term exposure to structural analogues of bisphenol-A

Bisphenol S (BPS) and Bisphenol F (BPF), the analogues of the legacy endocrine disrupting chemical, Bisphenol A (BPA) are ubiquitous in the environment and present in various consumer goods, and potentially neurotoxic. Here, we studied sex-specific responses of bisphenols on behavioural phenotypes, including their association with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and altered neurotransmitters levels, and the key gut microbial abundances. Neurobehavioural changes, using standard test battery, biochemical and molecular estimations for inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and oxido-nitrosative stress markers, gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR, H&E based histological investigations, gut permeability assays and Oxford Nanopore-based 16S-rRNA metagenomics sequencing for the gut microbial abundance estimations were performed. Bisphenol(s) exposure induces anxiety and depression-like behaviours, particularly in the male mice, with heightened pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and systemic endotoxemia, altered monoamine neurotransmitters levels/turnovers and hippocampal neuronal degeneration and inflammatory responses in the brain. They also increased gut permeability and altered microbial diversity, particularly in males. Present study provides evidence for sex-specific discrepancies in neurobehavioural phenotypes and gut microbiota, which necessitate a nuanced understanding of sex-dependent responses to bisphenols. The study contributes to ongoing discussions on the multifaceted implications of bisphenols exposure and underscores the need for tailored regulatory measures to mitigate potential health risks associated with them.

Vascular cognitive impairment: pathophysiological mechanisms, insights into structural basis, and perspectives in specific treatments

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and vascular dementia are the most common forms of cognitive disorder associated with cerebrovascular disease and related to increased morbidity and mortality among the older population. Growing evidence suggests the contribution of blood-pressure variability, cardiac arrhythmia, hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling and stiffness, different angiopathies, neural tissue homeostasis, and systemic metabolic disorders to the pathophysiology of VCI. In this review, we focus on factors contributing to cerebrovascular disease, neurovascular unit alterations, and novel approaches to cognitive improvement in patients with cognitive decline. One of the important factors associated with the neuronal causes of VCI is the S100B protein, which can affect the expression of cytokines in the brain, support homeostasis, and regulate processes of differentiation, repair, and apoptosis of the nervous tissue. Since the pathological basis of VCI is complex and diverse, treatment affecting the mechanisms of cognitive disorders should be developed. The prospective role of a novel complex drug consisting of released-active antibodies to S100 and to endothelial NO synthase in VCI treatment is highlighted.

Dose-Response Effect of Antibodies to S100 Protein and Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in Released-Active Form in the Light-Dark Test in Mice

Earlier studies have shown that combination of antibodies to S100 protein and to cannabinoid receptor type 1 in released-active form (Brizantin) may possess anxiolytic properties and decrease nicotine dependence. Released-active form of antibodies is a novel approach that permits to modify natural functions of the target molecule (antigen) under investigation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic-like effect of Brizantin in the light-dark test in mice, according to its ability to influence the number of entries into the lit compartment and the total time spent there. Three doses of Brizantin (2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg) were compared with diazepam (1 mg/kg), placebo, and vehicle control. Anxiolytic-like effect of the tested drug was shown to be dose dependent, with an increasing trend from 2.5 to 10 mL/kg. Brizantin in its highest dose significantly increased studied behavioral parameters, although its effect was less pronounced than that of the reference drug diazepam (1 mg/kg).

[Nitric oxide: from the mechanism of action to pharmacological effects in cerebrovascular diseases]

The article presents the data of studies of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases. It is emphasized that endothelial dysfunction contributes to the formation of cerebrovascular diseases. Generalized data on preparations with endothelioprotective effect, as well as own data on the use of the preparation 'Divaza' in patients of middle and advanced age with chronic cerebrovascular disease are given.

[Antiamnesic effects divaza and its component model β-amyloid amnesia]

AIM

On amnesia models induced by (icv) injection of β-amyloid fragment 25-35 peptide were evaluated antiamnestic actitity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

It was used of active antibody preparations (RA AT) to protein S100 (tenoten), to eNOS (impaza) and combinations (divaza) antiamnestic activity behavioral tests novel object conditioned response passive avoidance.

RESULTS

Under the influence of RA AT S100 observed recovery of violation of the β-amyloid short-term memory (1 hour after the initial presentation of objects), and RA AT eNOS were more effective when tested 24 hours later. Combined medication completely compensate for the simulated deflection behavior of rats did not differ from the intact control. The CRPA RA AT S100 had the greatest impact on the LP entry into the dark compartment, and RA AT eNOS influenced primarily on the emotional component of the reaction. When using the integrated product tends to increase the LP entry into the dark compartment was observed in the absence of changes in the number of boluses. Thus, tenoten had the greatest impact on cognitive impairment, impaza greater effect on the symptoms associated with surgery.

CONCLUSION

Combined preparation divaza rendered more effective action, leveling and amnesia neophobia, which confirms the need for further research and prospect release of active drugs in models of neurodegenerative disorders.

Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Divaza and Brizantin

The anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of complex preparations divaza and brizantin containing antibodies to brain-specific protein S100 were estimated using Vogel conflict test and Nomura forced swimming test. Course treatment (5 days) of brizantin in a dose of 2.5 ml/kg and divaza in a dose of 7.5 ml/kg significantly increased punished drinking in the Vogel conflict test in comparison with the control. Both drugs also improved general emotional behavior during training prior to the test procedure. Brizantin and divaza in a dose of 7.5 ml/kg increased the number of wheel revolutions in the Nomura forced swimming test in comparison with the control; the effect of divaza was more pronounced. High correlation coefficients between the number of wheel revolutions during the first and second 5-min sessions are also indicative of antidepressant action of divaza and brizantin.

Neurodevelopment and phenotype-modulating functions of S100B protein: a pilot study

The importance of certain neurotrophic proteins found in maternal blood and milk for breastfed infants has remained ambiguous. This study was conducted to present evidence of the impact of an induced deficit of active S100B protein on neonate development. Newborn mice from two groups of mothers, immunized or sham-immunized against S100B, were subjected to various behavioral tests, and the development of their morphological characteristics was recorded from birth until weaning. Morphological problems, including weight gain and fur coating, a delay in the maturation of neurobehavioral systems and a deficit in neuromotor functions, including visual abilities, somato-sensory and posture reactions, muscular strength, locomotion, and fear/orienting processes, were observed in pups of immunized mothers. The S100B protein of external or internal origin in infants may be considered to be a specific factor that determines neuro- and morphological development and a risk-avoidance ('homeward-bent' or fearful) phenotype. The suppression of activity of the S100B protein results in a slower neonatal development and the formation of a risk-tolerant (fearless) phenotype of the offspring. This study thus considers the mechanism of neuroplastic regulation on the extent of sensation-seeking or risk-taking (homeless-like or fearless) and sensation- or risk-avoidance (home-bound or fearful) features in individual phenotypes.

In vitro screening of major neurotransmitter systems possibly involved in the mechanism of action of antibodies to S100 protein in released-active form

Experimentally and clinically, it was shown that released-active form of antibodies to S100 protein (RAF of Abs to S100) exerts a wide range of pharmacological activities: anxiolytic, antiasthenic, antiaggressive, stress-protective, antihypoxic, antiischemic, neuroprotective, and nootropic. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of RAF of Abs to S100 on major neurotransmitter systems (serotoninergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and on sigma receptors as well) which are possibly involved in its mechanism of pharmacological activity. Radioligand binding assays were used for assessment of the drug influence on ligand-receptor interaction. [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay, cyclic adenosine monophosphate HTRF™, cellular dielectric spectroscopy assays, and assays based on measurement of intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) ions were used for assessment of agonist or antagonist properties of the drug toward receptors. RAF of Abs to S100 increased radioligand binding to 5-HT1F, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2Cedited, 5-HT3, and to D3 receptors by 142.0%, 131.9%, 149.3%, 120.7%, and 126.3%, respectively. Also, the drug significantly inhibited specific binding of radioligands to GABAB1A/B2 receptors by 25.8%, and to both native and recombinant human sigma1 receptors by 75.3% and 40.32%, respectively. In the functional assays, it was shown that the drug exerted antagonism at 5-HT1B, D3, and GABAB1A/B2 receptors inhibiting agonist-induced responses by 23.24%, 32.76%, and 30.2%, respectively. On the contrary, the drug exerted an agonist effect at 5-HT1A receptors enhancing receptor functional activity by 28.0%. The pharmacological profiling of RAF of Abs to S100 among 27 receptor provides evidence for drug-related modification of major neurotransmitter systems.

The novel oral drug Subetta exerts an antidiabetic effect in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat: comparison with rosiglitazone

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic effects of two-component drug Subetta and its components (release-active dilutions of antibodies to β -subunit insulin receptor (RAD of Abs to β -InsR) and to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (RAD of Abs to eNOS)) in Goto-Kakizaki (Paris colony) (GK/Par) diabetic rats. Subetta was administered orally for 28 days once daily (5 mL/kg) and compared to its two components (2.5 mL/kg), Rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg), and vehicle (5 mL water/kg). At day 28, fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly decreased only in Subetta and Rosiglitazone groups as compared to vehicle (P < 0.01): 147 ± 4 mg/dL and 145 ± 4 mg/dL and 165 ± 4 mg/dL, respectively. The data of glucose tolerance test showed that Subetta and RAD of Abs to β -InsR (similar to Rosiglitazone) prevented significantly (P < 0.01) the age-related spontaneous deterioration of glucose tolerance as seen in the control group. Subetta and RAD of Abs to β -InsR did not significantly modify the glucose-induced insulin secretion. Chronic administration of Subetta and RAD of Abs to β -InsR improves glucose control, to an extent similar to that of Rosiglitazone. We hypothesize that Subetta and RAD of Abs to β -InsR mostly act via an insulin-sensitizing effect upon target tissues.

Anxiolytic activity of tenoten and diazepam depends on conditions in Vogel conflict test

We compared two modifications of Vogel conflict test and assessed anxyolitic activity of two drugs: diazepam (benzodiazepine anxiolitic) and tenoten (ultra-low doses of antibodies to S-100 protein) in both modifications of the test. It was found that the intensity of anxiolitic effect of the drugs depends on the conditions of Vogel test.

Changes in electrical properties of command neurons during protective effect of low doses of antibodies to S100 protein on the development of long-term sensitization in Helix lucorum

We studied the effect of antibodies to Ca(2+)-binding protein S100 in a dilution of 10(-12) (LAT-S100) on the development of long-term sensitization in Helix lucorum, a neurobiological model of anxious and depressive states. After administration of LAT-S100 preventing the development of long-term sensitization before training, the membrane and threshold potentials in command neurons regulating defense behavior decreased less markedly than during long-term sensitization. It is assumed that the "protective" effect is associated with mechanisms of long-term potential maintenance and changes in intra- and extracellular balance of Ca(2+)-binding protein S100.

Antibodies to calcium-binding S100B protein block the conditioning of long-term sensitization in the terrestrial snail

The effects of antibodies to calcium-binding S100B protein diluted to 10(-12) (LAS100B) on the long-term sensitization in the Helix lucorum snail (neurobiological model of the anxious-depressive state) were evaluated. The administration of LAS100B prior to conditioning of long-term sensitization in the terrestrial snail 10 min prior to the first electric stimulus) prevents strengthening of the defensive reaction of withdrawing the ommatophores (eye tentacles) and the defensive reaction of closing the pneumostome. This effect is termed "protective", as it prevents the conditioning of long-term sensitization. At the same time, snails given an injection of saline developed long-term sensitization with a significant strengthening of the defensive reactions of withdrawing the ommatophores and closing the pneumostome. When LAS100B was administered before long-term sensitization in advance, the membrane and threshold potentials of premotor interneurons, which regulate defensive behaviour, decreased to a significantly lesser extent compared to the long-term sensitization arm. It is possible that the "protective" effect is linked to the mechanisms of maintaining the membrane potential and changes in extra- and intracellular balance of calcium-binding S100B protein.

Genetic catalepsy and ultralow dose antibodies to S-100B antigen

We studied consumption of 20% sucrose solution by rats genetically predisposed to catalepsy (GC strain) during training. The consumption of sucrose solution by GC rats was lower in comparison to that in Wistar rats. "Potentiated" antibodies to S-100B antigen administered orally after training sessions increased the number and duration of subsequent contacts of rats with sucrose solution.